Quản lý di sản văn hóa và thiên nhiên thế giới ở việt nam theo công ước di sản thế giới TT TA

MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE ******** NGUYEN VIET CUONG MANAGEMENT OF WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGES IN VIET NAM UNDER THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION Major: Cultural Management Code: 9319042 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION SUMMARY ON CULTURAL MANAGEMENT HANOI, 2021 The dissertation was completed at: HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM Scientific Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Dang Van Bai Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Sy Toan Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Truong Quoc Binh Vietnam National Institute Of Culture and Arts Studies Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Trinh Thi Minh Duc Viet Cutural Architectural Heritage Conservation and Restoration, JSC Reviewer 3: Dr Nguyen The Hung Ministry of Culture, Sports and Toursim The dissertation will be defended at University level Doctoral Dissertation Assessment Committee at Ha Noi University of Culture 418 La Thanh street, Dong Da, Ha Noi On:… , day… month … , 2021 The dissertation can be found at: - The National Library of Viet Nam - Library of Ha Noi University of Culture ABSTRACT Rationale for the study The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was established in 1945, in which one of the main priority areas of activity was the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritages The World Heritage Sites recognized by UNESCO all carry in themselves "Outstanding Universal Values", to which all countries are aware of and share and are one of the foundations of mankind development and the path to bring peoples and nations closer together In 1972, an important document on cultural heritage was approved by UNESCO, which is the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention/Convention) This is the only Convention that combines the protection of cultural heritage and natural heritage, with the most profound effects, studied and applied by member countries in the protection and management of World Heritage in their countries Since its inception, although the content of the Convention has not changed, the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (the Operational Guidelines) has been regularly revised and supplemented to update the new visions of UNESCO and later detail and concretize those views, to assist member states in implementing the Convention By 2020, 194 countries have ratified and become parties to this Convention Viet Nam officially ratified the accession to the Convention in 1987 Since joining the Convention, Viet Nam has had 08 cultural, natural and mixed heritages inscribed in the World Heritage List Also since 1987, we have had many changes in awareness, theory and practice in this field, reflected in the legal system on cultural heritage that has been gradually built closer to the spirit of the Convention such as regulations on cultural heritage, natural heritage, cultural landscape, Outstanding Universal Values, integrity, authenticity of cultural heritage ; Viet Nam's management of World Heritage has also been positively affected by the Convention on policies, organizational structure, personnel, investment resources to protect heritage Especially, since the first property was inscribed in the World Heritage List (1993), the protection and management of World Heritages has made many positive changes: The system of legal documents has been gradually improved, the structure of World Heritage management bodies has been gradually consolidated from the central to the local level, resources to protect the World Heritages are prioritized and mobilized to the maximum level compared to other heritages We also always enlist international support to protect World Heritages Therefore, the integrity and authenticity that make up the Outstanding Universal Values of World Heritage Sites are still protected; heritage values are being promoted quite effectively However, the management of World Heritages in Viet Nam still reveals limitations and inadequacies in different aspects that need to be overcome In the past time, the study of World Heritages in general, World Heritage management in Viet Nam in particular has been paid attention to by many scholars and there have been a number of research works referring to the management and conservation of specific World Heritage sites However, there has not been a single work that approaches and studies the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam in accordance with the Convention's provisions in a holistic manner Therefore, the study, identification, supplementation and correction for the better management of World Heritage in our country, in the spirit of the Convention, Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and the Policy for the integration of a sustainable development perspective into the processes of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO, 2015), (Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development of UNESCO) is a necessary, scientific and practical work From the above reasons, the PhD student chose the topic "Management of World Cultural and Natural Heritages in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention" as the topic of his doctoral dissertation specializing in Cultural Management Objectives and objects of the study 2.1 Objectives of the study Proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam in line with the contents of the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and UNESCO's Policy on World Heritages and Sustainable Development 2.2 Missions of the study To achieve the above research purpose, the thesis has the following tasks: - Systematize issues related to World Heritage management, the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention, UNESCO's Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development to form the theoretical basis for the dissertation - Analysis and assessment of the current status of World Heritage management in Vietnam according to the World Heritage Convention - Study orientations of UNESCO and Viet Nam, experiences