dk my top to bottom body book

My top to bottom Body book Parents Designer Polly Appleton Editor Hélène Hilton Fact checker Wendy Horobin Photographer Ruth Jenkinson Producer John Casey Producer, Pre-Production Nadine King Jacket coordinator Francesca Young Managing editor Penny Smith Managing art editor Mabel Chan Art director Jane Bull Publisher Mary Ling First published in Great Britain in 2018 by Dorling Kindersley Limited 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL Copyright © 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited A Penguin Random House Company 10 001–308132–Feb/18 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means [electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise], without the prior written permission of the copyright owner A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-2413-1790-7 Printed in China A WORLD OF IDEAS SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com This book is packed with activities for little ones to enjoy All projects are designed to be done under adult supervision Please be safe and sensible – especially when you’re doing anything that might be dangerous (or messy!) Have fun Contents 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 You are super! Building a person See me grow Family tree Touchy feely Special senses Super skeleton My body map Your clever brain Brilliant blood Paper lungs Yummy food Germ attack! Stay healthy My top to bottom body book You are super! We all have the same body parts, but there are some things that make us different from one another Did you know? You are a perfect mixture of your mum and dad They both passed on some of their features, such as hair or eye colour to make you one of a kind Head Hair Ear Neck Eye Mouth Yo u a r e s u p e r ! Fingers Some body parts come Arm in pairs, such as hands, legs, ears, and eyes Shoulder You have only one heart, brain, and liver ter how t a m No your , k o o l you mazing! a s i y bod Nose Hand Elbow Tummy Chest Toes Leg Knee Teeth Foot You are covered in skin from head to toe Team work Your body parts all work together as a team to keep you going Many body parts are hidden away inside you, but they’re really important, too My top to bottom body book Building a person Your body is made of very Did you know? Every human body is made up of trillions of cells simple stuff, but put it all together and it makes something amazing – you! Atoms Atoms are the smallest things in the Universe They join together to make molecules, such as water Cells Molecules make cells Cells are the building blocks of all living things There are more than 200 different types of cells in a human Tissues When the same type of cells stick together they form tissues, such as skin, fat, or muscle Building a person Cells Body cells are so small they can only be seen under a microscope Every type looks different because they all different jobs Nerve cells are long and thin, while skin cells are flat O rgans Organs are made of different types of tissue Each organ has a job to For example, your liver’s job is to clean your blood a s ’ t I person ! Your body relies on every cell, organ, and system to work as a team to keep you alive S y s t e ms Organs work together in groups called systems There are many different systems in your body One of them is your digestive system, which takes nutrients from food to power your cells Did you know? Everything in the whole Universe is made up of atoms Even you! My top to bottom body book See me grow Your body changes throughout your life It all starts inside your mum’s tummy You started life as a teeny tiny cell, smaller than a full stop Children have lots of growing and learning to born aby is e n Ev e as r yo b a he t Babies are born after growing for nine months in their mum's tummy ng ro w s i n t o a c ld i h My top to bottom body book My body map You will need: A large roll of paper Felt-tip pens Scissors Now you’ve seen some of your insides, you can make a map of your own body! Unroll the paper and lie down on it Ask a friend to draw around your body 18 Use a different colour for each organ so you can tell them apart With your pens, draw on your eyes, mouth, nose, ears, and brain My body map Did you know? Your largest organ is your skin It completely covers you to protect you from water, germs, and sun Brain Carefully cut out your body map and hang it up Lu ngs Heart ch Liver Sto ma Intestines d Bla der You can label your organs if you like Look at the diagram above to see where to draw your heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, and bladder 19 The s t w o h es Your clever brain n i al v b My top to bottom body book Spinal cord Your brain is your body’s control room It does all your thinking and learning, and tells your other body parts what to an Hum This is what brain cells look like through a microscope brains co ntain 100 billio n ne r ve ce lls Nerves send signals to your brain from all over your body The signals travel up the spinal cord in your backbone to your brain Did you know? 20 Your brain is wrinkled up so that it can fit inside your skull There are more than 650 kilometres (400 miles) of blood vessels in your brain Yo u r c l e v e r b r a i n Your brain controls eve ing d o You tell your muscles to move here This area does lots of thinking and imagining r yt h you At five years old, your brain is 90 per cent of its adult size Touch signals arrive here This part lets you talk ! Hello This is where you understand words Sound signals arrive here Sight signals come here The cerebellum helps you move and balance Learning The brain stem controls things that you don’t think about, like breathing New brain cell connections are created as you learn The more connections you grow, the easier it becomes to something 21 My top to bottom body book Brilliant blood Blood vessels Your blood is your body’s Heart Lung delivery system It carries everything that your organs and cells need to work What's in yo b loo d? White blood cells help your body fight off germs ur Did you know? Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells and organs Plasma makes blood runny and delivers nutrients where they are needed 22 Sticky platelets stop you bleeding if you have a cut Blood is mostly made of clear plasma, but blood cells make it look red Brilliant blood Your heart Bronchi Your lungs You breathe air in with your lungs Bronchi are tiny tubes that take oxygen from the air to your red blood cells Blood is pumped to the lungs to get oxygen Your heart is a strong muscle It works hard to pump blood around your body It never takes a break! r u o y l e e f you n a C rt beating? hea Use a small cup to tip the water into a second bowl Phew! It’s hard work Try it out Your heart pumps litres (101⁄2 pints) of blood around your body every minute See how hard it works Fill a bowl with litres (10 ⁄ pints) of water Blood with oxygen is pushed out to the body Time one minute on a clock 23 My top to bottom body book Paper lungs Your lungs breathe air in and out Make these paper lungs and watch them expand as they fill with air from your lungs Dip the sponge in pink paint and print the spongy pattern all over the paper bags 24 Bend the straws as shown and tape them together just above the bendy bit You will need: Sponge Pink or red paint paper bags bendy straws Sticky tape Real lungs are full of tubes and little pouches that move air in and out This makes them feel soft and spongy When the paint is dry, tape a bag to each straw just below the crinkly bend Paper lungs Blow in and out of the bags through the straws to see how the paper lungs get bigger and smaller The pouches in your lungs are called alveoli They pull oxygen into the blood and push carbon dioxide out 25 My top to bottom body book energy to work and grow All your energy comes from food nin n Ca e ine Molars Your body needs lots of Ca Molars Yummy food Incisors n Ca Ca ine nin e Incisors Different types of teeth different jobs Incisors cut food, canines rip food, and molars crush it Starchy foods such as bread, pasta, and rice give you lots of energy Fruit and vegetables are full of fibre and vitamins What should you eat? Different types of food have different nutrients That's why it’s important to eat a balanced diet Proteins such as meat, eggs, and beans make your cells healthy 26 You also need healthy fats, found in foods such as avocados and nuts Milk, cheese, and yogurt are full of calcium that makes your bones strong Yummy smells makes the mouth water! Teeth break down food by chewing it The food pipe goes from the mouth to the stomach ur stom o y a id e ch Ins Saliva makes food easier to swallow The stomach churns food up with chemicals to make it runny Ins ide your s The small intestine is more than six metres (20 feet) long! As the liquid food moves along, the nutrients pass into the blood m Liver The large intestine takes the water out of the waste food What’s left is poo! The kidneys make urine (wee) testi ne n i l l a Did you know? The bladder stores urine Gas is made during digestion It comes out either as