concrete pipe design manual pdf

CONCRETE PIPE DESIGN MANUAL www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com American Concrete Pipe Association All rights reserved This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the American Concrete Pipe Association Library of Congress catalog number 78-58624 Printed in the United States of America First printing February, 1970 15,000 copies Second printing July, 1970 15,000 copies Third printing (revised) February, 1974 15,000 copies Fourth printing (revised) June, 1978 10,000 copies Fifth printing (revised) June, 1980 15,000 copies Sixth printing (revised) February, 1985 10,000 copies Seventh printing (revised) October, 1987 10,000 copies Eighth printing March, 1990 5,000 copies Ninth printing November, 1992 5,000 copies Tenth printing March, 1995 2,500 copies Eleventh printing November, 1996 2,500 copies Twelfth printing August, 1998 2,500 copies Thirteenth printing (revised) June, 2000 4,000 copies Fourteenth printing February, 2001 3,000 copies Fifteenth printing February, 2002 3,000 copies Sixteenth printing (revised) May, 2004 2,000 copies Seventeenth printing March, 2005 2,000 copies Eighteenth printing September, 2006 1,000 copies Nineteenth printing April, 2007 5,000 copies Revised October, 2011 Technical programs of the American Concrete Pipe Association, since its founding in 1907, have been designed to compile engineering data on the hydraulics, loads and supporting strengths and design of concrete pipe Information obtained is disseminated to producers and consumers of concrete pipe through technical literature and promotional handbooks Other important activities of the Association include development of product specifications, government relations, participation in related trade and professional societies, advertising and promotion, an industry safety program and educational training These services are made possible by the financial support of member companies located throughout the United States, Canada, and in almost 30 foreign countries ii American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com FOREWORD The principal objective in compiling the material for this CONCRETE PIPE DESIGN MANUAL was to present data and information on the design of concrete pipe systems in a readily usable form The Design Manual is a companion volume to the CONCRETE PIPE HANDBOOK which provides an up-to-date compilation of the concepts and theories which form the basis for the design and installation of precast concrete pipe sewers and culverts and explanations for the charts, tables and design procedures summarized in the Design Manual Special recognition is acknowledged for the contribution of the staff of the American Concrete Pipe Association and the technical review and assistance of the engineers of the member companies of the Association in preparing this Design Manual Also acknowledged is the development work of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, American Society of Civil Engineers, U S Army Corps of Engineers, U S Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Reclamation, Iowa State University, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Water Environment Federation, and many others Credit for much of the data in this Manual goes to the engineers of these organizations and agencies Every effort has been made to assure accuracy, and technical data are considered reliable, but no guarantee is made or liability assumed iii American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com iv American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com CONTENTS FOREWORD INDEX OF CONTENTS Chapter INTRODUCTION Chapter HYDRAULICS OF SEWERS Chapter HYDRAULICS OF CULVERTS Chapter LOADS AND SUPPORTING STRENGTHS Chapter SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TABLES FIGURES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B Marston/Spangler Design Procedure GLOSSARY OF TERMS CONDENSED BIBLIOGRAPHY v American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Concrete Pipe Design Manual INDEX OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii Chapter INTRODUCTION Chapter HYDRAULICS OF SEWERS Sanitary Sewers Determination of Sewer System Type Determination of Design Flow Average Flow Peak Flow Minimum Flow Selection of Pipe Size Manning’s Formula Manning’s “n” Value Full Flow Graphs Partially Full Flow Graphs Determination of Flow Velocity Minimum Velocity Maximum Velocity Storm Sewers