EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing Sachi Nandan Mohanty Jyotir Moy Chatterjee Suneeta Satpathy Editors Internet of Things and Its Applications EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing Series Editor Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation, Ghent, Belgium Editor’s Note The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully understood The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes already perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the technological driving forces behind it This series presents contributed volumes featuring the latest research and development in the various information engineering technologies that play a key role in this process The range of topics, focusing primarily on communications and computing engineering include, but are not limited to, wireless networks; mobile communication; design and learning; gaming; interaction; e-health and pervasive healthcare; energy management; smart grids; internet of things; cognitive radio networks; computation; cloud computing; ubiquitous connectivity, and in mode general smart living, smart cities, Internet of Things and more The series publishes a combination of expanded papers selected from hosted and sponsored European Alliance for Innovation (EAI) conferences that present cutting edge, global research as well as provide new perspectives on traditional related engineering fields This content, complemented with open calls for contribution of book titles and individual chapters, together maintain Springer’s and EAI’s high standards of academic excellence The audience for the books consists of researchers, industry professionals, advanced level students as well as practitioners in related fields of activity include information and communication specialists, security experts, economists, urban planners, doctors, and in general representatives in all those walks of life affected ad contributing to the information revolution Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei Compendex, and zbMATH About EAI EAI is a grassroots member organization initiated through cooperation between businesses, public, private and government organizations to address the global challenges of Europe’s future competitiveness and link the European Research community with its counterparts around the globe EAI reaches out to hundreds of thousands of individual subscribers on all continents and collaborates with an institutional member base including Fortune 500 companies, government organizations, and educational institutions, provide a free research and innovation platform Through its open free membership model EAI promotes a new research and innovation culture based on collaboration, connectivity and recognition of excellence by community More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15427 Sachi Nandan Mohanty Jyotir Moy Chatterjee • Suneeta Satpathy Editors Internet of Things and Its Applications Editors Sachi Nandan Mohanty Department of Computer Science and Engineering Vardhaman College of Engineering (Autonomous) Hyderabad, India Jyotir Moy Chatterjee Lord Buddha Education Foundation (Asia Pacific University of Innovation & Technology) Kathmandu, Nepal Suneeta Satpathy Faculty of Emerging Technologies Sri Sri University Cuttack, Odisha, India ISSN 2522-8595 ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic) EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing ISBN 978-3-030-77527-8 ISBN 978-3-030-77528-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77528-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and 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Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Internet of Things (IoT) creates a new set of data sources Industry can now better observe individuals' choices and test the effectiveness of different types of mechanisms to acquire and retain more customers It may support policymakers to overcome one of the most frequent problems of policy design: the lack of personalized content We argue that the IoT not only disrupts the way we track our actions and monitor our goals or objective, but also allows the identification of effective methods to alter our behavior This is optimized by the combination of IoT, data analytics, and behavioral science Specifically, one of the main contributions of behavioral science to the study of consumers is its empirical focus on observed behavior Hence, behavioral specialists in the areas of marketing, economics, and public policy should be aware of the possibilities that innovative technologies/methods create for the analysis of consumer behavior Internet of Things – Behavioral Applications offers a holistic approach to the IoT model The IoT refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure Recently, there has been a rapid growth in research on IoT communications and networks, which confirms the scalability and broad reach of the core concepts With contributions from a panel of international experts, the text offers insight into the ideas, technologies, and applications of this subject The book will discuss recent developments in the field and the most current and emerging trends in IoT. In addition, the text is filled with examples of innovative applications and real-world case studies Internet of Things – Behavioral Applications fills the need for an up-to-date volume on the topic Some features of the book are as follows: • Covers in great detail the core concepts, enabling technologies, and implications of the IoT • Addresses the business, social, and legal aspects of the IoT • Explores the critical topic of security and privacy challenges for both individuals and organizations, the IoT, and Internet of Services • Contains contributions from an international group of experts in academia, industry, and research v vi Preface Written for IoT researchers, industry professionals, and lifetime IT learners as well as academics and students, Internet of Things – Behavioral Applications provides a much-needed and comprehensive resource to this burgeoning field This book comprises a total of 29 chapters Chapter presents the various component of IoT like network architecture, various application, network topologies used, and protocol Chapter summarizes different IoT frameworks, architectures, platforms, and reference models to pave the way for businesses to be built on IoT. In Chap 3, Raspberry Pi has been used to implement a TensorFlow-based deep learning neural network model which tries to identify if a person is wearing a face mask or not using the Raspberry Pi camera module Chapter focuses on designing and implementing an IoT system to capture and monitor the environmental variables