Developing a sytem of abbreviation and symbols for note taking in interpreting=phát triển hệ thống viết tắt và ký hiệu sử dụng cho kỹ năng ghi chép nhanh trong phiên dịch

Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT PHAN THI THUY HA DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS FOR NOTE-TAKING IN INTERPRETING (PHÁT TRIỂN HỆ THỐNG VIẾT TẮT VÀ KÝ HIỆU SỬ DỤNG CHO KỸ NĂNG GHI CHÉP NHANH TRONG PHIÊN DỊCH) GRADUATION THESIS Field: Interpreting Vinh, May 2010 Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT ************** DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS FOR NOTE-TAKING IN INTERPRETING (PHÁT TRIỂN HỆ THỐNG VIẾT TẮT VÀ KÝ HIỆU SỬ DỤNG CHO KỸ NĂNG GHI CHÉP NHANH TRONG PHIÊN DỊCH) GRADUATION THESIS Field: Interpreting Student: Phan Thị Thúy Hà, 47B Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Lan Phương, M.A Vinh 2010 Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting Acknowledgements For the completion of this work, I have been fortunate to receive invaluable contributions from many people First of all, I should like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Miss Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong, M.A for her assistance in instructing as well as the help in initiating the idea for the research I would also like to extend my sincere thank to teachers of Foreign Language Department for their varied experiences in doing research as well as their constant supports and encouragements I repeat my thanks to all students in 47B- English for all their helps and supports as well as their useful suggestions I also thank to my loving parents, my brother and sister, my friends, who create the favorable condition for me to complete this work Finally, I am fully aware that despite all advices and assistances, I feel that the project is far from perfect; it is, therefore, my sole responsibility for any inadequacies that the thesis may be considered to have Vinh, May 2009 Phan Thi Thuy Ha Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting Abstract In the process of globalization, interpreting plays more and more important role in communication in all fields Interpreting it is the art of combining many skills together effectively They are of listening, memorizing, note- taking, transference and public speaking skills Among them, note -taking is much trained because it requires the combination of fastness, correctness while it still ensures enough information And in a taking note process, fastness is considered one of the most noticeable factors since it helps interpreters save time for other activities This research is attempted to investigate the situation of taking note for interpreting in the forth-year students of English in Vinh University A series of questions for students has revealed their points of view on the note taking skill and the real situation of using abbreviation (abbrs) and symbols for note taking This analysis will help students have a positive attitude on improving the note taking skill Based on this a system of abbreviations and symbols is suggested to help them take note more effectively Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting TABLE OF CONTENT Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF ABBREVIATION vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aims and objective of the study Method of the study Scope of the study Organization of the study Part B: Development Chapter I: theoretical background 1.1 Interpreting 1.1.1 Definition of interpreting 1.1.2 Modes of interpreting 1.1.2.1 Simultaneous interpreting 1.1.2.2 Consecutive interpreting .7 1.1.3 Skills needed for interpreting 1.1.3.1 Listening skill 1.1.3.2 Memorizing skill 1.1.3.3 Note- taking skill .9 1.1.3.4 Transference skill 1.1.3.5 Public speaking skill 10 1.2 Note taking 10 1.2.1 Definition of note taking 10 1.2.2 Role of note taking 11 Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting 1.3 Note-taking in interpreting 12 1.3.1 When to note 12 1.3.2 What to note 13 1.3.2.1 Main ideas 13 1.3.2.2 The link 14 1.3.2.3 Non-contextualized information 14 1.3.2.4 Verb tenses 14 1.3.2.5 Point of view 15 1.3.3 How to note 15 1.3.3.1 Ways to arrange note 15 1.3.3.1.1 Vertical/ diagonal layout 15 1.3.3.1.2 Shifting method 16 1.3.3.1.3 Left- hand margin 16 1.3.3.2 Abbrs and symbols 17 1.3.3.3 Language used in note-taking 18 1.4 Abbreviations and symbols 19 1.4.1 Abbreviation 19 1.4.1.1 Overview and definition 19 1.4.1.2 Ways to create abbrs 20 1.4.2 Symbols 21 1.4.2.1 Overview and definition 21 1.4.2.2 Ways to create symbol 22 1.5 Common words .24 CHAPTER 2: THE SURVEY 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Participants and their background 26 Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting 2.3 Aims and objectives 26 2.4 Methodology 26 2.5 Procedure 27 2.6 Findings and discussions 27 Chapter III: suggested system of abbrs & symbols 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Suggested system of abbrs and symbols 35 3.2.1 Using Symbols 36 3.2.2 Using numbers 40 3.2.3 Keeping the first part 40 3.2.4 Omitting the middle part(s) 43 3.2.5 Combining the sound and part of word 45 3.2.6 Creating the word forms 46 3.2.7 Others 47 PART C: CONCLUSION 50 Summary 50 Suggestions for further studies 50 REFERENCES 51 APPENDIX 53 Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting List of tables Page Table 1: The comparison between translation and interpreting Table 2: Point of view on the importance of Note-taking 27 Table 3: Problems of students when taking note 28 Table 4: The frequent use of abbrs and symbols 29 Table 5: The problems when using abbrs and symbols 30 Table 6: The reasons for using abbrs and symbols in note-taking 31 Table 7: Ways to create the abbrs and symbols 32 Table 8: Sources of abbrs and symbols 33 Table 9: Abbreviations and symbols with the use of