English phonetics and phonology Tune Shapes Glide down, glide up, take off and the drive How to use the tune in English phonetics and phonology
PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES TUNES SHAPES Part 1: types of tune shapes I The falling tune – The Glide-Down Definition: The falling tune consists of a fall in the voice from a fairly high pitch to a very low one The fall is on the stressed syllable to a following one _ Glide-down appearance: -' ' `-Example: //it wəz 'kwait `gud// II The first rising tune – The Glide-Up Definition: The Glide-Up is just like the Glide Down except that it ends with a rise in the voice instead of a fall _ Glide-up appearance: ' ' -, Example: //ai 'wəunt 'draiv 'tu: ,fa:st// III The second rising tune – The Take-Off Definition: The Take-Off also ends with a rise in the voice, like the Glide-Up, but any words and syllables before the rise are low _ Take-off appearance: -, , -, -Example: //hi: ,didnt ,luk ,il/ ,did i:// IV The falling-rising tune – The Dive PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES Definition: The Dive consists of a fall from rather high to low and then a rise to about the middle of your voice _ There are two The Drive appearances: ` -, -, -,-Example: // `dəunt ,meik mi: ,æŋri // -' -' ˇ Example: //ai 'laik jƆ: ˇhæt// (I must admit) Part 2: How to use the tunes? I Glide-down Statements which are complete and definite Example: //it wəz 'kwait `gud// If you want the question to sound more business-like and interested in the subject and also for one-word questions Example : //'hu: Ɔn 'ə: wəz `ðæt// For short question use as response, like Did you? Has she?, use the Glide down Example: // `did ju:?// Where the word not occurs in either the statement or the tag question (not in both), use the Glide down to force the other person to agree with you Example: //ju: ,wəunt ,w⋀ri/ `wil ju:// PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES For strong exclamation Example: //wƆt ə 'veri 'priti `dres// II Glide-up If the statement is intended to be soothing or encouraging Example: //ai 'wəunt 'draiv 'tu: ,fa:st// If the statement is intended as a question Example: //ju: ,laik it?/ If you want to show as much interest in the other person as in the subject Example: //'hauz jƆ: ,dƆ:tə // For all other yes-no questions Example: //'kæn ,si: it?// For greeting and for saying goodbye Example: //'gud ,mƆ:niŋ // For exclamation which refer to something not very exciting or unexpected Example: // , θæŋk ju:// III Take-off If the statement is a grumble Example: //ai didn’t ,hə:t ju:// For repetition-questions, when you are repeating someone else’s question or when you want the other person to repeat some information Example: // ,wen did gəu// For tag-questions after commands PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES Example: //'k⋀m əuvə `hiə / ,wil ju:?// If both the statement and the tag question have not in them, or if not is missing from both Example: //ju: `laik it / ,did ju:?// When you don’t want to force the other person to agree with you, but to give his/her opinion Example: //hi: ,didnt ,luk ,il/ ,did i:// If the exclamation is questioning Example: // ,riəli?// IV The Drive If the statement is not complete but leading to a following word-group Example: //hi: 'tu:k ˇka:// (and something else) Statements which showreservation on the part of the speaker and which might be followed by but/ you must admit or I must admit Example: //ai 'laik jƆ: ˇhæt// (I must admit) If the statement is a correction of what someone else has said Example: (He’s forty five) /'fƆ:ti ˇsiks// If the statement is a warning Example: //ju: l bi: ˇleit// If the statement has two parts, of which the first is more important to the meaning than the second, use the Dive, with the fall at the end of the first part and the rise at the end of the second Example: //ai 'went tə `l⋀ndən Ɔn ,m⋀ndei// PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES If you want the command to sound like a pleading request use the Dive, with the fall on Do or Don’t if they occur or on the main verb if not, and the rise at the end Example: // `dəunt ,meik mi: ,æŋri // The end ... // ,wen did gəu// For tag-questions after commands PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES Example: //'k⋀m əuvə `hiə / ,wil ju:?// If both the statement and the tag question have not in them, or if... the end of the first part and the rise at the end of the second Example: //ai 'went tə `l⋀ndən Ɔn ,m⋀ndei// PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES If you want the command to sound like a pleading.. .PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY TUNES SHAPES Definition: The Dive consists of a fall from rather high to low and then a rise to about the middle of your voice