that influence a highly complex medical device (i.e., computerized axial tomography) Chapter focuses on developing a smartphone-based wireless handheld unit that can be attached to the asthma inhaler for measuring the intensity of respiratory diseases and tracking the lung reaction to treatment Chapter 6’s ultimate goal is to use MRI images of the framed brain to create deep neural system models that can be isolated between different types of heart tumors Chapter narrates a voice controlled mechanized wheelchair that is structured and actualized with constant impediment shirking Chapter presents a brief overview about the present scenario and challenges of the application of IoT in biomedical engineering Chapter presents a study that was conducted using a lung cancer classification scheme by studying micrographs and classifying them into a deep neural network using machine learning framework Chapter 10 presents a survey in the area of wireless body network infrastructure, research trends in WBANs, requirements of QoS (Quality of Service), QoS-based routing protocols, and optimization techniques Chapter 11 encapsulates the basic concepts and definition of smart education with the incarnation of IOT devices The system proposed in Chap 12 represents a lowcost and efficient classroom system which controls appliances like lights and fans using NodeMcu module, relays, and adapters with the available LAN or Wi-Fi in a university, so that the devices can be remotely controlled using a Web application Chapter 13 attempts to unfold the impact of smart banking on financial transactions of migrants Chapter 14 aims to study and critically analyze the essence of the smart banking system and to define the variables affecting the accessibility of the smart banking system in India Chapter 15 discusses solution of pest management which can be coupled with IoT system for enhanced performance In Chap 16, a smart plantation system is designed to observe the health status of plants/crops, and with the collected data, a specific action is triggered automatically and remotely An automatic irrigation method is presented in Chap 17, which will be helpful for its many benefits such as low-cost expenditure, and consumption of water is also minimized to a large level Chapter 18 explains how modern technologies such as computing, machine learning, and data science help farmers in getting real-time data and knowledge of their corps Chapter 19 presents a multidisciplinary perspective of smart agriculture advances along with future prospects Chapter 20 discusses the concepts of layered IoT framework along with a novel quasi-based deployment of nodes The chapter also suggests the need of localization of nodes and events so as Preface vii to provide autonomous services using the IoT for post-disaster management Chapter 21 discusses key criteria for the production of smart IoT-enabled garments and illustrates the possible effect of smart clothing on business models in the medium term In Chap 22, an emergency routing protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is proposed to quickly forward the current patient status information from the ambulance to the hospital to provide pre-medical treatment The authors investigate the cloud services about VANETs and applications of VCC in Chap 23 Chapter 24 focuses on the performance of SCMA in Rician fading channel which is predominant in indoor communication Chapter 25 discusses all the methodology that is developed for the smart and efficient working of smart homes In Chap 26, a mobile application is being developed for the visually impaired to make them independent in the kitchen using IoT and deep learning Chapter 27 proposes a novel, small, and energy-efficient location tracker called Nemo that can be used as a wearable by effectively combining the novel LoRa protocol of communication, geofencing, and Adaptive GPS Duty Cycling strategies Chapter 28 conveys the challenges and issues created in this transformation, and provides various security mechanisms to address the issues faced by the IoT and IIoT domain Chapter 29 discusses how IoT is being leveraged by organizations to make formidable changes in marketing and allied activities Further, the chapter focuses on how AI and IoT can together enhance their individual capabilities, and synergize the potential benefits The chapter also presents a case-let, discussing how a self-drive car rental company used IoT to enhance its services, and reaped benefits for itself and its customers Hyderabad, India Kathmandu, Nepal Odisha, India Sachi Nandan Mohanty Jyotir Moy Chatterjee Suneeta Satpathy Acknowledgment The editors would like to acknowledge and congratulate all the people who extended their assistance for this book Our sincere thankfulness goes to each one of the chapter authors for their contributions, without whose support this book would not have become a reality Our heartfelt gratefulness and acknowledgement also go to the subject matter experts who could find their time to review the chapters and deliver those in time to improve the quality, prominence, as well as uniform arrangement of the chapters in the book Finally, a ton of thanks to all the team members of Springer Publication for their dedicated support and help in publishing this edited book ix Contents Part I IoT –Foundations, Architectures & Smart Services Internet of Things: Basic Concepts and Decorum of Smart Services �������� 3 Aradhana Behura, Suneeta Satpathy, Sachi Nandan Mohanty, and Jyotir Moy Chatterjee IoT Framework, Architecture Services, Platforms, and Reference Models �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37 S Mahalakshmi and Kavitha Desai Part II Smart Healthcare & IoT Check on WHO Protocol Implementation for COVID-19 Using A IoT �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 Abhinav Sharma, Jayant Dhingra, and Parul Dawar Design and Implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT) Architecture for the Acquisition of Relevant Variables in the Study of Failures in Medical Equipment: A Case Study���������������������������������������� 81 Jefferson Sarmiento-Rojas, Pedro Antonio Aya-Parra, Daniel-Alejandro Quiroga-Torres, and Antonio Miguel-Cruz Novel IoT-Based Solution for Respiratory Flow Diagnosis���������������������� 101 A Arya Paul, Divya V Chandran, and Remya Ramesh Deep Learning Application in Classification of Brain Metastases: Sensor Usage in Medical Diagnosis for Next Gen Healthcare �������������������� 117 Rohit Rastogi, D K Chaturvedi, Sheelu Sagar, Neeti Tandon, and Akshit Rajan Rastogi Implementation of Smart Control of Wheelchair for a Disabled Person���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 137 N Prakash, E Udayakumar, and