of some countries in the world on World Heritage management - Proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the UNESCO Convention towards Sustainable Development Goals in the coming time Objects and scope of the study 3.1 Objects of the study The dissertation focuses on researching World Heritage management in the spirit of the Convention, Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and UNESCO's Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development 3.2 Scope of the study - About space Focusing on research on 08 World Heritage Sites in Vietnam, including: Complex of the Hue Monuments (Thua Thien Hue), Hoi An Ancient Town and My Son (Quang Nam), Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Ha Noi (Ha Noi), Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Thanh Hoa), Ha Long Bay (Quang Ninh), Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park (Quang Binh), Trang An Landscape Complex (Ninh Binh); and also central, local and coordinating entities In addition, the dissertation also surveys and learns about the management of World Heritage in relevant domestic and international organizations and individuals - About time The dissertation focuses on studying the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention from 1993 to present 1993 was the year that Viet Nam had the first cultural heritage inscribed in the World Heritage List - Complex of Hue Monuments In some cases, for comparison, the dissertation may refer to activities at earlier timelines Research hypothesis and research questions 4.1 Research hypothesis - Management of World Heritage in Viet Nam over the past time has not completely met the requirements of World Heritage protection stated in the Convention and its Operational Guidelines, especially from the perspective of sustainable development by UNESCO - We have a basis to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam in the coming time 4.2 Research question - What are the current contents of World Heritage management activities in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention? - How have World Heritage management activities in Viet Nam contributed to sustainable development from the point of view of UNESCO? - What solutions to improve and enhance the management of World Heritage in Vietnam? Research Methods The thesis uses research methods: analysis, synthesis; compare; field survey; in-depth interviews; modeling New contributions of the dissertation: Theoretically: The disseration provides the views and contents of World Heritage management of the Convention and compares it with the current laws on cultural heritage, contributing to complete and enrich the regulations on protection and management of World Heritage in Viet Nam Practically: - It is the first work that fully points out the shortcomings and limitations in World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the World Heritage Convention - Propose necessary, appropriate and feasible solutions to overcome inadequacies and limitations to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management towards the goal of sustainable development - As a reference for managers, practitioners, and policy makers in the process of adjusting policies and strategies for World Heritage management in Viet Nam close to the Convention, Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and UNESCO's viewpoints on sustainable development in World Heritage management Dissertation layout In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references, appendices, the dissertation is structured into chapters: Chapter Overview of research situation, theoretical basis for the management of World Cultural and Natural Heritages under the World Heritage Convention and an overview of World Heritages in Viet Nam Chapter Status of World Cultural and Natural Heritage management in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention Chapter Solutions to improve the efficiency of the management of World Cultural and Natural Heritage in Viet Nam in accordance with the World Heritage Convention Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGES UNDER THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION AND AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD HERITAGES IN VIET NAM 1.1 Overview of research situation 1.1.1 Studies on policies, principles, and orientations for World Heritage management With this content, it is possible to mention the research documents and orientations on World Heritage management of international organizations such as UNESCO, WHC, ICOMOS, IUCN, ICCROM: Managing Natural World Heritage (2012) [136], Managing Cultural World Heritage (2013) [103], Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties (2011) [104], Managing Disaster Risks for World Heritage (2010) [102] Besides, there are also research works of some typical organizations and individuals such as: Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: a Practical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers by Arthur Pederson (2002) [123]; Cultural heritage and related issues - General terms and definitions of the Department of Cultural Heritage (2014) [16] 1.1.2 Research on the organizational structures and human resources for heritage protection Studies related to this content can include some typical works: World Heritage Management in Viet Nam (through the case of Hue Ancient Capital and Hoi An Ancient Town) by Trinh Ngoc Chung (2016) [14]; Management of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty heritage site, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province by author Nguyen Ba Linh (2019) [54]; Training high-quality human resources in the field of cultural heritage in Viet Nam by Le Thi Thu Hien (2021) [33] 1.1.3 Research on practical status of management, conservation and promotion of World Heritage Regarding this content, the following typical works can be mentioned: Hoi An Cultural Heritage - Looking back over a quarter of a century of conservation in urban development by author Hoang Dao Kinh (2009) [50]; Some issues on restoration and rehabilitation of historical and cultural relics of author Luu Tran Tieu (2012) [75]; Conservation of tangible cultural heritage Thang Long - Ha Noi, methodological issues