Ex: "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." + "Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil[r]
(1)Linking words Linking words Notes for example or for instance: ví dụ Giving examples: For example For instance Namely Namely refers to something by name "There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time." Và, nữa, thêm vào đó, cũng, bên cạnh, vả lại… In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and Ex: "We discussed training, education and the budget." Adding information And In addition As well as Also Too Furthermore Moreover Apart from In addition to Besides Also: add an extra idea or emphasis Ex: "We also spoke about marketing." + "We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition." We don't usually start a sentence with also If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this… As well as: at the beginning or the middle of a sentence "As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." + "We are interested in costs as well as the competition." Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well Ex: "They were concerned too." + "I, too, was concerned." Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to Ex: "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." + "Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." Summarising In short In brief In summary To summarise In a nutshell To conclude In conclusion Sequencing ideas The former, … the latter Firstly, secondly, finally Moreover and furthermore: Ex: "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market Moreover, they tell us about the competition." Tóm lại, nói chung, His novels belong to a great but vanished age They are, in short, old-fashioned In brief, the meeting was a disaster And so I would say, in summary, that the campaign has been a great success or And so in summary, I would say that the campaign has been a great success Đầu tiên, kế đến, sau đó, cuối cùng, "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term." Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly" Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point (2) The first point is Lastly The following Next, then, after that… Giving a reason Due to / due to the fact that Owing to / owing to the fact that Because Because of Since As and so on “After a long delay, finally, the performance started” + "The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen." Bởi vì, vì Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun phrase Ex: "Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%." + "Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within weeks." With a clause (a subject, verb and object), must use the fact that Ex: "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." + "Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil all its orders." Because / because of Because of: a noun, or a noun phrase Ex: "Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed." Because: a clause Ex: "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." + Since / as Since and as mean because Ex: "Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." + "As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." Giving a result Vì thế, đó, kết là…… Therefore So, hence Consequently This means that As a result Contrasting ideas But However Although / even though Despite / despite (the fact that) In spite of / in spite of (the fact that) Nevertheless Nonetheless While Whereas Unlike In theory… in practice… Yet Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way Ex: "The company is expanding Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." So is more informal Ex: the shops were closed, so I didn't get any milk Nhưng, nhiên, mặc dù… But is more informal than however Ex: "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." "He works hard However, he doesn't earn much." Although, despite and in spite of : contrast Ex: "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." Despite and in spite of: a noun phrase Ex: "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." Although: a clause Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway Ex: "The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year." While, whereas and unlike: show how two things are different from each other Ex: "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." + "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." + "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol." In theory… in practice…: show an unexpected result Ex: "In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time." (3) Exercise 1: Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate For example: I have both respect _ admiration for them Hardly had I finished reading over the problem, _ the answer leapt to my mind It will rain either today _ tomorrow He could not decide whether to tell the truth _ keep silent It was not only a beautiful day, _ the first day of Spring If you follow the instructions, you should have no difficulty He is neither proud _ condescending What with one thing _ another, it was very late by the time we left the house No sooner had I opened my eyes, _ I remembered where I was 10 Scarcely had I heard the news, _ my friend arrived 11 I not know whether he has seen the movie before not 12 I would rather wait here _ risk missing the bus 13 She could find the book neither