N Kumareshan xi Index Digital signal processors (DSP), 137 Digital textile design, 420 Digital twin, 545 Direction of Arrival (DoA), 402 Disaster management, 383, 384 Dissolved oxygen (DO), 370 Distance Aware Relaying Energy (DARE ), 196, 201 Distributed computing, 301 Distributed hybrid power generation, 481 Diversified WBAN, 200 DL design, 177 Dragino LoRa shield, 517 Drip irrigation system, 335 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor Probe, 363 DWC architecture, 374 Dynamic intelligent hybrid systems, 493 E E-banking service quality, 273 Eclipse Mosquitto™, 87 Economic IOT, 284 Economic liberalization, 272 e-Customer Satisfaction (e-CS), 273 Edge computing, 54, 525 Efficiency, 533 Electric Imp, 53 Electric power saving advantages, 245, 246 algorithm, 241, 243 applications, 247 Arduino board, 238 automated object detection and tracking, 239 automating home devices, 238 camera-based methodologies, 239 consumed and wastage, 235 CSIs, 240 DCS technology, 239 DFHP, 237 domestic devices, 237 electricity units and calculation, 243 firewall, 237 Freesense, 240 grid eye sensor, 238 Internet, 236 IOT devices, 237 limitations, 246 microcontroller controls, 236 ML, 237 NodeMcu, 236, 240 non-renewable source, 236 PC associated with lab view platform, 238 559 PIR sensor (see Passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor)) power consumption and cost, 243–246 radars, 240 robot-based framework, 237 robotic system, 237 scheduling algorithms, 238 sensors, 239 smart attachments, 239 smart homes, 238, 240 Smart Home Automation System, 236 University classrooms, 235, 236, 240, 241, 243 web application, 235, 236 Wi-Fi, 237 WSNs, 240 Zigbee, 238 Electrocardiogram (ECG), 156 Electroencephalography (EEG) signal models, 139 Electronic banking services, 264, 265 Electronic code, 40 Electronic information transfer system, 273 Electronic Product Code (EPC), 40 Electronic voting machine (EVM), 66 Embedded cardiac sensors, 421 Emotion corroborative network, 301 End-to-end IOT platform, 289 Energy consumption, 482 Energy-efficient GPS tracker, 520 Engineering of IoT, 42 Enhancement analysis, 177 Equipment’s temperature regulation, 96 e-Service Everywhere, 301 e-Service Quality (e-SQ), 273 Essential lightweight cryptography, 534 Ethernet connection, 324 European FP7 Research Project, 47, 48 Evidence-based clinical recommendations, 178 Exactitude agriculture/precision farming, 288 Extensible mark-up language (XML), 489 F Face mask detection and IoT studies amalgamation, 64 ANN, 65 biometric system, 66 CNN, 70 comparative analysis, 66, 67 ConvNet layers, 70 deep learning, 66, 68 embedded image capturing and digital converting process, 66 560 Face mask detection and IoT studies (cont.) GAN-based network, 66 image classification algorithms, 65 image processing-based EVM, 66 interactive microphone removal, 67 iris recognition device, 66 mandatory medical masks detection system, 66 ML, 65 MNIST image recognition, 65 model implementation, 73, 74 neural network system, 65 noise levels and occlusion conditions, 65 object identification model, 66 optical glasses detection, 65 PCA implementation, 65 preprocessing phase, 70 Raspberry Pi setup, 71–73 SRCNet, 65 TensorFlow, 68 YOLOv3, 66 Failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), 83 False acceptance rate (FAR), 66 False rejection rate (FRR), 66 Fame intensity, 498 Farm area network (FAN), 300 Farming advancements, 287 Farming commercial venture, 284 Farming method, 285 Farming produces, 288 FarmTRX, 300 Fashion Hacking, 420 Faster R-CNN, 499 Fatal COVID disease, 30 Feedback and learning converge, 480 Field-programmable gate array (FPGA), 362 Field sensor networks, 184 Financial management practices, 254 Financial stability, 278 Firebase, 501, 503 Firewall, 237 First-in-First-out (FIFO) storage system, 486 Five-layered architecture, 47 Flexibility model, 455 Fog computing, 489, 490 Food sustainability, 415 Foreign Direct Investment, 255 Fossil fuel reserves, 481 Four-layered architecture, 46 Freesense, 240 Frequency modulated continuous waves (FMCW), 492 Fully electronic transactional system, 273 Fuzzy logic, 337 Index G Gablind app, 499 Gajapati district of Odisha, smart banking study annual bank visit frequency, 259 availability and accessibility, 257 digital modes, 265 digital payment, 261, 262 e-banking, 257 Internet banking, 264, 265 methodology, 256, 257 migrant workers experience, 262–264 mobile phones recharging, 259 mobile wallet, 264, 265 objectives, 256 online banking activity, 261 online purchase, 261 respondents, 258 time spending in bank, 259 utility bill payment, 261, 262 utilization, 268, 269 GAN-based network, 66 Gartner Hype Cycle, 544, 545 Gas detection system, 503 Gaussian filters, 470 Gaussian spectrum, 469 Gaussian’s process, 65 Gene expression omnibus (GEO), 177 General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins, 309 Genetic algorithms (GA), 493 Geofence monitoring, 512 Geofencing technique, 512, 513 Geographic information system (GIS), 345 Global positioning system (GPS), 345 Google App Engine, 482 Google chart API, 89 Google cloud platform, 51 Google Compute Engine (GCE), 459 Google Glass, 418 Google Home Mini, 481 GPS capability assist tractors, 297 GPS free geolocation, 520 GPS module, 513 Graphical user interface (GUI), 102, 458 Greenhouse cultivation, 305 Grid-based deployment, 397 Grid eye sensor, 238 GSM module, 338, 512 Gurukuls, 223 H HaLOW, 411 Handheld sensor-based health monitoring systems, 175 Hardware, 228, 362 Index Harvard Business Review Analytic Services, 544 Harvest yield effectiveness, 292 Heads-up display (HUD), 420 Health care health monitoring system, 155, 156 heart disease, 161 portable medicine, 160 protein structure, 162, 163 remote steady ECG checking, 158 RFID applications, 159, 160 RFID wristbands, 160 telemedicine innovation, 158, 159 and WBANs, 216, 217 Healthcare 4.0, 133 Health Label Structure Report, 131 Health sensor data management, 175, 176 Heterogeneous sensors, 299 Holographic optics, 420 Home automation, 478 Home automation using IoT BC (see Blockchain (BC)) cloud home, 481 cloud usage, 482 smart home energy distribution, 481, 482 Home miner, 485, 486 Horticultural IOT arrangements, 303 Horticulture industry, 298 Hospital management, 83 Household behaviour, 256 Household services, 480 HTTP protocol, 363 Human-computer interaction, 411 Human interface, 265 Human-to-human interaction, 411 Humidity, 307 Humidity sensors, 316, 318, 363 HVAC systems, 413 Hydrodynamic factors, 370 Hydroponics advantages, 349, 350 greenhouses, 349 growing plants, 349 user-facing applications, 349 wireless sensors, 350 Hydroxyl ion sources, 373, 374 HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 92 