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Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Using Your Sybex Electronic Book To realize the full potential of this Sybex electronic book, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search installed on your computer. To find out if you have the correct version of Acrobat Reader, click on the Edit menu—Search should be an option within this menu file. If Search is not an option in the Edit menu, please exit this application and install Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search from this CD (double- click on rp500enu.exe in the Adobe folder). Navigation To search, click the Search Query button on the toolbar or choose Edit >Search > Query to open the Search window. In the Adobe Acrobat Search dialog’s text field, type the text you want to find and click Search. Use the Search Next button (Control+U) and Search Previous button (Control+Y) to go to other matches in the book. The Search command also has powerful tools for limiting and expanding the definition of the term you are searching for. Refer to Acrobat's online Help (Help > Plug-In Help > Using Acrobat Search) for more information. www.sybex.com Click here to begin using your Sybex Elect ronic Book! Search Navigate throught the book by clicking on the headings that appear in the left panel; the corresponding page from the book displays in the right panel. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ORACLE8i ™ Robert G. Freeman Mark D. Blomberg San Francisco • London MASTERING ™ Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Associate Publisher: Richard Mills Acquisitions and Developmental Editor: Christine McGeever Editors: Carol Henry, Marilyn Smith Production Editor: Leslie E. H. Light Technical Editor: Ashok Hanumanth Book Designer: Patrick Dintino, Catalin Dulfu, Franz Baumhackl Graphic Illustrator: Tony Jonick Electronic Publishing Specialist: Adrian Woolhouse Proofreaders: Nanette Duffy, Emily Hsuan, David Nash, Laurie O’Connell, Yariv Rabinovich, Nancy Riddiough Indexer: Nancy Guenther CD Coordinator: Christine Detlefs CD Technician: Kevin Ly Cover Designer: Design Site Cover Illustrator: Sergie Loobkoff, Design Site Copyright © 2002 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, includ- ing but not limited to photocopy, photograph, mag- netic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Card Number: 2001091742 ISBN: 0-7821-2929-3 SYBEX and the SYBEX logo are either registered trade- marks or trademarks of SYBEX Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Mastering is a trademark of SYBEX Inc. Screen reproductions produced with SnagIt. SnagIt is a registered trademark of TechSmith Corporation. Screen reproductions produced with FullShot 99. FullShot 99 © 1991-1999 Inbit Incorporated. All rights reserved. FullShot is a trademark of Inbit Incorporated. TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer. The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book, and the content is based upon final release software whenever possible. Portions of the manuscript may be based upon pre-release versions supplied by software manufacturer(s). The author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but not limited to performance, mer- chantability, fitness for any particular purpose, or any losses or damages of any kind caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Software License Agreement: Terms and Conditions The media and/or any online materials accompanying this book that are available now or in the future con- tain programs and/or text files (the “Software”) to be used in connection with the book. SYBEX hereby grants to you a license to use the Software, subject to the terms that follow. Your purchase, acceptance, or use of the Software will constitute your acceptance of such terms. The Software compilation is the property of SYBEX unless otherwise indicated and is protected by copy- right to SYBEX or other copyright owner(s) as indi- cated in the media files (the “Owner(s)”). You are hereby granted a single-user license to use the Software for your personal, noncommercial use only. You may not reproduce, sell, distribute, publish, circulate, or commercially exploit the Software, or any portion thereof, without the written consent of SYBEX and the specific copyright owner(s) of any component soft- ware included on this media. In the event that the Software or components include specific license requirements or end-user agreements, statements of condition, disclaimers, limitations or warranties (“End-User License”), those End-User Licenses supersede the terms and conditions herein as to that particular Software component. Your purchase, acceptance, or use of the Software will constitute your acceptance of such End-User Licenses. By purchase, use or acceptance of the Software you fur- ther agree to comply with all export laws and regula- tions of the United States as such laws and regulations may exist from time to time. Software Support Components of the supplemental Software and any offers associated with them may be supported by the specific Owner(s) of that material, but they are not supported by SYBEX. Information regarding any avail- able support may be obtained from the Owner(s) using the information provided in the appropriate read.me files or listed elsewhere on the media. Should the manufacturer(s) or other Owner(s) cease to offer support or decline to honor any offer, SYBEX bears no responsibility. This notice