Determination of Sewer System Type Determination of Design Flow Runoff Coefficient Rainfall Intensity Time of Concentration Runoff Area Selection of Pipe Size Manning’s Formula Manning’s “n” Value Determination of Flow Velocity Minimum Velocity Maximum Velocity Example Problems 2-1 Storm Sewer Flow 2-2 Required Sanitary Sewer Size 2-3 Storm Sewer Minimum Slope 2-4 Sanitary Sewer Design 2-5 Storm Sewer Design 11 2-6 Sanitary Sewer Design 13 Chapter HYDRAULICS OF CULVERTS Determination of Design Flow 15 Factors Affecting Culvert Discharge 15 vi American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Index of Contents vii Inlet Control 15 Outlet Control 16 Critical Depth 16 Selection of Culvert Size 17 Culvert Capacity Chart Procedure 17 Nomograph Procedure 18 Example Problems 20 3-1 Culvert Capacity Chart Procedure 20 3-2 Nomograph Procedure 22 3-3 Culvert Design 23 3-4 Culvert Design 24 Chapter LOADS AND SUPPORTING STRENGTHS Installation Types 27 Trench 27 Positive Projecting Embankment 27 Negative Projecting Embankment 27 Jacked or Tunneled 27 Standard Installations 29 Background 29 Introduction 29 Four Installations 32 Load Pressures 32 Selection of Standard Installation 37 Determination of Earth Load 37 Embankment Soil Load 37 Trench Soil Load 38 Negative Projecting Embankment Soil Load 39 Jacked or Tunneled Soil Load 41 Determination of Live Load 41 Highways 42 Airports 46 Rigid Pavement 47 Flexible Pavement 47 Railroads 49 Construction Loads 50 Selection of Bedding 50 Bedding Factors 50 Determination of Bedding Factor 53 Application of Factor of Safety 54 Selection of Pipe Strength 54 Example Problems 4-1 Trench Installation 58 4-2 Positive Projecting Embankment Installation 60 4-3 Negative Projecting Embankment Installation 63 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com viii Concrete Pipe Design Manual 4-4 Jacked or Tunneled Installation 65 4-5 Wide Trench Installation 67 4-6 Positive Projecting Embankment Installation Vertical Elliptical Pipe 69 4-7 Highway Live Load 71 4-8 Aircraft Live Load - Rigid Pavement 73 4-9 Aircraft Live Load - Flexible Pavement 76 4-10 Railroad Live Load 80 Chapter SUPPLEMENTAL DATA Circular Concrete Pipe 83 Elliptical Concrete Pipe 83 Horizontal Elliptical Pipe 83 Vertical Elliptical Pipe 86 Concrete Arch Pipe 86 Concrete Box Sections 89 Special Sections 91 Precast Concrete Manhole Sections 92 Flat Base Pipe 93 Standard Specifications for Concrete Pipe 93 Pipe Joints 98 Jacking Concrete Pipe 103 Required Characteristics of Concrete Jacking Pipe 103 The Jacking Method 103 Bends and Curves 104 Deflected Straight Pipe 104 Radius Pipe 105 Bends and Special Sections 107 Significance of Cracking 108 TABLES Table 1 Sewage Flows Used For Design 112 Table 2 Sewer Capacity Allowances For Commercial And Industrial Areas 113 Table Full Flow Coefficient Values - Circular Concrete Pipe 114 Table Full Flow Coefficient Values - Elliptical Concrete Pipe 115 Table Full Flow Coefficient Values - Concrete Arch Pipe 115 Table Full Flow Coefficient Values - Precast Concrete Box Sections 116 Table 7 Slopes Required for V = fps at Full and Half Full Flow 117 Table 8 Runoff Coefficients for Various Areas 118 Table 9 Rainfall Intensity Conversion Factors 118 Table 10 Recurrence Interval Factors 118 Table 11 Nationwide Flood-Frequency Projects 119 Table 12 Entrance Loss Coefficients 119 Table 13 Transition Widths - 12 inch Circular Pipe 120 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Index of Contents ix Table 14 Transition Widths - 15 inch Circular Pipe 121 Table 15 Transition Widths - 18 inch Circular Pipe 122 Table 16 Transition Widths - 21 inch Circular Pipe 123 Table 17 Transition Widths - 24 inch Circular Pipe 124 Table 18 Transition Widths - 27 inch Circular Pipe 125 Table 19 Transition Widths - 30 inch Circular Pipe 126 Table 20 Transition Widths - 33 inch Circular Pipe 127 Table 21 Transition Widths - 36 inch Circular Pipe 128 Table 22 Transition Widths - 42 inch Circular Pipe 129 Table 23 Transition Widths - 48 inch Circular Pipe 130 Table 24 Transition Widths - 54 inch Circular Pipe 131 Table 25 Transition Widths - 60 inch Circular Pipe 132 Table 26 Transition Widths - 66 inch Circular Pipe 133 Table 27 Transition Widths - 72 inch Circular Pipe 134 Table 28 Transition Widths - 78 inch Circular Pipe 135 Table 29 Transition Widths - 84 inch Circular Pipe 136 Table 30 Transition Widths - 90 inch Circular Pipe 137 Table 31 Transition Widths - 96 inch Circular