symbols 36 Table 10: Abbreviations and symbols with the use of numbers 40 Table 11: Abbreviations and symbols with the use first part of word 40 Table 12: Abbreviations and symbols with the use of omitting middle parts of word 43 Table 13: Abbreviations and symbols with the use of combining the sound and part of word 45 Table 14: Abbreviations and symbols with the use of creating the word forms 46 Table 15: Abbreviations and symbols with the use of different ways 48 Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting Part a: Introduction Rationale Together with many others skills in interpreting, note-taking plays very important role because this stage supplements memory to have a better interpretation However, note-taking is not a simple skill It requires very high requirements Interpreters have to analyze, choose information and note down while listening for speaker Besides, the speed of speaking is faster than writing one; interpreters must be fast to catch up with the speaker's idea Thus, it seems harder work for interpreting students Furthermore, unprofessional interpreters and interpreting students not know how to take note fast, what to note, etc They tend to write as much as they can This not only takes long time but also go too far from the main idea Sometimes, they note the less important information and leave behind the main purposes of the speaker All of problems above lead to an unexpected result Moreover, the author herself would like to become a professional interpreter in the future and hopes that this research is also a chance for the author further improve her note-taking skill, especially how to take notes fast The importance of note-taking skill in the process of interpreting, the real situation of using abbreviations (abbrs) and symbols for note-taking and the interest of the author in this field urge her research: "Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting", with the hope that the research would help students improve their note-taking skill as well as use the abbreviations and symbols more effectively and frequently to take notes faster Aims and objective of the study Recognized the importance of using abbrs and symbols for note-taking and problems of students in Vinh University, the research aims at providing a system of abbrs and symbols for students as a suggested solution for the present situation The main objectives of the study are: Phan Thị Thúy Hà Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting - Investigating the point of view of students in note-taking skill, the problems that students face when taking notes - Investigating the real situation of using abbrs and symbols for taking notes - Selecting a system of abbrs and symbols from the most common words Method of the study In order to achieve the aims and objective of the study, the author used the quantitative method in which a survey questionnaire is used The questionnaire includes multiple choice questions The language of the questionnaire is simple so that the participants can understand easily The collected data are analyzed and presented clearly in series of tables Scope of the study Indeed, interpreting is not a simple subject, especially for students And doing research in this field really needs long time, requires the carefulness, hard- working and a wide knowledge Because of the limitation of the author's knowledge as well as the time and the document resources, within the scope of this research, the author focuses on providing more than 500 most common words and phrases need to be abbreviated and symbolized The research is carried out with the participation of sixty students of class 47B-English in Vinh University The result, therefore, is believed to be applicable for these subjects Further research might be needed for a generalization Organization of the study The organization of the study consists of three main parts: Part A: Introduction This part contains the rationale, the aims, the method, the scope and the organization of the thesis Part B: Development This part consists of three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background This chapter provides the related theory of the thesis They are theories on interpreting, skills needed for interpreting, and note-taking Phan Thị Thúy Hà 10 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ 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ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 149 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 150 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 151 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 152 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 153 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 154 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 155 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 156 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 157 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 158 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 159 Class 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note-taking in interpreting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ZƠZƠZƠZƠhả@ @_@ _@_@ ÿ _ _pp ~ỗ_~ỗ_ Phan Thị Thúy Hà 160 Class 47B-English ... questionnaires have also been presented in the findings and discussion part Through the analysis of the data, the real situation of note- taking in general and using abbrs and symbols for note- taking in. .. have seen the importance of note- taking for interpreting process as well as of abbrs and symbols for note- taking And basing on the survey, the real situation of using abbrs and symbols for note- taking. .. 47B-English Developing a system of abbreviations and symbols for note- taking in interpreting comfortable when using abbrs and symbols in note- taking They will never forget what they have used and they