concerning support for the Software is provided for your information only. SYBEX is not the agent or principal of the Owner(s), and SYBEX is in no way responsible for providing any support for the Software, nor is it liable or responsible for any support provided, or not provided, by the Owner(s). Warranty SYBEX warrants the enclosed media to be free of physi- cal defects for a period of ninety (90) days after purchase. The Software is not available from SYBEX in any other form or media than that enclosed herein or posted to www.sybex.com. If you discover a defect in the media during this warranty period, you may obtain a replace- ment of identical format at no charge by sending the defective media, postage prepaid, with proof of pur- chase to: SYBEX Inc. Product Support Department 1151 Marina Village Parkway Alameda, CA 94501 Web: http://www.sybex.com After the 90-day period, you can obtain replacement media of identical format by sending us the defective disk, proof of purchase, and a check or money order for $10, payable to SYBEX. Disclaimer SYBEX makes no warranty or representation, either expressed or implied, with respect to the Software or its contents, quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event will SYBEX, its distributors, or dealers be liable to you or any other party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, consequential, or other damages arising out of the use of or inability to use the Software or its contents even if advised of the possibility of such damage. In the event that the Software includes an online update fea- ture, SYBEX further disclaims any obligation to pro- vide this feature for any specific duration other than the initial posting. The exclusion of implied warranties is not permitted by some states. Therefore, the above exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty provides you with spe- cific legal rights; there may be other rights that you may have that vary from state to state. The pricing of the book with the Software by SYBEX reflects the allo- cation of risk and limitations on liability contained in this agreement of Terms and Conditions. Shareware Distribution This Software may contain various programs that are distributed as shareware. Copyright laws apply to both shareware and ordinary commercial software, and the copyright Owner(s) retains all rights. If you try a share- ware program and continue using it, you are expected to register it. Individual programs differ on details of trial periods, registration, and payment. Please observe the requirements stated in appropriate files. Copy Protection The Software in whole or in part may or may not be copy-protected or encrypted. However, in all cases, reselling or redistributing these files without autho- rization is expressly forbidden except as specifically provided for by the Owner(s) therein. Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. While this book was being written, the cowardly attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and in Pennsylvania took place. Thus, this book is dedicated to all those who died there and in other terrorist tragedies throughout the world. This is dedicated to all the children who lost parents, the wives who lost husbands, and the husbands who lost wives. It is dedicated to the grieving families and friends and to the hope of peace, but also to the hope of justice for those who feel that terror and destruction are reasonable alternatives to peace and dialogue. As always, this work is dedicated to my family—my father and my mother, my brother and sisters, and most of all, my wife and children, who sacrifice their time with me in the writing endeavors that I take on. —Robert G. Freeman Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T here are numerous individuals who deserve recognition, and if we could put them all on the front cover, we would. Thanks to Richard Basile and Shagun Tyagi, whose names do not appear on the front cover but who contributed to the original content of this book. Thanks to my co-author Mark Blomberg, who really worked hard to make this happen. Thanks, of course, to those who helped make this book what it is. To my friend Jeff Kellum, who put me in contact with everyone else—including Richard Mills, our sup- portive associate publisher. To the wonderful editing staff of this book, Leslie Light, Marilyn Smith, and Carol Henry. Many thanks, as well, to technical editor Ashok Hanumanth. In addition, thanks to Christine McGeever, acquisitions and develop- ment editor, who helped get the book off the ground. The CD team and Dan Mum- mert did a fine job of assembling the CD material. To the production staff, including talented compositor Adrian Woolhouse, thanks for making the book look great. Of course, there are countless people who helped and didn’t even know it. Special thanks to Steve Adams, Tim Stippler, Charles Pack, Mike Ault, Pete Sharman, John B., KG, and numerous other awesome people in the Oracle community! Special thanks to the folks I work with: Nancy Von Dolteren, Yang Jiang, Don Mongeon, Bob Just, Bill Barker, Wendy Hausler, John King, Bill Sullivan, Gunjan Nath, Richard McClain, Nirupam Majumdar, and Maritza Gonzalez. You are all great! Thanks to those who provided moral support (and allowed me to not hold boards for board breaking while I was writing this!): Mrs. Skutnik, Mr. Alfaro, and all those at Master Clark’s Karate America in Jacksonville. Thanks to our many friends, who always support