Pipe 138 Table 32 Transition Widths - 102 inch Circular Pipe 139 Table 33 Transition Widths - 108 inch Circular Pipe 140 Table 34 Transition Widths - 114 inch Circular Pipe 141 Table 35 Transition Widths - 120 inch Circular Pipe 142 Table 36 Transition Widths - 126 inch Circular Pipe 143 Table 37 Transition Widths - 132 inch Circular Pipe 144 Table 38 Transition Widths - 138 inch Circular Pipe 145 Table 39 Transition Widths - 144 inch Circular Pipe 146 Table 40 Design Values of Settlement Ratio 147 Table 41 Design Values of Coefficient of Cohesion 147 Table 42 Highway Loads on Circular Pipe 148 Table 43 Highway Loads on Horizontal Elliptical Pipe 149 Table 44 Highway Loads on Vertical Elliptical Pipe 150 Table 45 Highway Loads on Arch Pipe 151 Table 46 Pressure Coefficients for a Single Load 152 Table 47 Pressure Coefficients for Two Loads Spaced 0.8Rs Apart 153 Table 48 Pressure Coefficients for Two Loads Spaced 1.6Rs Apart 154 Table 49 Pressure Coefficients for Two Loads Spaced 2.4Rs Apart 155 Table 50 Pressure Coefficients for Two Loads Spaced 3.2Rs Apart 156 Table 51 Pressure Coefficients for a Single Load Applied on Subgrade or Flexible Pavement 157 Table 52 Values of Radius of Stiffness 158 Table 53 Aircraft Loads on Circular Pipe 159 Table 54 Aircraft Loads on Horizontal Elliptical Pipe 160 Table 55 Aircraft Loads on Arch Pipe 161 Table 56 Railroad Loads on Circular Pipe 162 Table 57 Railroad Loads on Horizontal Elliptical Pipe 163 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com x Concrete Pipe Design Manual Table 58 Railroad Loads on Arch Pipe 164 Table 59 Bedding Factors for Vertical Elliptical Pipe — Positive Projecting Embankment Installation 165 Table 60 Bedding Factors for Horizontal Elliptical Pipe — Positive Projecting Embankment Installation 166 Table 61 Bedding Factors for Arch Pipe — Positive Projecting Embankment Installation 167 Table 62 Type I Fill Height Table - ft through 15 ft 168 Table 63 Type I Fill Height Table - 16 ft through 30 ft 169 Table 64 Type I Fill Height Table - 31 ft through 45 ft 170 Table 65 Type I Fill Height Table - 46 ft through 60 ft 171 Table 66 Type Fill Height Table - ft through 15 ft 172 Table 67 Type Fill Height Table - 16 ft through 30 ft 173 Table 68 Type Fill Height Table - 31 ft through 45 ft 174 Table 69 Type Fill Height Table - ft through 18 ft 175 Table 70 Type Fill Height Table - 19 ft through 35 ft 176 Table 71 Type Fill Height Table - ft through 15 ft 177 Table 72 Type Fill Height Table - 16 ft through 23 ft 178 FIGURES Figure 1 Ratio of Extreme Flows to Average Daily Flow 180 Figure Flow for Circular Pipe Flowing Full n=0.010 181 Figure Flow for Circular Pipe Flowing Full n=0.011 182 Figure Flow for Circular Pipe Flowing Full n=0.012 183 Figure Flow for Circular Pipe Flowing Full n=0.013 184 Figure Flow for Horizontal Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.010 185 Figure Flow for Horizontal Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.011 186 Figure Flow for Horizontal Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.012 187 Figure Flow for Horizontal Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.013 188 Figure 10 Flow for Vertical Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.010 189 Figure 11 Flow for Vertical Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.011 190 Figure 12 Flow for Vertical Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.012 191 Figure 13 Flow for Vertical Elliptical Pipe Flowing Full n=0.013 192 Figure 14 Flow for Arch Pipe Flowing Full n=0.010 193 Figure 15 Flow for Arch Pipe Flowing Full n=0.011 194 Figure 16 Flow for Arch Pipe Flowing Full n=0.012 195 Figure 17 Flow for Arch Pipe Flowing Full n=0.013 196 Figure 18 Flow for Box Sections Flowing Full n=0.012 197 Figure 19 Flow for Box Sections Flowing Full n=0.013 199 Figure 20 Relative Velocity and Flow in Circular Pipe for Any Depth of Flow 201 Figure 21 Relative Velocity and Flow in Horizontal Elliptical Pipe for Any Depth of Flow 202 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 528 Concrete Pipe Design Manual Figure B-14 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Marston/Spangler Design Procedure Figure B-15 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 529 530 Concrete Pipe Design Manual Figure B-16 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Marston/Spangler Design Procedure Figure B-17 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 531 532 Concrete Pipe