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 87, 89, 95 I IBM Bluemix, 52 Identification technology, 410 IIoT-specific security challenges, 525 561 Image processing-based EVM, 66 Incremental approach, 396 Indian banking system, 277 Industrial IoT (IIoT) architecture, 526, 528 IoT technology, 523 research, security issues, 525 SDN, 526 transformation, 524 use cases, 526 Industrial-level security standards, 536 Industrial revolution 4.0, 361 Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM), 513 Industry 4.0, 523 Inexpensive sensor gadgets, 176 Information and communication technologies (ICTs), 39, 384, 481 Information processing system, 385 Information technology (IT), 82, 456, 463, 478 Infrared (IR) radiations, 364, 498 Infrastructure services, 452 Inhaler, 103, 104, 109–111 In-network data transmission, 490 Innovative concepts, 482 Instrumentality, 286 Integrated Development Environment (IDE), 311 Integrating information technology, 482 Intellia INT G01-Soil Moisture Sensor (Transmitter), 289 Intellia Soil pH Sensor INT-PH1, 289 Intelligent Health supports, 176 Intelligent Information Network (IIN), 385 Intelligent innovation, 283 Intelligent power scheduling algorithms, 482 Intelligent/smart plantation system advantages, 310 cloud computing, 309 communication protocol, 309 crops production, 306 crop yields, 307 electrical device monitoring, 308 embedded system, 310 features, 307 health status monitoring, 306, 318 implementation (see Virtual IoT-based plantation system implementation, Ubidots) IoT devices, 307 middleware part, 309 real-time analysis, 307 real-time efficiency, 318 sensor-based irrigation systems, 307–309 soil moisture, 310 562 Intelligent transportation system (ITS), 427, 453, 462, 463 Intelligent water-saving irrigation system, 337 Interface layer, 92 Interleaver, 469 Internet association, 185 Internet banking, 263, 264, 272 Internet connectivity, 95 Internet of medical things (IoMT), 82 Internet of Thing (IoT) advantages, 5, 155 agribusiness, 283 agriculture, 284, 324 applications, 82, 83 architecture, 82, 526, 527 automation and analytics system, 151 Barcode, 40 Bluetooth, 41 challenges, 6, 56, 392–394 cloud, 151, 156, 158, 162, 164 COVID handling fog computing, 31 registration process, user, 32 terminologies, 30 cyber-physical systems, 385 data, 56 data compression, 164, 165 defence and security, 482 definitions, 38, 39, 305 design methodology, 152, 153 device-to-device communication, 390 domain model (DM), 152 duplicate medicine detection, 165, 166 electric power saving (see Electric power saving) environmental monitoring, environmental variable acquisition, 84 EPC, 40 evolution, 82 features, 152 fourth industrial revolution, 81 framework, 41, 42 functional groups (FGs), 153 functional view (FV), 153 gadgets/things, 37, 38 health applications, health care (see Health care) health services, 82 heterogeneous devices, 390 home appliances, 151 implementation, 81 information completeness, 164, 165 information model, 152 information security, 165 Index innovative and smart technology, 408 insolent associations of objects, 37 integrating communication technologies, 81 IP, 40, 390, 391 Internet technologies, 391 issues, 391–394 layered IoT framework, 393 levels level architecture, level architecture, level architecture, level architecture, level architecture, 10 level architecture, 11 middleware, vs M2M and IOE, 33 mobile phone, 155 motivation, 38 NFC, 41 node versatility and dynamic large-scale system, 164 post-disaster management (see Post- disaster management) radio frequency (RF), 154 RFID, 39 science and technology, 523 scope, 423, 424 self-connectivity, 361 sensor devices, 391 in smart education, 224, 230, 231 (see also Smart education) smarter environment, 37 in smart healthcare, 19 social protection, 167 structural monitoring, telemedicine care, 167 “things”, 10 UAV-based communication, 402, 403 unified communication, 390 with WBAN, 154 access point (AP)/cluster heads, 204 biosensor nodes, 207, 212 clustering technology, 202 consumed energy and routing stage, 206–207 DSBC routing protocol, 202, 203 e-health system, 202 energy framework estimates, 204 forwarder stage, 205–206 model of energy, 207–209 model of path loss, 209 PSO (see Particle swarm optimization (PSO)) Index PSOBAN protocol, 212, 213 sensed information stage, 204 transmission of data, 214 Wi-Fi, 40 WSNs, 41, 155 (see also Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)) data aggregation, 21 implementations, 15 privacy-aware security services, 22 Zigbee, 41 Internet-based agriculture, 337 Internet-based biological systems, 175 Internet Protocol (IP), 40, 362 Interoperability, 42, 83, 97, 492, 531 Intraconnected smart home technologies, 480 Intrusion-proof farms, 378 Inventory management, 506 IoT adoption barriers data inoperability, 549 data privacy, 550 IT skillsets, 549 security, 549 IoT advantages automation and control, 422 better quality of life, 423 communication, 422 efficient resource utilization, 422 human effort minimization, 422 improved security, 423 money and time saving, 422 IoT agents, 408 IoT agriculture network, 17 network architecture, 17, 18 network platform, 3, 17 IoT and AI relationships, marketing, 546–548 IoT and IIoT challenges and issues data analytics, 532, 533 interoperability, 531, 532 privacy concerns, 529 resource constraints, 527, 528 scalability, 528, 529 security, 529, 531 standardization, 531 IoT and IIoT research areas, 535 IoT and IIoT security mechanisms authorization and authentication protocols, 533 encryption, 533, 534 hardware security, 534, 535 IoT applications, 542 appliance institution, 285 fields, 539 in modern age, in twenty-first century, 563 IoT architecture, 499 basic, 44 cloud-based, 48–50 European FP7 Research Project, 47, 48 five-layered engineering, 46, 47 four-layered engineering, 46 four stages, 42, 45 IoT Forum, 47 ITU, 47 Qian Xiao Cong, 47–49 for smart healthcare, 22 three-layered engineering, 44, 46 Zhang Jidong, 47–49 IoT architecture, environmental variables monitoring chart-type graphics, 92 conventional methods, 83 diadvantages, 96 electrical system, 92 failures/monitoring devices, 83 FMECA matrix, 83 graphical interface/visualization layer, 92 implementation, 96 infrastructure characteristics, 96 medical device influence, 82 medical equipment, 92 sensors, 92 SOA, 84 technical specifications, 84 IoT-based automated irrigation system DHT11 sensor, 325 Ethernet connection, 324 LDR, 325 NRF24L01 module, 325 relays, 325 sensor data, 325 sensor interface, 324 system architecture, 324, 325 water-level measurements, 326 IoT-based commercial enterprise, 286 IoT-based devices, 539 IoT-based FAN, 300 IOT-based gadgets, 297 IoT-based platform vendors, 546 IoT-based sensible agriculture, 287 