of author Nguyen Chi Ben (2005) [8]; Comprehensive and sustainable conservation of Hue cultural heritage by author Nguyen The Hung (2013) [43]; Some thoughts on the preservation of Hue cultural heritage by Phung Phu (2010) [60]; Current status and orientation of research and application of science and technology to preserve the heritage of Hue ancient capital by author Phan Thanh Hai (2017) [31] Researches on the values and contribution of heritage can include the following typical works: Preserving and promoting the value of World Cultural and Natural Heritages for development in our country by author Nguyen Quoc Hung (2006) [35]; Geographical basis for community-based tourism development in World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam (case study of Ha Long Bay and Hoi An Ancient Town) by Chu Thanh Huy (2017) [47]; Cultural heritage management and tourism development in Hoi An ancient town, Quang Nam province by Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2016) [29] 1.1.4 Research on conservation of cultural heritage associated with sustainable development Hue with its efforts to establish and maintain a dynamic harmony/balance between conservation and sustainable development in the spirit of the UNESCO Convention by Dang Van Bai (2016) [5]; Cultural heritage, an important factor in sustainable development by author Nguyen Quoc Hung (2018) [41]; World Heritage and Sustainable Development - New Directions in World Heritage Management edited by William Logan and Peter Bille Larsen, a collection of articles by many researchers from the World Heritage and Sustainable Development Policy of UNESCO under Different Aspects (2018) [117], Approaching Human Rights at the World Heritage Committee: Capturing Situated Conversations, Complexity, and Dynamism in Global Heritage Processes by authors Peter Bille Larsen and Buckley (2018) [113] 1.1.5 General remarks on the research situation - Studies by international organizations: UNESCO, ICOMOS, IUCN, ICCROM and international scholars with a number of related research papers have mentioned how to manage World Heritage to provide knowledge and support only focused guidance on the implementation of the Convention; propose policies on integrating UNESCO's vision of sustainable development into the processes of the World Heritage Convention; experience in tourism management, risk and disaster management at World Heritage sites - Studies on World Heritage management in Viet Nam are published at many levels and approached from many different angles: from articles in specialized journals, topics, theses, discussing the importance of cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular; issues of protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage values, rational exploitation of the values of World Heritage; the relationship between the management of cultural heritage, World Heritages with tourism development, community-based tourism development; orientation for consolidating and improving management efficiency, enhancing the role of World Heritage Management Boards in Viet Nam; perfecting the legal framework and tools for managing cultural heritage, World Heritages (Regulations, Planning, Management Plan) However, the above studies have not yet covered a number of issues about the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam under the Convention, reflected in a number of aspects as follows: - National and international research works have not compared and contrasted the provisions of the Convention and the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention with the legal provisions on cultural heritage and other relevant laws of Viet Nam to identify the extent of the impact of the Convention on the legal system of Vietnam The above studies also have not assessed the application of the Convention to World Heritage management practice in Viet Nam in order to provide a complete system of research on the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam on the basis of approaching the provisions of the Convention Therefore, it is necessary to have an in-depth study, placing the Convention as a main research object to apply to the practice of World Heritage management in Viet Nam - Research works in the country have not considered World Heritage in an overall management process from the formulation and implementation of the Management Plan and monitoring activities to protect and promote the values of World Heritage; little attention has been paid to the identification of risks affecting the heritage in order to propose specific mechanisms, policies, solutions and actions to protect the original elements that create Outstanding Universal Values, integrity, authenticity of the World Heritages 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Some concepts Basic concepts include: cultural heritage; World Heritage Site; Outstanding Universal Values; Integrity; Authenticity; World Heritage Management Plan; Planning for preservation, renovation and restoration of monuments; Heritage management 1.2.2 Sustainable development perspective On 19 November 2015, the 20th General Assembly of the States Parties to the World Heritage Convention adopted the “Policy on the integration of a sustainable development perspective into the processes of the World Heritage Convention” Achieving sustainable development is recognized as dependent on three overarching principles and four basic groups of factors: the overarching principles of human rights, equality and long-term sustainability; The four basic elements of environmental sustainability, Inclusive social development, Inclusive economic development, Peace and security 1.2.3 Contents of World Heritage Management in Viet Nam To provide the content of World Heritage management in Viet Nam, the dissertation is based on the provisions of the World Heritage Convention and specific guidelines for the implementation of the Convention * World Heritage Convention: adopted at the 17th Session of the UNESCO General Assembly in Paris on November 16, 1972 From its inception in 1972 until now, the Convention has remained unchanged with eight chapters, 38 Articles, addressing many important issues on World Heritage Although it does not directly refer to World Heritage