us. Finally, thanks to my wife and my five kids, who came into my work area about once a week just to refresh their memories of what I look like. Robert Freeman Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the staff at Sybex for all their hard work through the long months of this project. The staff at Sybex were helpful, resourceful, and most of all, knowledgeable. I would also like to thank my wife and family for being tolerant of my absence and not making the appropriate time to spend with them. So thank you to my wife Ann, and daughters Rebecca and Dana. Finally, I would like to thank Robert Freeman for bringing me into this venture and giving me the opportunity to realize one of my personal goals. To all involved, a truly grateful THANK YOU. Mark D. Blomberg Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. W e want information… information .” Possibly you recognize these words as the primary interest of a somewhat clandestine group, and as told by a character called Number 2 to Patrick McGoohan’s character Number 6 (in the old TV show The Prisoner). Indeed, in this day, infor- mation is king, and the speedy, accurate, and reliable retrieval of this information is paramount. And if you wish to store and retrieve information quickly, Oracle’s flagship data- base product is the way to go. Oracle Corporation currently “owns” the major share of the large database market, which is one sign of the superiority of Oracle’s product. The Oracle product is robust in features and very fast—but it can also be complicated and expensive to run. As much as Oracle wishes to market its database product as being easy to manage and install, the truth is that an experienced DBA is generally needed for anything other than the most elemental installation and operation. We hear often from aspiring or beginning DBAs wondering how they can join the ranks of Oracle DBAs. Experience is undeniably one of the primary requirements for DBA excellence. Yet, the need to acquire that experience also stands in the way of the junior DBA’s advancement. This experience requirement has made senior DBAs some- what scarce, and it’s also a principal reason for the good salaries offered to truly good DBAs. In other words, you can’t just pick up a book, go through the motions, and become a great DBA. The bottom line for employers is that it’s best to start out with the best and brightest. (“You can pay me now, or you can pay me later.”) If you’re investing millions in equip- ment and software, then you want to invest in talent, as well, at the beginning. Once you have a stable, well-designed system up and running, then you can bring on the juniors to maintain it. Getting one’s foot in the DBA door is difficult. What you can do, however, is learn from each book you study. Realize that just knowing the commands and how the processes work is not enough to become a good DBA. In addition, you need to know about backup and recovery. You need to know about tuning the database and tuning the SQL running in the database. You need to know how to ferret statistics out of the database and how to interpret them. That’s what mastering Oracle database administration, and this book, are about. INTRODUCTION “ Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. INTRODUCTION xxviii This text goes beyond basic administration tasks, though it covers those as well. Within these pages you will find nuggets of our experience that might help you. We hope that you will also take away from this book the fact that administration of an Oracle database is a multifaceted job. Finally, remember that the best approach to management of Oracle is a proactive one. Don’t sit and wait for problems to occur. Is This Book for You? We assume that the reader has fundamental knowledge of an Oracle database. If you are a beginning DBA with little or no understanding of Oracle, you should carefully read Chapter 1 before going further. In addition, we strongly suggest that you read a selec- tion of the following books; these are in order from basic to advanced skills coverage: • Oracle DBA 101 by Marlene L. Theriault, et al • The Sybex Oracle Certified Professional (OCP) series of certification study guides, including • OCP: Oracle8i DBA SQL and PL/SQL Study Guide, 0-7821-2682-0 (Sybex, 2000) • OCP: Oracle8i DBA Architecture & Administration and Backup & Recovery Study Guide, 0-7821-2683-9 (Sybex, 2001) • OCP: Oracle8i DBA Performance Tuning and Network Administration Study Guide, 0-7821-2684-7 (Sybex, 2000) Though this set of books is designed primarily for those working toward the Oracle OCP exams, the study guides really are a good introduction to the Oracle product. • Oracle8i Networking 101 by Marlene L. Theriault • Oracle8i Administration and Management by Michael R. Ault If you are a beginning DBA and do not have direct access to the Oracle product, you can download a copy of Oracle from Technet (www.technet.com), the Oracle web- site that contains demonstration copies of Oracle software. Technet also contains code samples and Oracle documentation. Following are some other beneficial websites that you might use in your quest to master the Oracle database product: www.revealnet.com This website provides information on the product offerings of RevealNet Labs (Quest Software), which develops state-of-the-art tech- nical knowledge bases and development/administration tools for Oracle, DB2, Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

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