Design Manual American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Glossary of Terms 533 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 534 Concrete Pipe Design Manual GLOSSARY OF HYDRAULIC TERMS (Chapters and 3) A �������������cross-sectional area of flow, square feet A ������������drainage area, acres AHW �������allowable headwater depth at culvert entrance, feet C �������������coefficient of runoff which is a function of the characteristics of the drainage area C1 �����������constant in Manning’s Formula for full flow D ������������height of culvert opening or diameter of pipe, inches or feet dc ������������critical depth, feet H �������������head loss, feet (the difference between the elevation of the entrance pool surface and the outlet tailwater surface) HW ����������headwater depth at culvert inlet measured from invert of pipe, feet ho ������������vertical distance between the culvert invert at the outlet and the hydraulic grade line, feet ke ������������entrance head loss coefficient i ���������������rainfall intensity, inches per hour L �������������length of culvert, feet n �������������Manning’s coefficient of roughness Q �������������flow in sewer or culvert discharge, cubic feet per second R �������������hydraulic radius, equals area of flow divided by wetted perimeter, feet R �������������inside vertical rise of elliptical, arch pipe, or boxes, feet or inches S �������������inside horizontal span of elliptical, arch pipe, or boxes, feet or inches S �������������slope of sewer, feet per foot So ������������slope of culvert, feet per foot TW ����������tailwater depth at culvert outlet measured from invert of pipe, feet V �������������velocity, feet per second GLOSSARY OF LOAD TERMS (Chapter and Appendix B) A �������������a constant corresponding to the shape of the pipe ALL �����������distributed live load area on subsoil plane at outside top of pipe, square feet As ������������area of transverse steel in a cradle expressed as a percentage of the area of concrete in the cradle at the invert Bc ������������outside horizontal span of the pipe, feet B’c �����������outside vertical height of the pipe, feet Bd ������������width of trench at top of pipe, feet Bdt �����������transition width at top of pipe, feet Bf �������������bedding factor Bfe �����������bedding factor, embankment BfLL ����������bedding factor for live load Bfo �����������minimum bedding factor, trench Bfv �����������variable bedding factor, trench Bt �������������maximum width of excavation ahead of pipe or tunnel, feet American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Glossary of Terms 535 C �������������pressure coefficient for live loads Cc �����������load coefficient for positive projecting embankment installations Cd �����������load coefficient for trench installations Cn �����������load coefficient for negative projecting embankment installations Ct ������������load coefficient for jacked or tunneled installations c ��������������thickness of concrete cover over the inner reinforcement, inches c ��������������coefficient of cohesion of undisturbed soil, pounds per square foot Di ������������inside diameter of pipe, inches Do �����������outside diameter of pipe, inches D �������������inside diameter of circular pipe, feet or inches D-load �����the supporting strength of a pipe loaded under three-edge-bearing test conditions expressed in pounds per linear foot per foot of inside diameter or horizontal span D0.01 �������the maximum three-edge-bearing test load supported by a concrete pipe before a crack occurs having a width of 0.01 inch measured at close intervals throughout a length of at least foot, expressed as D-Load Dult ���������The maximum three-edge-bearing test load supported by a pipe, expressed as D-load d �������������depth of bedding material below pipe, inches dc ������������deflection of the vertical height of the pipe E �������������modulus of elasticity of concrete, pounds per square inch (4,000,000 psi) e �������������base of natural logarithms (2.718) F.S ���������factor of safety H �������������height of backfill or fill material above top of pipe, feet HAF ��������horizontal arching factor, dimensionless He �����������height of the plane of equal settlement above top of pipe, feet h �������������thickness of rigid pavement If ��������������impact factor for live loads K �������������ratio of active lateral unit pressure to vertical unit pressure k ��������������modulus of