management, in some Articles of the Convention, such as Articles 4, 5, 7, 27 and 29, there are tasks that each country must perform * Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention: The Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention are regularly revised and supplemented to update new decisions of the World Heritage Committee and detail and concretize those decisions, in order to assist Member States in the implementation of the Convention The Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention were first adopted on 30 June 1977 and have since been supplemented and changed 26 times The contents related to World Heritage management are specified in more detail in Articles 96 - 118bis, 132 and Annex of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the Convention From the above contents, the dissertation identifies the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam including the following contents: 1/ Building the organizational structures and human resources for World Heritage management; 2/ Formulating and promulgating legal documents on World Heritage; 3/ Develop a Management Plan, Planning and investment of financial resources for World Heritage; 4/ Scientific and technical research activities 5/ International cooperation 6/ Monitoring World Heritage 1.3 Overview of World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam 1.3.1 Complex of Hue Monuments (Thua Thien Hue Province) At the 17th session of the World Heritage Committee in 1993, the Complex of Hue Monuments was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, according to criterion (iv) 1.3.2 Hoi An Ancient Town (Quang Nam Province) At the 23rd session of the World Heritage Committee in 1999, Hoi An Ancient Town was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to two criteria: (ii) and (v) 1.3.3 My Son (Quang Nam province) At the 23rd session of the World Heritage Committee in 1999, My Son was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to two criteria: (ii) and (iii) 11 - Provincial People's Committees are responsible to the Prime Minister for organizing the protection and management of World Heritage in their respective localities - The Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism/Departments of Culture and Sports performs the following main tasks: Advising the promulgation of mechanisms and policies on the management of World Heritage; Coordinate inventories, make scientific records to manage and protect relics, landscapes and intangible cultural heritage at World Heritage - People's Committees of districts and commune level where the World Heritage Site is located: coordinate with functional agencies and organizarions in inspecting and supervising the observance of legal provisions at World Heritage; ensure security and order; prevent encroachment, maintain hygiene, environment and landscape heritage in the area under management * Direct management agencies of World Heritages: They are World Heritage Management Boards, includings: Hue Monuments Conservation Center, Thang Long - Hanoi Heritage Conservation Centre, Ha Long Bay Management Board, Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park Management Board, Ho Citadel Heritage Conservation Centre, Trang An Landscape Complex Management Board, Hoi An Center for Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation and The Management Board of My Son Cultural Heritage These are the agencies tasked with direct management of World Heritage Sites (specifically stated in Section 2.2.1) * Coordinating management subjects: The agencies coordinating the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam include international organizations, national agencies and organizations at the central and local levels, the community, domestic and foreign research and consulting agencies with the different roles 2.1.2 Coordinating mechanism With the common goal of protecting the Outstanding Universal Values of World Heritage, currently the coordination mechanism between the parties involved in World Heritage management in Viet Nam is both vertical (from top to bottom, bottom to top) and horizontal (agencies, units of the same level) 2.2 Management activities 2.2.1 Organizational structures and human resources for World Heritage management In this dissertation, in addition to understanding the subjects of heritage management to ensure systematicity, the PhD student mainly discusses the construction of the organizational structures and human resources of the agencies directly managing the heritage - the World Heritage Management Boards - Organizational structures and functions and tasks of the World Heritage Management Boards: 12 The direct management agency of World Heritage in Viet Nam is the World Heritage Management Board Currently, at World Heritage sites in Viet Nam, there is a Management Board or a World Heritage Management Center After being inscribed on the World Heritage List, the Boards/Centers are consolidated to ensure the task of protecting and managing World Heritage Currently, the World Heritage Management Boards/Centers are established under three different models: the first one is the management agency under the People's Committees of the centrally-run provinces and cities; the second one is the management model directly under the Department level of the centrally-run provinces and cities; the third is the management model directly under the district level, the city belongs to the province Besides, even within a World Heritage site, there is division, and it is under the supervision of many different management units The functions and tasks of the World Heritage Management Boards are quite diverse, in which the main focus is on the conservation and promotion of heritage However, in reality, if we compare the functions and tasks of the current World Heritage Management Boards with the provisions of Decree No 109/2017/ND-CP dated September 21, 2017 of the Government on protection and management of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in Viet Nam, shows that some World Heritage Management Boards still lack functional parts to ensure the implementation of the task of protecting and promoting the values of World Heritage At the same time, the World Heritage