Mechanical Engineering handbook
“Frontmatter” Mechanical Engineering Handbook Ed. Frank Kreith Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 c 1999byCRCPressLLC Contents ______________________________ SECTION 1 Mechanics of Solids Bela I. Sandor 1.1 Introduction Bela I Sandor 1.2 Statics Bela I. Sandor 1.3 Dynamics Stephen M. Birn and Bela I. Sandor 1.4 Vibrations Bela I. Sandor 1.5 Mechanics of Materials Bela I. Sandor 1.6 Structural Integrity and Durability Bela I. Sandor 1.7 Comprehensive Example of Using Mechanics of Solids Methods Richard C. Duveneck, David A. Jahnke, Christopher J. Watson, and Bela I. Sandor SECTION 2 Engineering Thermodynamics Michael J. Moran 2.1 Fundamentals Michael J.Moran 2.2 Control Volume Applications Michael J.Moran 2.3 Property Relations and Data Michael J.Moran 2.4 Combustion Michael J.Moran 2.5 Exergy Analysis Michael J.Moran 2.6 Vapor and Gas Power Cycles Michael J.Moran 2.7 Guidelines for Improving Thermodynamic Effectiveness Michael J.Moran SECTION 3 Fluid Mechanics Frank Kreith 3.1 Fluid Statics Stanley A.Berger 3.2 Equations of Motion and Potential Flow Stanley A.Berger 3.3 Similitude: Dimensional Analysis and Data Correlation Suar W.Churchill 3.4 Hydraulics of Pipe Systems J.Paul Tullis 3.5 Open Channel Flow Frank M.White 3.6 External Incompressible Flow Alan T.McDonald 3.7 Compressible Flow Ajay Kumar 3.8 Multiphase Flow John C.Chen 3.9 Non-Newtonian Flow Thomas F.Irvine Jr. and Massimo Capobianchi 3.10 Tribology, Lubrication, and Bearing Design Francis E.Kennedy, E.Richard Booser, and Donald F.Wilcock 3.11 Pumps and Fans Rober F.Boehm 3.12 Liquid Atomization and Spraying Rolf D.Reitz 3.13 Flow Measurement Alan T.McDonald and Sherif A.Sherif 3.14 Micro/Nanotribology Bharat Bhushan SECTION 4 Heat and Mass Transfer Frank Kreith 4.1 Conduction Heat Transfer Rober F.Boehm 4.2 Convection Heat Transfer George D.Raithby, K.G.Terry Hollands, and N.V.Suryanarayana 4.3 Radiation Michael F.Modest 4.4 Phase-Change Van P.Carey, John C.Chen and Noam Lior c 1999byCRCPressLLC 4.5 Heat Exchangers Ramesh K.Shah and Kenneth J.Bell 4.6 Temperature and Heat Transfer Measurements Robert J.Moffat 4.7 Mass Transfer Anthony F.Mills 4.8 Applications Arthur E.Bergles, Anthony F.Mills, Larry W.Swanson, and Vincent W.Antonetti 4.9 Non-Newtonian Fluids —Heat Transfer Thomas F.Irvine,Jr. and Massimo Capobianchi SECTION 5 Electrical Engineering Giorgio Rizzoni 5.1 Introduction Giorgio Rizzoni 5.2 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Giorgio Rizzoni 5.3 Resistive Network Analysis Giorgio Rizzoni 5.4 AC Network Analysis Giorgio Rizzoni 5.5 AC Power Giorgio Rizzoni 5.6 Frequency Response,Filters,and Transient Analysis Giorgio Rizzoni 5.7 Electronics Giorgio Rizzoni 5.8 Power Electronics Giorgio Rizzoni 5.9 Operational Amplifiers Giorgio Rizzoni 5.10 Digital Circuits Giorgio Rizzoni 5.11 Measurements and Instrumentation Giorgio Rizzoni 5.12 Electromechanical Systems Giorgio Rizzoni SECTION 6 Mechanical System Controls Jan F. Kreider 6.1 Human – Machine Interaction Thomas B. Sheridan 6.2 The Need for Control of Mechanical Systems Peter S. Curtiss 6.3 Control System Analysis Peter S. Curtiss 6.4 Control System Design and Application Peter S. Curtiss 6.5 Advanced Control Topics Peter S. Curtiss, Jan Kreider, Ronald M.Nelson, and Shou-Heng Huang SECTION 7 Energy Resources D. Yogi Goswami 7.1 Introduction D.Yogi Goswami 7.2 Types of Derived Energy D.Yogi Goswami 7.3 Fossil Fuels Robert Reuther, Richard Bajura, Larry Grayson, and Philip C. Crouse 7.4 Biomass Energy Michael C.Reed, Lynn L.Wright, Ralph P.Overend, and Carlton Wiles 7.5 Nuclear Resources James S. Tulenko 7.6 Solar Energy Resources D.Yogi Goswami 7.7 Wind Energy Resources Dale E.Berg 7.8 Geothermal Energy Joel L. Renner and Marshall J. Reed SECTION 8 Energy Conversion D. Yogi Goswam 8.1 Steam Power Plant Lawrence Conway 8.2 Gas Turbines Steven I. Freedman 8.3 Internal Combustion Engines David E. Klett and Elsayed A.Adfify 8.4 Hydraulic Turbines Roger E.A. Arndt 8.5 Stirling Engines William B. Stine 8.6 Advanced Fossil Fuel Power Systems Anthony F. Armor 8.7 Energy Storage Chand K. Jotshi and D.Yogi Goswami 8.8 Nuclear Power Robert Pagano and James S. Tulenko c 1999byCRCPressLLC 