subgrade reaction, pounds per cubic inch L �������������length of ALL parallel to longitudinal axis of pipe, feet Le ������������effective live load supporting length of pipe, feet MFI ����������moment at the invert under field loading, inch-pounds/ft MFIELD ����maximum moment in pipe wall under field loads, inch-pounds/ft MTEST �����maximum moment in pipe wall under three-edge bearing test load, inch-pounds/ft μ �������������coefficient of internal friction of fill material μ’ �������������coefficient of sliding friction between the backfill material and the trench walls N �������������a parameter which is a function of the distribution of the vertical load and vertical reaction NFI ����������axial thrust at the invert under field loads, pounds per foot NFS ���������axial thrust at the springline under a three-edge bearing test load, pounds per foot N’ ������������a parameter which is a function of the distribution of the vertical load and the vertical reaction for the concrete cradle method of bedding American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 536 Concrete Pipe Design Manual PL �����������prism load, weight of the column of earth cover over the pipe outside diameter, pounds per linear foot p �������������wheel load, pounds p �������������projection ratio for positive projecting embankment installation; equals vertical distance between the top of the pipe and the natural ground surface divided by the outside vertical height of the pipe p’ �������������projection ratio for negative projecting installations; equals vertical distance between the top of the pipe and the top of the trench divided by the trench width po ������������live load pressure at the surface, pounds per square inch or pounds per square foot P(H,X) �������pressure intensity at any vertical distance, H, and horizontal distance, X, pounds per square inch or pounds per square foot π �������������3.1416 q �������������the ratio of total lateral pressure to the total vertical load R �������������inside vertical rise of elliptical, arch pipe, or boxes feet or inches Rs �����������radius of stiffness of the concrete pavement, inches or feet r ��������������radius of the circle of pressure at the surface, inches rsd �����������settlement ratio S �������������inside horizontal span of elliptical, arch pipe, or boxes feet or inches SL ������������outside horizontal span of pipe (BC) or width of ALL transverse to longitudinal axis of pipe, whichever is less, feet sd ������������compression of the fill material in the trench within the height p’Bd for negative projecting embankment installations sf �������������settlement of the pipe into its bedding foundation sg ������������settlement of the natural ground or compacted fill surface adjacent to the pipe T.E.B ������three-edge bearing strength, pounds per linear foot t ��������������pipe wall thickness, inches u �������������Poisson’s ratio of concrete (0.15) VAF ���������vertical arching factor, dimensionless Wc �����������fill load for positive projecting embankment installations, pounds per linear foot Wd �����������backfill load for trench installations, pounds per linear foot WE ����������earth load, pounds per linear foot WL �����������live load on pipe, pounds per linear foot Wn �����������fill load for negative projecting embankment installations, pounds per linear foot Wp �����������weight of pavement, pounds per linear foot WT ����������total live load on pipe, pounds Wt �����������earth load for jacked or tunneled installations, pounds per linear foot w �������������unit weight of backfill or fill material, pounds per cubic foot wL �����������average pressure intensity of live load on subsoil plane at outside top of pipe, pounds per square foot x ��������������a parameter which is a function of the area of the vertical projection of the pipe over which active lateral pressure is effective x’ �������������a parameter which is a function of the effective lateral support provided by the concrete cradle method of bedding American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Condensed Bibliography 537 American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 538 Concrete Pipe Design Manual American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Condensed Bibliography American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 539 540 Concrete Pipe Design Manual American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com CONCRETE PIPE DESIGN