Management Boards are public non-business units with no state management function, so they cannot directly handle administrative measures to promptly handle acts of infringing upon the heritage - Human resources of World Heritage Management Boards: Since being recognized as a World Heritage Site, the number of human resources in the World Heritage Management Boards has increased significantly compared to the initial establishment The quality has also been significantly improved, reflected in the training level and professional capacity of the resources in the World Heritage Management Boards However, in reality, human resources still have some limitations that not meet the current task requirements 2.2.2 Developing and promulgating legal documents on World Heritage management * Legal documents of the National Assembly, the Government and the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism: In Viet Nam, the development and promulgation of a system of legal documents on cultural heritage in general, monuments, scenic spots, and World Heritage in particular are increasingly concerned with perfection, with the density of amendments and supplements over a period of time increasingly 13 shorter than the period before the Law on Cultural Heritage 2001 From 2001 to present, the influence of the Convention, its Operational Guidelines and UNESCO's perspective on sustainable development on the system of legal documents on cultural heritage is increasingly clear In addition to legal documents regulating cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular, the management of World Heritage is also governed by legal documents on investment, construction, environment,etc These legal documents have separate regulations, with the general purpose of protecting the values of the heritage However, in practice, a number of provisions of these related documents have revealed some shortcomings, creating overlaps in heritage management Besides, most of the legal provisions on cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular have not or very few specific regulations on promoting the values of World Heritage * Local legal documents On the basis of the provisions and guidelines of the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and legal documents at the central levels, the local governments where the World Heritage is located, have issued regulations on protection, management and promotion World Heritage values in accordance with local practices * Comparison of regulations on World Heritage management under the World Heritage Convention and Vietnamese law Over the past two decades, we have both studied the contents of the Convention and regularly updated the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and UNESCO's new perspectives on World Heritage management to apply in practice in our country So far, we have basically fully implemented the contents according to UNESCO's regulations on World Heritage management 2.2.3 Developing Management Plans, Planning and investing financial resources for World Heritage 2.2.3.1 Develop a Management Plan Up to now, all World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam have a Management Plan approved by the Chairman of the Provincial People's Committee The implementation in practice is still facing many difficulties, inadequacies and has not yet brought about high efficiency 2.2.3.2 Develop Planning To date, all World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam have a Master Plan approved by the Prime Minister The content of the Planning is prescribed in Decree No 109/2017/ND-CP and Decree No 166/2018/ND-CP Like the Management Plan, the implementation of the Planning in practice still faces many difficulties, inadequacies and has not yet brought about high efficiency 14 2.2.3.3 Invest financial resources Data on the investment of financial resources for World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam by year in the 2016-2020 period of World Heritage Sites show that there are two main expenditures: investment costs for restoration and embellishment projects created at the World Heritage Site and costs for the regular operation of the World Heritage Management Boards Regarding the total cost used by World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam in the period of 2016 2020, there is a large difference between World Heritage Sites and a decreasing trend Currently, in terms of the ratio of cost sources used for World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam, there are different sources (support from the central, provincial and district levels; revenue from entrance tickets, tourism services; international funding sources…) and there is a difference between World Heritage Sites According to the assessment of the World Heritage Management Boards, the current funding basically covers the management and a part of conservation activities at World Heritage sites (except Citadel of the Ho Dynasty) in the medium term, however in the long term it is necessary to be supplemented with additional funds in order to more fully meet the needs of sustainable management and protection of the Outstanding Universal Value of World Heritage Sites 2.2.4 Scientific and technical research activities Over the years, scientific and technical research activities on World Heritage have been conducted in various forms such as: scientific and technical research topics, programs and projects; seminars, conferences, talks; research, write articles and publish through scientific publications and journals; research and apply scientific and technical results into practice through conservation and promotion projects of World Heritage 2.2.5 International cooperation Currently, international cooperation activities in the field of World Heritage are shown through: Joining UNESCO organizations; Activities to seek funding sources from international organizations; Training activities to improve human resources; Consulting activities on building heritage nomination dossiers and advising on management and conservation of World Heritage 2.2.6 World Heritage Monitoring 2.2.6.1 Monitoring by UNESCO UNESCO's monitoring activities are in two forms: regular monitoring and periodic monitoring 2.2.6.2 Domestic monitoring