8.9 Nuclear Fusion Thomas E. Shannon 8.10 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion D.Yogi Goswami 8.11 Wind Energy Conversion Dale E. Berg 8.12 Energy Conversion of the Geothermal Resource Carl J. Bliem and Gregory L. Mines 8.13 Direct Energy Conversion Kitt C. Reinhardt, D.Yogi Goswami, Mysore L. Ramalingam , Jean-Pierre Fleurial, and William D. Jackson 8.14 Ocean Energy Technology Desikan Bharathan and Federica Zangrando 8.15 Combined Cycle Power Plants William W. Bathie 8.16 EMERGY Evaluation and Transformity Howard T.Odum SECTION 9 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Shan K. Wang 9.1 Introduction Shan K.Wang 9.2 Psychrometrics Shan K.Wang 9.3 Air Conditioning Processes and Cycles Shan K.Wang 9.4 Refrigerants and Refrigeration Cycles Shan K.Wang 9.5 Outdoor Design Conditions and Indoor Design Criteria Shan K.Wang 9.6 Load Calculations Shan K.Wang 9.7 Air Handling Units and Packaged Units Shan K.Wang 9.8 Refrigeration Components and Evaporative Coolers Shan K.Wang ' 9.9 Water Systems Shan K.Wang 9.10 Heating Systems Shan K.Wang 9.11 Refrigeration Systems Shan K.Wang 9.12 Thermal Storage Systems Shan K.Wang 9.13 Air Systems Shan K.Wang 9.14 Absorption Systems Shan K.Wang 9.15 Air Conditioning Systems and Selection Shan K.Wang 9.16 Desiccant Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Zalman Lavan SECTION 10A Electronic Packaging 10A.1 Electronic Packaging Technologies Kevin D. Cluff and Michael G. Pecht 10A.2 Thermal Management in Electronic Packaging and Systems B.G. Sammakia and K. Ramakrishna 10A.3 Mechanical Design and Reliability of Electronic Systems Fred Barez 10A.4 Electronic Manufacturing: Processes, Optimization, and Control Roop L. Mahajan SECTION 10 Transportation Frank Kreith 10.1 Transportation Planning Michael D.Meyer 10.2 Design of Transportation Facilities John Leonard II and Michael D.Meyer 10.3 Operations and Environmental Impact Paul W.Shuldiner and Kenneth B.Black 10.4 Transportation Systems Paul Schonfeld 10.5 Alternative Fuels for Motor Vehicles Paul Norton 10.6 Electric Vehicles Frank Kreith 10.7 Intelligent Transportation Systems James B. Reed SECTION 11 Engineering Design Leonard D. Albano and Nam P. Suh 11.1 Introduction Nam P. Suh 11.2 Elements of the Design Process Nam P. Suh 11.3 Concept of Domains Nam P. Suh 11.4 The Axiomatic Approach to Design Nam P. Suh c 1999byCRCPressLLC 11.5 Algorithmic Approaches to Design Leonard D. Albano 11.6 Strategies for Product Design Michael Pecht 11.7 Design of Manufacturing Systems and Processes Leonard D. Albano 11.8 Precision Machine Design Alexander Slocum 11.9 Robotics Leonard D. Albano 11.10 Computer-Based Tools for Design Optimization Mark Jakiela, Kemper Lewis, Farrokh Mistree, and J.R. Jagannatha Rao SECTION 12 Material Richard L. Lehman and Malcolm G. McLaren 12.1 Metals Victor A. Greenhut 12.2 Polymers James D. Idol and Richard L. Lehman 12.3 Adhesives Richard L. Lehman 12.4 Wood Daniel J. Strange 12.5 Portland Cement Concrete Steven H. Kosmatka 12.6 Composites Victor A. Greenhut 12.7 Ceramics and Glass Richard L.Lehman, Daniel J.Strange, and William F. Fischer III SECTION 13 Modern Manufacturing Jay Lee and Robert E. Schafrik 13.1 Introduction Jay Lee and Robert E. Schafrik 13.2 Unit Manufacturing and Assembly Processes Robert E. Schafrik 13.3 Essential Elements in Manufacturing Processes and Equipment John Fildes, Yoram Koren, M. Tomizuka, Kam Lau, and Tai-Ran Hsu 13.4 Modern Design and Analysis Tools for Manufacturing David C .Anderson,Tien-Chien Chang,Hank Grant,Tien-I. Liu, J.M.A. Tanchoco,Andrew C. Lee,and Su-Hsia Yang 13.5 Rapid Prototyping Takeo Nakagawa 13.6 Underlying Paradigms in Manufacturing Systems and Enterprise for the 21st Century H.E.Cook, James J.Solberg, and Chris Wang SECTION 14 Robotics Frank L. Lewis 14.1 Introduction Frank L.Lewis 14.2 Commercial Robot Manipulators John M.Fitzgerald 14.3 Robot Configurations Ian D.Walker 14.4 End Effectors and Tooling Mark R.Cutkosky and Peter McCormick 14.5 Sensors and Actuators Kok-Meng Lee 14.6 Robot Programming Languages Ron Bailey 14.7 Robot Dynamics and Control Frank L. Lewis 14.8 Planning and Intelligent Control Chen Zhou 14.9 Design of Robotic Systems Kok-Meng Lee 14.10 