at the Library, _ at the bookstore 14 No sooner had I opened the window, _ a butterfly flew into the room 15 The crowd was both large _ enthusiastic 16 We should either walk quickly take the bus 17 I had scarcely sat down the telephone rang Exercise 2: Choose the best answer: We postponed our holiday the bad weather (because of, in spite of) We can't go to the cinema it isn't open today (although, even though, because) her dislikes for coffee, she drank it to keep herself warm (although, despite, owing to) Mary will take a plane, she dislikes flying (in spite of, even though, therefore, moreover) I would like to come, _ I not have time (but, nor, and) Marcy’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile (despite of, also, apart from, in spite of) I invited him _ his friends (and, but, however) I went for a walk _ the sun was shining (because, otherwise) Do you know _ the stores are open today? (as if, whether, as long as) 10 We recognized her at once, we had not seen her for years (although, in case, if) 11 He kept reading _ he fell asleep (for, until, since) 12 The moon will rise the sun sets (as soon as, than, before) 13 It looks the train will be late (while, as though, if) 14 she got her degree, she became a teacher (After, Than, Before, ) 15 We will not go skiing the weather is good (as if, unless) 16 he left, he made sure he had his keys with him (Before, For) 17 I told the truth, you would not believe me (Even if, So that) 18 They have known her _ she was a child (until, since) 19 I must leave now, I have a great deal of work to (as, than) 20 What shall we it rains? (or else, supposing) 21 you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it (If, Until) 22 The door was open, we could hear everything (in case, so) 23 I studied more he did (than, whereas, while) 24 We packed a lunch, we knew we would soon be hungry (lest, yet, for) 25 I will join you, the weather is fine (providing that, than, in case) 26 I’m going to bring along my umbrella it rains (because of, as a result, in case, if) 27 he is very busy, he is seldom at home (Or else, Because) 28 We must hurry, _ we will be late (so that, or else, ) 29 Will you come with me? _ I shall have to go alone (Also, Otherwise, As well as, In case) 30 She is kind _, she is rather forgetful (However, Consequently, therefore) 31 The work was new to me , it did not seem difficult (Consequently, Nevertheless, In short) 32 Continue along Queen Street turn left (Then, Therefore, also, too) (4) 33 It was very misty , we could not get a clear view of the mountain (Hence, However) 34 We had walked several miles , we did not feel tired (Accordingly, Still, Since) 35 She is a talented actress , she is very beautiful (Moreover, Thus) 36 We take the bus every day , we are familiar with the bus route (As if, Nevertheless, Thus) 37 The child was sleepy , we went home early (Otherwise, Therefore) 38 The food was delicious _, the service was excellent (Likewise, Nevertheless) 39 We looked everywhere _, we could not find the keys (However, Thus, Likewise) 40 The book is long _, the vocabulary is difficult (In summary, Consequently, Furthermore) 41 Luckily, the moon was bright , we could not have seen the path (Accordingly, Otherwise, Besides) 42 He is old _, his mind is still active (Nonetheless, Therefore, Moreover, As well as) 43 It was very hot , we decided to go swimming (Consequently, So) 44 It was very hot, we decided to go swimming (Consequently, So) 45 I have invited him , I have invited his sister (Also, And) 46 He walked up to the door knocked (and, likewise) 47 The bus fare is expensive; , I prefer to walk (so, therefore) 48 She is well-educated , she has very good manners (And, Besides) 49 I would rather travel by train, _ the bus leaves earlier (but, however) 50 We were born in this village; , we know everyone here (hence, so that) 51 Put less wood on the fire, _ it will be too smoky (or, otherwise) 52 They got off the train they began to search for a hotel (And, Then) 53 She studied for many months; , she knew the material thoroughly (consequently, so that) 54 The weather was hot; , the air was humid (and, moreover, as well as) 55 Please come with us, I can introduce you to my friends (providing that, thus, so that) 56 The sun was warm, a cool breeze blew in from the sea (also, and, nor, but, however) 57 I have read this book before; , I not remember the plot (but, however) 58 They were hot tired (or, and, too) 59 The door was locked; , we would have waited inside (firstly, or, otherwise) 60 I have known her for many years; , I understand her character well (so that, thus) 61 We opened the window fresh air would blow into the room (because, consequently, so that) 62 He is ignorant; , he is lazy (and, furthermore, so, thus) 63 They visited many stores; _, they could not find what they were looking for (but, however) 64 You should go to sleep now, you will be tired tomorrow (or, otherwise, and, but) 65 I was worried; _, I was determined not to show it (but, nevertheless, in addition) CONNECTORS 1) You should keep the milk in the refrigerator _ it doesn’t go bad A since B So that C Because D After 2) You should say goodbye to your brother _ you leave for Europe A despite B After C Since D before 3) The class discussion was short; _, we gained some knowlegde from it A however B Moreover C Although D therefore 4) The undergone is cheap; _, it’s