IoT-based smart farm control system, 307 IoT-based smart farming big data analytics, 17 components, 11 policy, 11 IoT-based system actuators, 335 Arduino micro-controller, 334 basic and influential field parameters, 333 564 IoT-based system (cont.) basic architecture, 333 data reception, 335 data transmission, 334 fire detection, 334 irrigation, 334, 336 mechatronics, 334 nRF24L01 module, 334 Raspberry Pi, 334 IoT cloud-based architecture, 49, 50 IoT components actuators, 540 analytics, 542 connectivity, 541 physical device, 540, 541 platform, 541 sensors, 540 UI, 542 IoT conceptualizations, marketing assemblage system, 548 digital materiality, 548 information liquefaction, 549 transactions and service, 549 IoT cultivation method, 283 IoT devices, 228, 229, 231, 237, 284, 307, 499, 544 IoT disadvantages compatibility, 423 complexity, 423 menial staff, 423 privacy/security, 423 IoT-driven customer service, 544 IoT-driven marketing solutions, 540 IoT Forum, 47 IoT hardware, 362 IoT horticultural projects, 303 IoT in agriculture applications animal intuition management, 370 automated pH control system, 373, 374 computer-aided system, 369 correlation study, 375 data collection, 374, 375 dataset, 375 development, 371–373 final installation, 376, 377 irrigation, 369, 370 model generation, 375 pH control, 370 VRI, 369 atmospheric situations, 288 data analytics, 289 exactitude farming, 288 smart greenhouse, 288 water system management, 291 Index IoT marketing applications automobiles, 544 customer service, 544 home appliances, 543 smart medical devices and healthcare, 544 smart speaker-based personal assistants, 543 IoT platform application stages, 51 AWS, 54 DSC, 53 Google Cloud, 51 IBM Bluemix, 52 levels of IoT reference model, 54, 55 Microsoft Azure Cloud, 52 security, 525 stages, 51 ThingSpeak, 53 ThingWorx, 52 Zetta, 53, 54 IoT products and services, 408 IoT science, 285 IoT security issues, 525 IoT sensors, 174 IoT service provider, 284 IoT system, 64, 408 IoT technology applications, 96 agriculture, 415 air quality monitoring, 414 communication, 411 food sustainability, 415 healthcare and health tracking, 415 identification, 410 natural disaster monitoring, 415 pharmaceutical products, 415 sewage water management, 414 smart city, 413 smart environment, 414 smart home, 413 smart parking, 413 smart socitey, 413 smart street light, 414 smart traffic, 413 smart waste management, 414 smart water supply, 414 supply chains, 415 VUI, 411–413 water quality monitoring, 414 IOT technology trust model, 409 IoT transformation, 544 Iris Assist, 502 Irrigation, 369, 370 Irrigation monitoring system, 28, 307 IR sensor, 236, 500 IT skillsets, 549 Index J JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), 85, 489 K K-dimensional complex codewords, 468 Keras convolutional neural network model, 67 Keyless entry (KLE), 551 Kickstarter initiative, 410 Kiosk branches/smartphone, 253, 254 Know Your Customer (KYS), 255 K-orthogonal resources, 469 KRAS mutants, 177 L Lab-based prototype, 362 Lambda architecture, 83 The Lancet, 294 Laser scanners, 40 LASSO method, 177 Layered IoT framework, 392 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), 325 Light fidelity (Li-Fi), 411 Lightweight authorization protocols, 533 Lightweight cryptography, 534 Lightweight key management techniques, 535 Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), 367 Linear regression analysis, 519 Linear regression model, 376 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 142 Live Better Electrically campaign, 477 LM35 Temperature Sensor, 363 Local BC, 485 Localization assumptions, 399 categories, 400, 401 challenges, 399, 401 cyber-physical systems, 399 data processing, 399 deployed devices, 399 disaster situations, real time require data, 398 events, 401–403 goal, 399 GPS, 398 IoT, 400, 401 localization problem, categories, 400 mobile nodes, 399 phases, 400 proximity-based, 400 range-based, 400 sensor, 401 time service delivery, 398 565 UAV, 401 WSNs, 400 Local storage, 486 Location tracking devices, 511 Lora communication range, 516 LoRa gateway, 515 LoRa Received Signal Strength measurements, 513 LoRa transmission and reception, 517–518 LoRaWAN (LPWAN communication protocol), 512, 515, 520 Low-power wide-area (LPWA), 298 Low-power wide area network (LPWAN), 512, 520 Low-power wide-area network protocol (LoRa), 362 Low-resource devices, 534 LPWA innovation, 298 LUAD patient operating systems, 177 LUAD risk prediction model, 177 Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), 177 Lung cancer, 171, 172 Lung cancer risk classification models accuracy score, 183 big data investigation, 172 cancer data and analysis, 182 CNN, 180 cross validation algorithm, 181 customary frameworks, 172 dataset, 182 depth-based, 172 evaluation, 179 image accuracy, 183 literature survey, 173 steps, 179 M Machine-based lung cancer prediction model, 177 Machine learning (ML), 63, 133, 237, 318, 362, 480, 494 Machine-to-machine (M2M), 491, 529 Magnetic field sensor, 239 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 123 Management decisions, 175 Man-made disaster, 383 MariaDB6 database manager, 89 Marketing technology, 540, 544 Mask wearing, 63 Maximum likelihood algorithm, 469 M-banking/M-payment systems, 254 Mechanical autonomy, 299 Mechatronics, 334 566 Index Medical equipment, 82, 97 Medical server, 215 Medical technologies, 82 Message Parsing Algorithm (MPA), 468–471 Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), 309 Metastases, 172 M-health, 196 Microcontrolled actuator, 486 Microcontroller, 236 Microsoft Azure Cloud, 52 Migrant’s currency, 255 Mitigation, 384 ML-based cloud processing, 184 MLX90614 non-contact temperature sensor, 72, 73 MNIST dataset, 65 Mobile application, 498 Mobile-ATTEMPT (M-ATTEMPT), 200 Mobile computing, 26 MobilenetSSD, 499 Mobile WBANs, 200 Modern power grids, 481 Modern smartphones, 176 Moisture sensor, 312, 318 Monetary system, 279 Monitor transaction, 485 Monte Carlo estimation method, 83 MQ series sensors, 499 MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT), 85 MQ-5 sensors, 499 MQ-6 sensors, 498, 501 MQTT communication protocol, 87, 363 Multi-Dimensional Star-QAM, 468 Multimodal biometric traits, 66 Multimodal data fusion, 176 Network connection modules, 361 Network designing, 362 Networking, 362 Network layer, 46 Network scanning, 535 Neural networks (NNs), 128 NeuronC, 239 Neuro-sensors, 231 NEW-ATTEMPT routing protocol, 200 Nimbits, 53 NLP technologies, 178 NodeMcu, 236, 240, 241, 248 Node replication attack, 26 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), 467 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 171 Novel cryptographic lightweight protocols, 535 NQ5 gas sensor, 499 “NRF24LO1” transmitter, 