Robot Manufacturing Applications John W. Priest and G.T. Stevens, Jr. 14.11 Industrial Material Handling and Process Applications of Robots John M. Fitzgerald 14.12 Moblie, Flexible-Link, and Parallel-Link Robots Kai Liu SECTION 15 Computer-Aided Engineering Kyran D. Mish 15.1 Introduction Kyran D. Mish 15.2 Computer Programming and Computer Architecture Kyran D. Mish 15.3 Computational Mechanics Kyran D. Mish c 1999byCRCPressLLC 15.4 Computer Intelligence Kyran D. Mish 15.5 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Joseph Mello SECTION 16 Environmental Engineering Jan F. Kreider 16.1 Introduction Ari Rabl and Jan F. Kreider 16.2 Benchmarks and Reference Conditions Ari Rabl, Nevis Cook, Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen, and Tissa Illangasekare ' 16.3 Sources of Pollution and Regulations Jan F.Kreider, Nevis Cook, Tissa Illangasekare, and Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen 16.4 Regulations and Emission Standards Nevis Cook and Ronald H Hewitt Cohen 16.5 Mitigation of Water and Air Pollution Jan F. Kreider, Nevis Cook, and Ronald H .Hewitt Cohen 16.6 Environmental Modeling Paolo Zannetti, Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen, Nevis Cook, Ari Rabl, and Peter S. Curtiss 16.7 Global Climate Change Frank Kreith SECTION 17 Engineering Economics and Project Management Chan S. Park and Donald D. Tippett 17.1 Engineering Economic Decisions Chan S. Park 17.2 Establishing Economic Equivalence Chan S. Park 17.3 Measures of Project Worth Chan S. Park 17.4 Cash Flow Projections Chan S. Park 17.5 Sensitivity and Risk Analysis Chan S. Park 17.6 Design Economics Chan S. Park 17.7 Project Management Donald D. Tippett SECTION 18 Communications and Information Systems Lloyd W. Taylor 18.1 Introduction Lloyd W. Taylor 18.2 Network Components and Systems Lloyd W. Taylor and Daniel F. DiFonzo 18.3 Communications and Information Theory A. Britton Cooper III 18.4 Applications Lloyd W. Taylor, Dhammika Kurumbalapitiya, and S.Ratnajeevan H.Hoole SECTION 19 Mathematics William F. Ames and George Cain 19.1 Tables William F.Ames 19.2 Linear Algebra and Matrices George Cain 19.3 Vector Algebra and Calculus George Cain 19.4 Difference Equations William F. Ames 19.5 Differential Equations William F. Ames 19.6 Integral Equations William F. Ames 19.7 Approximation Methods William F. Ames 19.8 Integral Transforms William F. Ames 19.9 Calculus of Variations Approximation William F. Ames 19.10 Optimization Methods George Cain 19.11 Engineering and Statistics Y.L. Tong 19.12 Numerical Methods William F. Ames 19.13 Experimental Uncertainty Analysis W.G. Steele and H.W. Coleman 19.14 Chaos R.L. Kautz 19.15 Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic Dan M. Frangopol c 1999byCRCPressLLC SECTION 20 Patent Law and Miscellaneous Topics Frank Kreith 20.1 Patents and Other Intellectual Property Thomas H. Young 20.2 Product Liability and Safety George A. Peters 20.3 Bioengineering Jeff R. Crandall, Gregory W. Hall, and Walter D. Pilkey 20.4 Mechanical Engineering Codes and Standard Michael Merker 20.5 Optics Roland Winston and Walter T. Welford 20.6 Water Desalination Noam Lior 20.7 Noise Control Malcolm J. Crocker 20.8 Lighting Technology Barbara Atkinson, Andrea Denver, James E. McMahon, Leslie Shown, Robert Clear, and Craig B Smith 20.9 New Product Development Philip R. Teakle and Duncan B. Gilmore APPENDICES Paul Norton A. Properties of Gases and Vapors B. Properties of Liquids C. Properties of Solids D. SI Units E. Miscellaneous c 1999byCRCPressLLC Sandor, B.I.; Roloff, R; et. al. “Mechanics of Solids” Mechanical Engineering Handbook Ed. Frank Kreith Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 c 1999byCRCPressLLC 1 -1 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Mechanics of Solids 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Statics .1-3 Vectors. Equilibrium of Particles. Free-body Diagrams • Forces on Rigid Bodies • Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies • Forces and Moments in Beams • Simple Structures and Machines • Distributed Forces • Friction • Work and Potential Energy • Moments of Inertia 1.3 Dynamics 1-31 Kinematics of Particles • Kinetics of Particles • Kinetics of Systems