faster than the train A however B Moreover C But D so 5) _ you study harder, you won’t win the scholarship A unless B Because C If D in order that 6) The countrytside air is fresh, , it’s not polluted A however B Whenever C Moreover D beside 7) she spoke slowly, I don’t understand her A since B Although C If D as 8) We will wait her he comes back A while B Until C Since D for 9) Our teacher explained the lesson slowly we might understand him A and B So that C If not D or 10) _ it rained heavily, we went to school on time A even though B Despite C Because D though not (5) 11) Our visit to Japan was delayed _ my wife’s illness A because B Because of C Thanks to D although 12) he some to the theatre with me, I shall go alone A because of B Because C Unless D when 13) He tries his best to work hard help her family get over the difficulties A so as that B In order that C Oi order to D so as not to 14) We moved to the front row _ we could hear and see better A so as that B Because C Although D so that 15) I made a mistake I was tired after the work A though B So that C Because D if 16) Minh had a terrible headache , he still wanted to go to school A therefore B But C However D although 17) My sister will take the plane to Singapore she dislikes flying A because B So that C Therefore D though 18) My car broke down on the way. , when I got the airport, the plane had taken off A because B However C Therefore D although 19) His mother was sick. _, Jane had to stay at home to look after her A but B However C So D therefore 20) They asked me to wait for them; , he didn’t turn back A but B However C So D Therefore 21) Many people still believe him very much he sometimes tell lies A because B since C although D despite 22) They were walking on the street _ there was an accident A when B while C because D so that 23) the darkness in the room, we couldn’t continue our studying A because B since C although D In spite of 24) Mary tries to study as hard as possible _ she can get the scholaship to study in England A in order to B so that C because D because of 25) She stopped at the post office _ she could send the letter to her parents A although B so as to C in order that D despite 26) He didn’t wear warm clothes the cold weather in winter A because B although C because of D in spite of 27) What had you done I phoned you? A as soon as B by the time C after D while 28) Tom couldn’t get a job _ he couldn’t speak English well A because B although C because of D in spite of 29) _ he knew the danger of smoking, he couldn’t give it up A since B though C because of D despite 30) He knew the danger of smoking; , he couldn’t give it up A therefore B But C However D although 31) their poverty in their family, they live happily together everyday A as B though C because D despite 32) He didn’t drink beer _ he was really thirsrty A in spite of B even though C because D since 33) We will go without him he comes here on time A though B unless C Because D If 34) Mike went ot the banbk he cashed his cheque A Therefore B So that C However D Although 35) The students finish the test well _ its difficulties yesterday A therefore B In spite of C However D Although 36) She has driven a car _ she studied at the university A as soon as B by the time C after D since 37) We started out on the trip the weather was extremely hot A because B In spite of C Because of D Although 38) We should wait for her we had much time A though B unless C Because D If (6) 39) we had much time, we shouldn’t wait for her A though B unless C Because D If 40) The food didn’t look appetizing; , many people liked enjoying it A Therefore B So that C However D Although 41) It was already 6p.m, we closed our office and went home A therefore B But C However D So 42) Ok! you can take Chemistry as your major. , you should remember that it is not easy to learn A therefore B But C However D Although 43) John succeeded in the exam his hard and methodical work A because B In spite of C Because of D Although 44) He didn’t stop his car _ the traffic light turned red A because B In spite of C Because of D Although 45) She didn’t join our programme _ she had to take a summer course at the college A so that B.because of C Because D Although 46) She wanted to go to bed early her bad tiredness A because B In spite of C Because of D Although 47) _ he had to take her mother to the hospital, he still attened our party yesterday A because B In spite of C Because of D Although 48) they had read these books, they went out A as soon as B before C after D since 49) The students couldn’t the test its copmplicated problems A because B In spite of C Because of D Though 50) it got dark, they continued working A because B In spite of C Because of D Even though 51) He is very famous in his career, _, he’s always simple and modest A Therefore B But C However D So 52) _ the hardship he met, he always feels optimistic A Because B despite C Because of D Even though 53) The Americans had modern weapons, _ they failed in the war in Vietnam A Therefore B But C However D So 54) Luan’s directions to his house were clear, _, Binh got lost A Therefore B But C However D So 55) I found your house easily you gave me a clear direction A Because B Therefore C However D So that 56) I look up many sources of in formation on the Internet I can write a good essay A Because B Therefore C However D So that (7)