324 Nursing IOT arrangements warrantor, 285 N Narrowband IOT (NB-IOT), 298 Natural disaster, 383 Natural disaster monitoring, 415 Natural product conditions, 300 Near-Field Communication (NFC), 41, 411 Nemo location tracker adaptive GPS duty cycling, 513–516 GPS and GSM modules, 512 GSM technology, 513 LoRa protocol, 513 LoRaWAN, 512 star-of-stars topology, 513 Neolithic Revolution, 407 Net Banking, 277 Network-based category, 387 P Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), 200 Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, 211, 212 hunting, 210 initialization, 210 optimization strategy, 209 particle’s fitness function, 210 particles’ upgraded velocity, 210–211 Passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor), 236–242, 246, 247 Patient’s electronic medical records, 175 Pattern assessment, 289 Pay through Mobile (Paytm), 277 PC applications, 239 Perception layer, 44, 499 O Object detection, 502 Object identification model, 66 Onboard diagnostics (OBD-II), 551 Online devices, 227 Open source programming (OSS), 549 Open-source Hadoop collaborative data management framework, 491 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 47 OpenWebNet, 239 Optical wireless communication (OWC), 467 Optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP), 102 Organizational innovation, 539 Index Perl CGI, 239 Personal hygiene, 63 Personalized learning, 229, 230 Personal server, 215 Peta Thompson, 421 pH parameters, 378 Pharmaceutical products, 415 Physical branch banking, 275 Physically unclonable functions (PUFs), 535 Pin check algorithm, 237 Plant monitoring projects, 306 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), 53 Polling method, 92 Post-deployment phase, 395 Post-disaster management CDP (see Collaborative data processing (CDP)) communication, 384, 385 deployment, 394, 395, 397 former, 384 IIN, 385 localization (see Localization) tools, 384 Power Domain-Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (PD-NOMA), 467 Power grid, 481 Powerline area network, 411 Precision agriculture, 301, 335 Pre-deployment phase, 394 Pre-disaster management, 384 Pre-trained models, 76 Principal component analysis (PCA), 366, 367 Privacy, 7, 482 Privacy-aware security services, 22 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 524 Protection, 478, 482–484, 492 Prototyping, 362 Proximity-based localization, 400 Python, 309, 310 Q Qian Xiao Cong Architecture, 48, 49 Quality of Service (QoS), 388, 390, 392, 468 Quantum steganography system, 18 Quasi-random deployment scheme, 396, 397 R Radars, 240 Radio communication codebook, 471 Radio-frequency (RF), 488 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), 39, 362 567 Raindrop sensor module, 367 Random deployment scheme, 396, 397 Randomized experimental study, 254–255 Range-based localization, 400 Raspberry Pi, 363, 375, 498 Raspberry Pi-based security system, 337 Raspberry Pi board security system, 328 Raspberry Pi-compliant i2c mode, 375 Raspberry Pi microcontroller and sensors, 305 Raspberry Pi model 3B, 64 Raspberry Pi Model B+ Board, 330 Raspberry Pi3 board, 87 Rationalization, 286 Rayleigh fading channels, 469, 471, 472 Real-time atmospheric conditions, 288 Real-time clock-module (RTC), 327 Real-time face emotion classification and detection, 67 Real-time service delivery, 403 Real-time tracking mode, 512 Real-world masked face dataset (RMFD), 68 Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), 74 Re-deployment phase, 395 Regression analysis, 255 Relational database management systems (RDBMSs), 491 Relay nodes, 200 Remittance, 254, 255 Remote device systems (WSNs), 295 Remote health monitoring, 174, 175 Remote learning, 224 Remote monitoring, 544 Remote Non-Intrusive Patient Monitoring, 420 Remote sensors, 295 Request-for-service (RFS) packet, 433 Residual energy, 200–202, 204, 205, 214 Resource allocation, 468 Resource-constrained environments, 530 Respiratory flow diagnosis acquisition and control interfaces, 104 airflow rate measurement unit, 103 arterial blood sampling, 102 atmospheric pollutants, 102 atmospheric vital parameter measurement unit, 103 bluetooth interface, 104 body plethysmography, 102 breathing test, 105, 107 carbon monoxide, 103 COPD, 101 design of experiment, 108, 109 differential pressure sensors, 103 electronic device, 103 health condition, 102 568 Respiratory flow diagnosis (cont.) high-precision sensors, 111 LCD screen, 111 mobile application, 104, 109, 113 nanotechnology, 102 plethysmographs, 102 processing unit, 103 Raspberry Pi output screen, 113 rotational inertia, 103 sensors, 113 spirometry, 101, 102 system design, 107, 108 thermal sensors, 102 threshold values, 113 turbine sensors, 103 ultrasonic-based estimations, 101 ultrasonic transducer, 101 vital parameters, 102 Respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) sensors, 102 RESTful architecture-style services, 89, 97 RESTful web application development, 95 Restricted Tree Topology (RTT) protocol, 200 Rician flat fading channels, 468–473 Roadside unit (RSU), 427, 433, 435 Robot, 237 ROSmotic system, 498 Routing loop, 535–536 S Savvy cultivation, 286 Scanner tags, 40 Scheduling algorithms, 238 Screen reader, 499 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 87, 95 Secure steganography-based fog, 18 Security, 7, 408, 478, 481, 530 IoT systems and forensics, 7, 23 privacy-aware security services, 22 in SPINS, 15 smart education, 229 security issues, 530, 531 and surveillance, Security protocols in sensor networks (SPINS), 15 Security schemes, 536 Self-employment, 255 Semios, 284 Sensing layer algorithm flow diagram, 85 characteristics, 85 development and communication, 84 JSON format, 85 Index KY-038, 85 MAC address, 87 MQTT protocol, 85 perception, 84 Sensing technologies, 307 Sensor attached container, 500 Sensor box, 335 Sensor devices, 391, 393 Sensor layer, 44 Sensor module, 310 Sensor nodes, 197 Sensor technology, 540 Sensors, 19, 44, 46, 305, 540, 541 contextual data, 414 irrigation system, 324 smart campus, 226 soil moisture, 324 use, 196 Sentinel-1A Interferometric photos, 300 Serial clock line (SCL), 71 Serial data line (SDL), 71 Serialization formats, 489 Service channels (SCHs), 429, 446 Service-oriented architecture (SOA) disadvantages, 95 implementation, 95 IoT applications, 84 network layer, 87 sensing layer, 84–87 service layer (see SOA service layer) Signal transducer, 540 Sims system, 505 Sims vs ZigBee system, 505 Single-carrier NOMA (PD-NOMA), 468 Single shot detector (SSD), 502 Size-based clinical models, 179 Smart agriculture, 286, 287 ooptimum water use, 369 Smart arrangements, 285 Smart attachments, 239 Smart banking adoption, 273, 274 advantages, 254, 269, 275 agile conceptualization, 253 availability