a burp or a fart Pardon me! 27 My top to bottom body book Germ attack! Germs are tiny little things that attack your body and can make you ill Luckily your body has very special defences to help you fight back Viruses are the smallest type of germ They give you colds and other diseases Bacteria are singlecelled organisms An upset tummy is often caused by bacteria you’ve eaten Doctor If you get poorly, a doctor can often give you medicine to help you get better Your body is full of useful bacteria that live in your gut and break down food Parasites steal their food from another animal’s body Tapeworms live in the gut Types of germs 28 Not all germs are the same There are many different types – some are bad for you, others are helpful Germ attack! Try it out Make pretend germs by putting glitter on your hands Can you wash them off? You can't see real germs on your hands! But you can wash them off with soap and water Skin Your skin is like a tough shield Germs can’t get through it unless you have a cut Macrophages hunt down germs and gobble them up Lymphocytes poison germs or tell macrophages where germs are Neutrophils rush to a cut to stop germs entering your body Defence squad These special white blood cells help your body fight back against nasty germs! 29 My top to bottom body book Stay healthy Did you know? You are completely unique and special! It’s really important that you learn to take care of yourself Exercise Human bodies need to move Exercise makes your muscles, heart, and even your brain healthier Around a third of what you eat should be fruit and vegetables Food is fuel for the body Your body needs the right amount of different foods to stay fit and healthy Yoga Dance Skip Run Walk Cycle 30 Have fun as you exercise! Stay healthy z zzz Laugh zzz Create Hu g brain happy r u o y p ! e e K L earn Ch at Your body and brain need sleep to recover from the day Children need around 10 to 12 hours of sleep every night Read Did you know? Happy mind Looking after yourself doesn’t just mean looking after your body Your mind needs to be happy too! Tell people you trust when you don’t feel happy so that they can help you Some illnesses affect the brain and can change how someone feels These are called mental illnesses 31 Index B Babies Bacteria 28 Balance 15 Belly button Bladder 27 Blood 22–23 Blood cells 22–23 Bones 16–17 Brain 20–21, 31 Bronchi 23 C Cells 6–7 D Digestive system 7, 26–27 E Ears 15 Eyeball 14 Exercise 30 F Family tree 10–11 Fingerprints 13 Food 26–27, 30 G Germs 22, 28–29 H Health 30–31 Hearing 14–15 Heart 23 I Illness 28–29, 31 Intestines 27 L Learning 20–21 Lungs 23, 24–25 M N Nerve cells 12, 14, 20 O Organs 7, 19 P Parasites 28 Plasma 22 Platelets 22 T Taste 14–15 Teenager Teeth 17, 26 Touch 12–13, 14 Twins U R Red blood cells 22 Umbilical cord Urine 27 S V Senses 14–15 Sight 14 Skeleton 16–17 Skin 12, 19 Sleep 31 Smell 14–15 Stomach 27 Viruses W White blood cells 22, 29 Muscles 17, 23 Acknowledgements The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) 123RF.com: 5second 12c, Andrey Kiselev 15cl, Danila00 23tl, Deyan Georgiev 14clb, Dmitry Kalinovsky 14cl (Macro eye), Eric Isselee 17bl, Juan Gaertner 20cla, Karel Joseph Noppe Brooks 2bl, 31bc, Keerati Thanitthitianant 12b, Lafoto 9crb, Leung Cho Pan 9clb, Monthian Ritchan-ad 17cl, Mrdoomits 16cb, Nanette Grebe 7c, Oksana Kuzmina 12cla, 30c, Pahham 17cr, Pavel Losevsky 14cla, Rawpixel 4-5b, Sergey Galushko 14cl, Shojiro Ishihara 15c; Alamy Stock Photo: D Hurst 26clb, Rosemary Calvert 3br, 15clb; Depositphotos Inc: Bilanol.i.ua 12bc; Dreamstime.com: Goncharuk Maksym / Photomaks 26crb, Pogonici 26cb; Fotolia: Nito 16cl; Science Photo Library: Steve Gschmeissner 27clb, Susumu Nishinaga 27cra Cover images: Back: 123RF.com: Oksana Kuzmina clb, Shojiro Ishihara bc All other images © Dorling Kindersley For further information see: www.dkimages.com DK would also like to thank Carrie Love for editorial assistance Bye B ye 32 ... grow Family tree Touchy feely Special senses Super skeleton My body map Your clever brain Brilliant blood Paper lungs Yummy food Germ attack! Stay healthy My top to bottom body book You are super!... Neutrophils rush to a cut to stop germs entering your body Defence squad These special white blood cells help your body fight back against nasty germs! 29 My top to bottom body book Stay healthy Did... important, too My top to bottom body book Building a person Your body is made of very Did you know? Every human body is made up of trillions of cells simple stuff, but put it all together and