of Particles • Kinematics of Rigid Bodies • Kinetics of Rigid Bodies in Plane Motion • Energy and Momentum Methods for Rigid Bodies in Plane Motion • Kinetics of Rigid Bodies in Three Dimensions 1.4 Vibrations .1-57 Undamped Free and Forced Vibrations • Damped Free and Forced Vibrations • Vibration Control • Random Vibrations. Shock Excitations • Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. Modal Analysis • Vibration-Measuring Instruments 1.5 Mechanics of Materials 1-67 Stress • Strain • Mechanical Behaviors and Properties of Materials • Uniaxial Elastic Deformations • Stresses in Beams • Deflections of Beams • Torsion • Statically Indeterminate Members • Buckling • Impact Loading • Combined Stresses • Pressure Vessels • Experimental Stress Analysis and Mechanical Testing 1.6 Structural Integrity and Durability .1-104 Finite Element Analysis. Stress Concentrations • Fracture Mechanics • Creep and Stress Relaxation • Fatigue 1.7 Comprehensive Example of Using Mechanics of Solids Methods 1-125 The Project • Concepts and Methods 1.1Introduction Bela I. Sandor Engineers use the concepts and methods of mechanics of solids in designing and evaluating tools, machines, and structures, ranging from wrenches to cars to spacecraft. The required educational back- ground for these includes courses in statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, and related subjects. For example, dynamics of rigid bodies is needed in generalizing the spectrum of service loads on a car, which is essential in defining the vehicle’s deformations and long-term durability. In regard to structural Bela I. Sandor University of Wisconsin-Madison Ryan Roloff Allied Signal Aerospace Stephen M. Birn Allied Signal Aerospace Maan H. Jawad Nooter Consulting Services Michael L. Brown A.O. Smith Corp. 1 -2 Section 1 integrity and durability, the designer should think not only about preventing the catastrophic failures of products, but also of customer satisfaction. For example, a car with gradually loosening bolts (which is difficult to prevent in a corrosive and thermal and mechanical cyclic loading environment) is a poor product because of safety, vibration, and noise problems. There are sophisticated methods to assure a product’s performance and reliability, as exemplified in Figure 1.1.1. A similar but even more realistic test setup is shown in Color Plate 1. * It is common experience among engineers that they have to review some old knowledge or learn something new, but what is needed at the moment is not at their fingertips. This chapter may help the reader in such a situation. Within the constraints of a single book on mechanical engineering, it provides overviews of topics with modern perspectives, illustrations of typical applications, modeling to solve problems quantitatively with realistic simplifications, equations and procedures, useful hints and remind- ers of common errors, trends of relevant material and mechanical system behaviors, and references to additional information. The chapter is like an emergency toolbox. It includes a coherent assortment of basic tools, such as vector expressions useful for calculating bending stresses caused by a three-dimensional force system on a shaft, and sophisticated methods, such as life prediction of components using fracture mechanics and modern measurement techniques. In many cases much more information should be considered than is covered in this chapter. * Color Plates 1 to 16 follow page 1-131. FIGURE 1.1.1 Artist’s concept of a moving stainless steel roadway to drive the suspension system through a spinning, articulated wheel, simulating three-dimensional motions and forces. (MTS Systems Corp., Minneapolis, MN. With permission.) Notes: Flat-Trac ® Roadway Simulator, R&D100 Award-winning system in 1993. See also Color Plate 1. * [...]... where the subscripts refer to individual forces or couples and the corresponding displacements, ignoring frictional effects Mechanical Efficiency of Real Systems Real mechanical systems operate with frictional losses, so input work = useful work + work of friction ( output work ) The mechanical efficiency η of a machine is η= output work useful work = input work total work required 0 < η