and usability, 277 challenges, 272 consumer’s willingness, 273 conviction, 274 customer convenience, 278 customer expectations, 272, 274 customer retention, 274 demographic characteristics, 273, 274 digitalization, 277 digital payment, 277, 278 Index disadvantages, 275–277 empirical study, 274 e-SQ and e-CS, 273 facility, 274 invention and evolution, 272 migrants, 253, 269 productivity, 272 research, 272 service quality, 275 smartphones and mobiles, 277 transactions efficiency, 272 transactions through Internet, 273 users, 274 Smart building, 478 Smart campus, 226 Smart container Firebase, 503 gas leak detection, 501 Iris Assist, 502 LPG falme intensity controller, 501 mobile application, 498, 500, 501, 503 object detection, 502 proximity, 502 Raspberry Pi model, 503 sensor attached container, 500 UI, 503 Smart control of wheelchair air terminals, 137 economies of scale, 137 elective mediums, 139 embedded framework, 137 heartbeat output, 144 joysticks, 139 man-made brainpower technique, 138 multi-client input approaches, 139 neural organization, 138 parameters, 146 radar areas, 137 respiration rate, 144 self-sufficient control, 140 speech recognition output, 147, 148 system design aural interfaces, 144 buzzer, 142 heartbeat measurement, 142 homonyms, 144 instruction set, 141 liquid crystal cell, 142 relay driver, 141 respiration measurement, 142, 143 speech recognition system, 144 temperature sensor, 143 voice security system, 144 temperature rate, 146 569 Smart cultivating programming, 286 Smart devices, 408, 542 Smart digital environments, 176 Smart drones aerial spraying drones, 351 farmers, 351 fertilizers, 350 field of agriculture, 350 sectors, 350 soil sensors, 352 spray pesticides, 350 system, 352 technology, 351 weather monitoring and tracking, 352 Smart education customized learning services, 225 and digital, 224 intelligent learning environment, 225 IoT, 224, 230, 231 mobile and handheld devices, 227 security, 229 smart campus, 226 smart learners, 227 smart learning environment, 228 smart pedagogies, 228, 229 smart tracking and monitoring system, 228 vs traditional, 224, 225 Smart environment, 3, 414, 478 Smart farming, 286, 305, 415 Smart gadgets, 479 Smart greenhouse, 288 Smart grid, 481, 482, 492 Smart Home Automation System, 236 Smart home challenges big data, 491 fog computing, 489, 490 interoperability, 492 ML, 492, 493 networking, 491 security privacy, 492 Smart homes ambient intellect/automated monitoring, 478 architecture, 486, 487 automation, 478 definition, 477 development, 479 devices, 479, 480 energy distribution, 481, 482 environment, 240 healthcare unit, 238 intelligent home care unit, 238 IoT, 479 methodologies, 487 570 Smart homes (cont.) microcontrolled enabled sensor, 486 social grace, 493, 494 technologies, 477, 487–489 two-way mode of contact, 478 voice control, 238 Smart hospital, 95 Smart kitchen model, 503 Smart learners, 227 Smart learning, 227 for disable students, 229–230 learning environment, 228 Smart lighting, 378 Smart parking, 413 Smart pedagogies, 228, 229 Smart plantation scheme, 305 Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems (SSIM), 199 Smart sewage water management, 414 Smart speaker-based personal assistants, 543 Smart strategies, 229 Smart street light, 414 Smart technology, 480 Smart transportation, 361 Smart watches, 410, 412 Smart waste management, 414 Smart water quality monitoring, 414 Smart water supply, 414 Smart water system, 291–293 Smart wearables accessories, 416 grant chain administration, 416 implantable, 416 patches, 416 smart garb, 416 textile/wearable fabric, 416 Smart wearables prototypes customer self-tracking, 421 data capture, 421 data collection, 419 harwares, 421 healthcare, 420, 421 HUD, 420 security information, 422 Smarter systems, 523 Smartness, 533 Smartphone, 102, 104, 105, 277 Smrat cities, 413 SOA service layer dashboard/control panel, 89 data warehousing service, 88 elements, 88 HTTP, 91 MariaDB6 database manager, 89 Index relational database, 88, 89 sampling frequency, 89 storage layers, 89 Social capital, 255 Social distancing, 63 Social grace, 493, 494 Social inclination, 184 Sodium hydroxide, 373 Software tools, 228 Software-defined networking (SDN), 525–526 Soil Hygrometer Humidity Detector, 363 Soil moisture, 307 Solar-powered IOT sensors, 288 Solar Powered Microcontroller-based Automated Irrigation System with Moisture Sensors, 335 Solar-powered smart irrigation system, 28 SparkFun® ESP8266, 84 Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) DC biasing, 468 decoding, 471 definition, 468 encoding, 470, 471 indoor communication model, 468 resource availability, 468 Rician flat fading channels, 469 system model, 469 transmitted matrix, 469 turbo codes, 469 Squamous cell carcinoma, 171, 181 Stable Increased-throughput Multi-hop Protocol for Link Efficiency (SIMPLE), 196, 201 Star-QAM, 468 State-of-the-art security systems, 483 Steganography, 18 Storage transaction, 485 Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM), 355 Subject subscriptions, 87 Successive interference cancellation (SIC), 468 Super-resolution with classification network (SRCNet), 65 Supervised learning, 492 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), 524 Supply chains, 415 Support layer, 46 Support vector clustering (SVC), 368 Support vector machine (SVM), 238, 365 Survival-related genes, 177 Sustainable technology approaches, 362 Swarm intelligence approaches, 493 Symmetric key algorithm, 534 Index Symmetric key ciphers, 534 Symmetric key encryption, 534 System grazing animal-proof system, 366 System on a Chip (SoC), 362 T Teaching-learning processes, 223 Technological alternatives, 97 Technology application, 407 Technology innovation, 271 Telebanking services, 267, 268 Telephone banking, 263 Temperature sensor, 311, 315, 316, 318, 363 TensorFlow, 70, 75, 77, 502 Terrestrial WSNs, 13 The 2030 Agenda for Property Development, 294 Theoretically prohibit any IoT software, 483 Things as Customers, 544 ThingSpeak, 53, 307 ThingWorx, 52 3D cameras, 299 Three-layered engineering, 44, 46 Threshold values, 310 TIP122 NPN transistor, 501 Tissue characteristics, 181 Total dissolved solids (TDS), 370 Traditional cultivating methods, 295 Traditional education, 224 classes, 223 learning, 227 rigid learning process, 228 using IoT technology, 224 using rudimentary tools, 223 vs smart learning system, 225, 228 Traditional healthcare systems, 195 Traditional irrigation method, 323 Traditional methods, 369 Traditional SQL-required RDBMSs, 491 Traffic control, 413 Transaction, 485 Transmission layer, 46 Transnational participation, 255 Transport layer, 499 Turbo codes, 469 Typhlex, 498 U UAV (unmanned vehicle), 17, 18, 25, 299 Ubidots dashboard, 314 data sending