www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com Electrical Pre-Apprenticeship & Workforce Development Manual “Developed by electricians for electricians” www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com Electrical Pre-Apprenticeship & Workforce Development Manual RN TE ES ELEC CONTRACTORS AS TRICAL SO CIA TIO N INC W independent electrical contractors Chesapeake Western electrical contractors 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Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Delmar, visit www.cengage.com/delmar Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Notice to the Reader Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Printed in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 12 www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com Table of Contents Preface • xiv Acknowledgments • xx A Career in the Electrical Trade • The Electrical Industry Training • Career Paths Electrical Construction Industry • Electrical Maintenance • 13 Electrical, or Power, Distribution Electrician • 14 Electrical Distributor • 16 Electrical Manufacturer • 17 Electricians and Other Trades Workers • 18 Vertical Mobility in the Electrical Trade • 19 Professional Behavior and Study Skills 26 Professional Behavior in the Workplace 28 Active Workplace Participation • 28 On-the-Job Training and Workplace Experience • 29 Apprentice–Journeyman Workplace Interactions • 32 Workplace Practices and Procedures Regarding Alcohol and Drugs • 33 Punctuality and Attendance • 34 Building Personal Success 35 Active Course Participation • 35 Time Management Strategies • 37 Time Management Tips • 37 Effective Study Techniques • 38 Benefits of Effective Study Techniques • 39 Comprehension Strategies for Reading Assignments • 40 Test-Taking Strategies • 41 Before the Test Date • 41 Taking the Test • 42 v www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com ts vi Table of Conten Safety • 50 Basic Safety Rules 53 Use the Buddy System • 54 Learn First Aid and Be Prepared to Administer It • 54 Understand How the Body Is Affected by Electric Current 55 The Jobsite and Proper Work Procedures 57 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • 57 Employer Responsibilities • 57 Trenches • 58 Confined Spaces • 58 Material Safety Data Sheet • 60 Lockout/Tagout • 60 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 62 Head Injury Protection • 63 Foot and Leg Injury Protection • 63 Eye and Face Injury Protection • 64 Protection against Hearing Loss • 64 Hand Injury Protection • 64 Whole Body Protection • 65 Safety Harness • 66 Ladders and Scaffolding 67 Mathematics and the Metric System • 74 Whole Number Operations 76 Symbols • 76 Numbers • 77 Mathematical Terms • 77 Addition of Whole Numbers • 78 Subtraction of Whole Numbers • 79 Borrowing • 79 Borrow “1” Method • 80 Multiplication of Whole Numbers • 81 Division of Whole Numbers • 82 Fractions and Decimal Conversion 84 Definitions • 84 Fraction-to-Decimal Conversion • 84 Decimal Fractions • 85 Percent and Percentages • 86 Changing a Decimal Fraction to a Percent • 86 Changing a Common Fraction to a Percent • 86 Changing a Percent to a Decimal Fraction • 87 Introduction to Algebra 87 Basic Algebra • 88 Numbers • 89 Definite Numbers • 89 General Numbers • 89 Signs of Operation and Grouping • 89 Algebraic Expressions • 89 Coefficients • 90 Powers and Exponents • 90 Terms • 90 www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com Table of Contents vii Translation into Algebraic Expressions • 91 Solving Equations • 91 Area and Calculations • 92 Area Calculations • 93 Metric System and Units of Measurement 94 Metric System • 94 Units of Measurement • 96 The English System • 96 Metric and English Systems Relationships • 96 The Tape Measure 97 The Tool • 98 Reading the Tape Measure • 98 Making a Measurement • 99 Basic Concepts of Electricity and Magnetism • 108 The Atom 111 Electric Charge 114 Electricity—Electrons in Motion 116 Valence Electrons • 116 Free Electrons and Electron Flow • 117 Ions • 117 Static Electricity • 117 Practical Applications of Static Electricity • 118 Nuisance Charges of Static Electricity • 119 Electric Sources 120 Direct Current • 120 Alternating Current • 120 Magnetism 121 Magnets • 122 Fields, Flux, and Poles • 122 Electromagnetism • 123 Magnetic Devices • 125 Electrical Theory • 130 Electrical Quantities and Units 132 Current • 132 Voltage • 133 Resistance • 134 Power • 135 Circuit Essentials 137 Basic Electrical Circuit • 137 Circuit Symbols and Diagrams • 138 Ohm’s Law 139 Series Circuits 141 Series Multiple-Load Circuits and Subscripts • 142 Voltage Drops • 142 Resistance • 143 Calculating Series Circuit Values • 143 Ground as a Reference • 144 www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com ts viii Table of Conten Parallel Circuits 146 Voltage • 146 Current • 147 Resistance • 148 Calculating Parallel Circuit Values • 149 Series-Parallel Circuits 152 Introduction to the National Electrical Code (NEC) • 160 The History of the National Electrical Code (NEC) 162 Changing and Writing Code, and Code-Making Panels 163 Changing and Writing Code • 163 Code-Making Panels • 165 The Purpose and Importance of the National Electrical Code 165 Code Book Chapters—Arrangement and Summary 166 Chapters • 166 Articles • 169 Parts • 169 Sections • 170 Tables • 170 Figures • 170 Exceptions • 171 Informational Notes • 171 Extractions • 171 Table of Contents • 171 Index • 172 Annexes • 172 Terms and Definitions • 172 Scope • 172 Boldface Type • 173 Gray Highlighting • 173 Bullets • 173 NEC Standards and Local Authorities 173 Standards • 174 Using the Code Book 176 Grounding • 182 Grounding and Bonding 185 Grounding • 185 Bonding • 186 Service Grounding 188 Grounding Requirements for a Residence Service Installation • 191 Bonding Requirements for a Residence Service Installation • 192 Grounding Electrode System • 193 Grounding Electrode Conductor Connection • 193 Grounding and Bonding in a Single-Family Dwelling • 195 Grounding and Bonding in Commercial and Industrial Facilities • 197 Concrete-Encased Electrode • 197 Additional Ground Rod Requirements • 198 Ground Clamps • 198 Incorrect Grounding or Lack of Grounding 200 Incorrect Grounding • 200 Lack of Grounding • 201 www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com ... www.FreeEngineeringBooksPdf.com I NG A IN ADVOCACY AND INDUSTRY TR Electrical Pre-Apprenticeship & Workforce Development Manual Author(s): Independent Electrical Contractors Chesapeake and Western ? ?Electrical. .. install, and maintain all types of electrical and electronic high- and low-voltage circuitry systems and equipment Read and interpret blueprints, schematics, and sketches Handle customer relations and. .. knowledge and are tested to have an extensive understanding of the electrical safety code Another electrician with an extensive understanding of electrical codes and standards is the electrical