MANUAL CONCRETE PIPE DESIGN MANUAL CD Engineers responsible for the design and specification of precast concrete pipe for sanitary sewer, storm drain and culvert applications will find the Concrete Pipe Design Manual an indispensable aid in selecting the type, size and strength requirements of pipe Revised to include the most current design procedures, the Concrete Pipe Design Manual is now available in an electronic format This searchable CD includes the same text information as the hardbound manual and provides quick access to: • Standard Installations using the indirect design method to facilitate the design of a costeffective concrete pipe • More than 330 pages of tables and figures covering hydraulics of sewers and culverts, live loads and earth loads, supporting strengths and supplemental design data • Detailed example problems of specific applications illustrating the proper use of the timesaving design aids included in the Concrete Pipe Design Manual In addition to new state-of-the-art beddings developed over many years of investigation and research into the behavior of concrete pipe in the buried condition, the Concrete Pipe Design Manual CD contains the proven Marston/Spangler design procedure and beddings You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader Software A link to the Adobe web site for this FREE software is located in the GET ACROBAT READER.doc on this CD AMERICAN CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION Founded in 1907, the American Concrete Pipe Association (ACPA) is a non-profit organization composed of manufacturers of concrete pipe and box culverts located throughout the United States, Canada and in over 30 foreign countries ACPA membership also includes manufacturers and providers of equipment and services to the concrete pipe industry The Association provides members with research, technical, educational, government relations and marketing support to promote and advance the use of concrete pipe For information on technical programs and literature available from the American Concrete Pipe Association, please contact the ACPA or visit our website www.concrete-pipe.org e-mail: info@concrete-pipe.org © 2007 ACPA #15-101 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com CONCRETE 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PIPE ASSOCIATION BE LIABLE TO THE LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ANY OTHER OF THESE MATERIALS AMERICAN CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION WILL NOT BE LIABLE IN ANY MANNER FOR THE INABILITY OF THIS SOFTWARE TO BE USED ON ANY ENGINEERING PROJECT In no event will American Concrete Pipe Association be liable for any damages, including but not limited to lost profits, lost revenues, loss of data, damage to equipment, loss of use, cost of substitute software or claims of third parties THIS LIMITED WARRANTY AND THE REMEDIES DESCRIBED IN THESE PARAGRAPHS ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL, WRITTEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED No person, company, representative, agent or other person or entity has the authority to add to, modify or restrict this warranty in any way Some states not permit the limitation or exclusion of implied warranties Limitation of liability for incidental or consequential damages may also be restricted As a result, some of the limitations or exclusions contained in this warranty may not apply to certain users Advice and Assistance Local American Concrete Pipe Association producer members are available for reasonable consultation about this software, its uses and applications, prohibitions on its use, suggestions for its operation and the meaning and limitations of this licensing agreement www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ... 10-inch diameter minimum pipe size American Concrete Pipe Association • www .concrete- pipe. org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 12 Concrete Pipe Design Manual Circular concrete pipe will be used,”n”... Diameter Pipe 247 Figure 59 Culvert Capacity 90-Inch Diameter Pipe 248 American Concrete Pipe Association • www .concrete- pipe. org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com xii Concrete Pipe Design Manual. .. that erosion is seldom a problem with concrete pipe American Concrete Pipe Association • www .concrete- pipe. org www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Concrete Pipe Design Manual EXAMPLE PROBLEMS EXAMPLE - STORM