and retrieving process, 315 571 deployed parameters, 318, 319 firm forum, 306 graphic notation, 314 humidity sensor analysis, 316 moisture sensor analysis, 318, 319 MQTT protocol, 314 quick and reliable mechanism, 306 Raspberry Pi, 314 sensor values, 306 temperature sensor analysis, 315, 316 virtual IOT, 314 widget and variables, 314 Underground WSNs, 13, 14 Unified Payments Interface (UPI), 277 Unique identifiers (UIDs), 540, 541 University classrooms, 235, 241, 243 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), 401 Unmanned vehicles (UVs), 155 Unmonitored learning approaches, 493 US rural electrification administration, 477 User interface (UI), 506, 542 Uses serial communication protocol (USART), 104 V Value-added IoT systems, 549 VANET clouds, 454 VANET services, 464 Variable CCH interval (VCI), 429 Variable rate irrigation (VRI), 283, 369 Vehicle-to-driver infrastructure, 460 Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), 427 Vehicle-to-roadside communication (VRC), 427 Vehicle to vehicle (V2V), 427, 460 Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) architecture, 454, 455 non-safety applications, 460 objective, 453 category, 428 channel coordination, 431 communication, 427, 429 control channel, 433 control packets, 429 control/safety packets, 434 cooperative accessed multichannel techniques, 434 data exchange and control phases, 431 data packets, 429 drivers, 453 DSRC technique, 427 features, 427, 429, 430 IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols, 431 Index 572 Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) (cont.) interval of safety, 435 ITS, 453 K-means clustering, 435 logical outcomes, 445 MAC protocol, 431 Markov chain model, 445, 447 model analysis analysis of time, 440, 441 interval of CCH optimization, 442, 443 service packet transference, 438 transmission, 438–440 model modification investigations, 445 modern community, 427 multichannel coordination mechanism, 447 multichannel multi-access control, 429 multihop ad hoc networks, 431 networking and communication characteristics, 428 process, 436 protocol, 447 quality of service evaluation, 444 receiver blocking, 432 responsibility, 453 roadside unit, 434 safety applications, 460 safety packets, 429 safety transmission, 433 service packets, 448 SCH access reservations, 437 traffic conditions, 444 transmissions, 431 traveller-associated data, 427 VCI MAC strategy, 433 vehicle nodes, 430 virtual principal, 435 wireless communication, 427 WSA/RFS packets, 434 Vehicular cloud computing (VCC) application and services, 456, 461 architecture, 455, 456 definition, 454 future scope, 462 modern research, 463 objective, 454 secure communication, 454 services, 454 Vehicular MESH network (VMESH), 432 Vehicular networks, 452 Virtual force-based approach, 396 Virtual IoT-based plantation system implementation, Ubidots assigning authentication values, 311, 312 assigning sensor type value, 313 callback function, 313 creating client object, 313 creating device, 311 Raspberry Pi set-up, 311 sensor data writing, 313 Virtual reality technology, 462 Visible light communication (VLC) clean and green technology, 471 codebook, 468, 469, 473 5G, 467 IoT, 467 light sources, 468 OWC, 467 radio spectrum, 471 Rayleigh fading, 469 Rician channel, 471 Visually impaired people, 497, 505 Voice user interface (VUI), 411, 412 Voice xml-based approach, 238 Vulnerability, 536 W Water requirements estimation, 323 Water system management, 291 WAVE basic service set (WBSS), 437 WAVE service announcement (WSA), 429 WBAN applications artificial retina, 199 blood glucose monitoring, 198, 199 cancer detection, 198 cardiovascular application, 198 in-body sensor nodes, 198 on-body sensor nodes, 198 stress monitoring, 199 WBAN architecture, 19, 22, 201, 202 WBAN’s systems architecture actuator nodes, 198 personal devices, 197 sensor nodes, 197 Wearable accessories, 416 Wearable devices, 418 Wearable implantable, 416 Wearable IOT devices, 230 Wearable sensor, 174 Wearable technologies activity trackers, 418 Bluetooth microphone, 410 features, 418 fictional spy devices, 408 Fitbit, 410 gadgets collection, 418 in healthcare, 424 issues and concerns, 418, 419 records and enhancement, 409 smart electronic devices, 418 Index smart watches, 410 Sony TR-55, 410 technological advancements, 424 ubiquitous computing, 409 watches, 409 Web application, 235, 236, 247 Web-based irrigation method, 329 Arduino Uno, 329, 331 “ATmega328P” micro-controller, 331 DHT11 sensor, 331, 332 nRF24L01 module, 331 power supply, 332 Raspberry Pi, 329, 337 reciever part, 331 sensor data, 331 soil moisture measurements, 331 transmitter part, 330 Web interface, 320 Wi-Fi, 237 Wi-Fi module, 241 Wi-Fi network, 96 Wi-Fi transmitter, 542 Wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE), 430 Wireless and wearable sensors, 174 Wireless architecture application layer, 15 data link layer, 14 network layer, 14 physical layer, 14 transport layer, 15 Wireless body area networks (WBANs) applications (see WBAN applications) architectural model, 196 architecture, 216 general health monitoring, 199 and healthcare, 216, 217 health monitoring, 195 MC-MAC protocols, 217 M-health, 196 multi-channel, protocols, 217–218 multi-hop routing protocol, 200 non-medical applications, 199 obstacles, 215 real-time and continuous monitoring, 195 resource-constrained technology, 195 routing protocol, 200 RTT technique, 200 sensors, 195, 196 systems architecture, 197 utilization, 195 Wireless communication, 467 Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), 40, 362, 411 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), 26, 27 573 Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), 41, 240, 327, 362, 395, 400, 454, 491 anomalies, 22 application process, 16 data communication, 16 data sensation, 12 features and optional elements, 13, 14 health applications, implementations, IoT systems, machinery CBM, network layer, 25 network topology construction phase, 16 power consumption, 27 qualities, 14 security and surveillance, smart sensors, 13 structured and unstructured types, 13 terrestrial WSNs, 13, 14 transport layer attacks, 25 underground WSNs, 13 varieties, 13 and WBAN (see Wireless body area networks (WBANs)) Wireless sensors, 307 WSN and security system, 330 WSN irrigation, 328, 329 X XML processing, 489 Y Yaler, 54 Yield and livestock monitoring advance harvest yields, 293 measurement-driven cultivation procedure, 293 sensor, 294 Yield decision, 299 Yield observant, 299 Yield quality, 299 YOLO, 499 YOLOv3 model, 66 Z Zetta, 53, 54 Zhang Jidong Architecture, 48, 49 ZigBee, 41, 238, 411, 487, 488, 505, 541 Zoomcar, 550, 551 Zoomcar Associate Program (ZAP), 551 Zoomcar back-end analytics, 551 Z-Wave, 411