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“Frontmatter” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Product Manager: Maureen Aller Project Editor: Ibrey Woodall Packaging design: Jonathan Pennell These files shall remain the sole and exclusive property of CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431. The contents are protected by copyright law and international treaty. No part of the Electrical Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE CD-ROM product may be duplicated in hard copy or machine-readable form without prior written authorization from CRC Press LLC, except that the licensee is granted a limited, non-exclusive license to reproduce limited portions of the context for the licensee’s internal use provided that a suitable notice of copyright is included on all copies. This CD-ROM incorporates materials from other sources reproduced with the kind permission of the copyright holder. Credit to the original sources and copyright notices are given with the figure or table. No materials in this CD-ROM credited to these copyright holders may be reproduced without their written permission. WARRANTY The information in this product was obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Every reasonable effort has been made to give reliable data and information, but the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their uses. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2177-8 International Standard Series Number 1097-9409 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Preface Purpose The purpose of The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is to provide in a single volume a ready reference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia. The book in its comprehensive format is divided into twelve sections which encompass the field of electrical engineering. The goal is to provide the most up-to-date information in the classical fields of circuits, signal processing, electronics, electromagnetic fields, energy devices, systems, and electrical effects and devices, while covering the emerging fields of commu- nications, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and biomedical engineering. In addition, the final section provides a complete compendium of information regarding physical, chemical, and materials data, as well as widely inclusive information on mathematics. Organization The fundamentals of electrical engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantial empirical data, and a broad range of practice. The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts, models, and equations that enable the electrical engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of complex electrical devices, circuits, instruments, and systems. While data and formulae are summarized, the main focus is the provision of the underlying theories and concepts and the appropriate application of these theories to the field of electrical engineering. Thus, the reader will find the key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in order to serve the needs of the engineer over many years. With equal emphasis on electronics, circuits, power systems, instruments, materials, effects and devices, systems, and control, the engineer should encounter a wide range of concepts and considerable depth of exploration of these concepts as they lead to application and design. The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively fundamental. Each article, of which there are more than 200, is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the knowledge of the mature engineer, and educate the novice. The information is organized into twelve major sections. The first eleven sections encompass 118 chapters and the last section summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants. Each section contains one or more historical vignettes that serve to enliven and illuminate the history of the subject of that section. Furthermore, each section is preceded by a photo of a device, circuit, or system that demonstrates an application illustrative of the material in the section. Each article includes four important and useful categories: defining terms, related topics, references, and further information. Defining terms are key definitions and the first occurrence of each term defined is indicated in boldface in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter or article. Related Topics are cross-references to related articles. The related topics are provided at the end of each chapter or article. The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, further information provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic. © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Locating Your Topic Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided. A complete table of contents is presented at the front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each of the twelve sections. Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents. The reader should look over these tables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of the book. For example, see Section II: Signal Processing, then Chapter 17: Multidimensional Signal Processing, and then Chapter 17.2: Video Signal Processing. This tree-and-branch table of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locate information on the topic of interest. Five indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information. Three indexes are listed in alphabetical order: (1) subject index, (2) index of basic equations by title or name, and (3) index of contributing authors. The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which the definition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index. Two additional indexes are sequenced by order of appearance: (1) index of key tables of data or information and (2) index of key figures. The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and direct the inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and that informational requirements will be satisfied effectively. Acknowledgments This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the Board of Advisors, the publishers, and my editorial associates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Ron Powers, Publisher; Kristen Peterson, Develop- mental Editor; and Susan Fox, Senior Project Editor. Finally, I am indebted to the assistance of Sara Hare, who served as editorial assistant. Richard C. Dorf Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Davis, teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineering and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributions and advances in electrical engineering. Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and the University of California, Berkeley. A Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession for his Modern Control Systems, 7th edition (Addison-Wesley, 1995) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988). Dr. Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5th edition (Wiley, 1992) and Electric Currents, 3rd edition (Wiley, 1996). © 2000 by CRC Press LLC © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Advisory Board Frank Barnes University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Joseph Bronzino Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut Wai-Kai Chen University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois Delores Etter University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Lyle Feisel State University of New York Binghamton, New York William Kersting New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico Vojin Oklobdzia University of California, Davis Davis, California John V. Oldfield Syracuse University Syracuse, New York Banmali Rawat University of Nevada Reno, Nevada Richard S. Sandige University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Leonard Shaw Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York John W. Steadman University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming R. 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