Monitoring in the country through two-way supervision: top-down and bottom-up (from central to provinces, cities, World Heritage Management 15 Boards and communities, stakeholders and vice versa from the community up to central authorities) 2.3 Evaluate 2.3.1 Evaluate management performance * Advantages - The organizational structure and human resources for the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam from the central to local levels have been built, consolidated and increasingly perfected Human resources at the World Heritage Management Boards are constantly being improved in quantity and quality - The development and promulgation of legal documents in Viet Nam on cultural heritage in general and World Heritage in particular from the central to local levels increasingly closer to the Convention, its Operational Guidelines and the sustainable development goals of UNESCO - In recent years, the development and implementation of Management Plans, Planning and investment, financial support at World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam has received more and more attention - International cooperation activities in the field of World Heritage with UNESCO, international organizations and different countries in the world are diverse, achieving positive results - Cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in Viet Nam in particular, with its potential values, has increasingly made significant contributions (directly or indirectly) on various aspects of economic development, environmental balance/protection, social justice, consolidation of peace and security in the direction of sustainable development for Viet Nam and the world - Monitoring activities of World Heritage in Viet Nam over the years have made an important contribution to the conservation and promotion of heritages World Heritage sites are monitored according to the regulations of UNESCO and Viet Nam * Limitations: - The management model and decentralization for the World Heritage Management Boards in Viet Nam are still different Human resources in some specialized fields have not yet met the requirements set forth - In practice, there are always new situations, according to which, the system of legal documents related to cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular is still slow to be amended and supplemented compared to reality - The number of scientific and technical research programs, topics and projects is still small; The application of research results into practice is still slow - Currently, all World Heritage Sites have Management Plans and Master Plans, but the implementation is still slow compared to the requirements set 16 forth; Investment funds for protection, renovation and restoration activities at the World Heritage Site are not guaranteed in the long run - International cooperation activities are still limited in the lack of initiative in proposing and implementing cooperation activities with UNESCO and different countries in the world - Monitoring activities of World Heritage in Viet Nam still have some shortcomings such as information on indicators, risks of impacts and original factors that create Outstanding Universal Values of World Heritage has not yet fully been published, a monitoring toolkit suitable to the actual situation in Viet Nam has not yet been published * Causes of limitations (Objective causes and subjective causes): - Objective reasons: + Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and UNESCO's guidelines and policies on World Heritage management are regularly supplemented and updated + Other issues such as urbanization, rapid tourism development and population growth, climate change have increasingly affected the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam - Subjective reasons: + The awareness of the whole society about the role, importance and values of cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular is still incomplete + Roles, responsibilities, coordination mechanisms to protect and manage World Heritage Sites of some World Heritage Management Boards and related agencies are still unclear, unspecific, and overlapped + Funds and policies on mobilizing resources for investment in restoration, embellishment and restoration at World Heritage are still lacking + Confusion in harmoniously handling of the relationship between conservation and development; between economy and culture, between immediate benefits and sustainable development goals 2.3.2 SWOT Assessment in World Heritage management in Vietnam Through studying the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam and identifying the above-mentioned advantages and limitations, the dissertation synthesizes and evaluates the effectiveness of World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the SWOT model (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) These will be important bases for the dissertation to point out the weaknesses and challenges for the management of these World Heritage Sites, thereby identifying solutions to overcome accordingly 17 2.3.3 Assessment of meeting sustainable development goals With its potential values, World Heritage has been making significant contributions (directly or indirectly) in various aspects such as: Environmental sustainability; Sustainable social development; Sustainable economic development; Enhance peace and security Chapter conclusion In this chapter, the dissertation has approached and assessed the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam in the spirit of the Convention, Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention, UNESCO's perspective on sustainable development and the laws of Viet Nam, thereby showing that, in addition to the achieved results, the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam in recent years still has limitations and shortcomings in some specific aspects, on that basis, clarifying objective and subjective causes affecting the influence on the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam, and at the same time, conduct a SWOT assessment of the effectiveness of World Heritage management in Viet Nam today, and evaluate the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals in various specific aspects Chapter SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE MANAGEMENT OF WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGES IN VIET NAM IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION 3.1 Orientations in the management of World Heritage 3.1.1 UNESCO's Orientation The orientations of UNESCO in the management of World Heritage are expressed through the following contents: World Heritage in Young Hands; Recommendation on the historic urban landscapes; The impact of climate change on World Heritage and other related issues was raised by the World Heritage Committee in the Fuzhou Declaration at its 44th Session in 2021 3.1.2 Orientation of Viet Nam The orientations of Vietnam are expressed through the following contents: studying and implementing UNESCO's views and recommendations, promulgating guidelines and policies in line with reality on protection and promotion of World Heritage values in Viet Nam such as Resolution No.33- 18 NQ/TW dated June 9, 2014 of the 9th Plenum of the Party Central Committee, 11th Tenure on “Building and developing Vietnamese culture and people meeting the demand for national sustainable development”, National action plan to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 3.2 Experiences of some countries on World Heritage management 3.2.1 Korean management experience at World Natural Heritage Jeju Volcanic Island and lava tubes 3.2.2 China's management experience at the World Cultural Heritage Archaeological Site of Liangzhou City 3.2.3 Japanese management experience at the World Cultural Heritage Site of the Mozu-Furuichi Tomb Site 3.2.4 India's Management Experience at the World Cultural Heritage of the Historic City of Ahmadabad 3.2.5 The Italian management experience at the World Cultural Heritage of Venice and its Lagoon 3.2.6 Management experience of the Federal Republic of Germany at the World Cultural Heritage Town of Bamberg 3.2.7 Some international experiences for the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam 3.3 Solutions to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam 3.3.1 Completing the system of legal documents on World Heritage 3.3.2 Consolidate the entire World Heritage management system, improve the quality of human resources 3.3.3 Improve the capacity to implement the Management Plan, Planning and increase the investment of financial resources 3.3.4 Strengthening scientific and technical research activities and technology application 3.3.5 Expanding international cooperation 3.3.6 Strengthen the integration of activities to protect and promote World Heritage values in association with the sustainable development perspective of UNESCO 3.3.7 Developing a toolkit to monitor the status of World Heritage conservation Chapter conclusion In this chapter, the dissertation has researched and synthesized the main orientations of UNESCO and of Viet Nam and the experience of some countries on 19 World Heritage management, and at the same time, the dissertation has proposed some solutions to improve efficiency of management of World Heritage in Viet Nam in the coming time CONCLUSION UNESCO was established in 1945, in which one of the main priority areas of activity was the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritages The World Heritage Sites recognized by UNESCO all carry in themselves "Outstanding Universal Values", to which all countries are aware of and share and are one of the foundations of mankind development and the path to bring peoples and nations closer together The World Heritage Convention, approved by UNESCO in 1972, is the only Convention that combines the protection of cultural heritage and natural heritage, with the most profound effects, studied and applied by member countries in the protection and management of World Heritage in their countries Since its inception, although the content of the Convention has not changed, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention has been regularly revised and supplemented to update the new visions of UNESCO and later detail and concretize those views, to assist member states in implementing the Convention Especially, in 2015, UNESCO promulgated the Policy on World Heritage and sustainable development in line with sustainable development goals of the United Nations Starting from the research purpose, we propose a number of scientific orientations to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam, which are close to/in line with the contents of the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and the Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development of UNESCO, from the research results, the dissertation makes some conclusions as follows: The research on World Heritage management under the World Heritage Convention by international organizations and scholars has been carried out in many aspects In Viet Nam, with the attention of the Party, State and people across the country for many years, we have made great efforts to implement many conservation activities, create sustainability for heritages, proceeding to submitting dossiers UNESCO for the recognition of 08 World Heritage Sites However, studies on the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention, especially in association with UNESCO's Sustainable Development Goals, are still few Viet Nam joined the Convention since 1987, under which a number of monuments and scenic spots of typical values have been selected by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, submitted to the Prime Minister for permission, and submitted to UNESCO for inclusion on the Tentative List, 20 and implemented nomination dossiers So far, there have been 08 heritages recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage, including: Complex of Hue Monuments, Hoi An Ancient Town, My Son, the Central Citadel of Thang Long - Ha Noi, Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Ha Long Bay, Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park and Trang An Landscape Complex This is the result of decades of efforts to preserve the heritage with special attention of our State since the country's new independence was marked by the historic milestone of November 23, 1945, when The President of the Provisional Government Ho Chi Minh signed Decree No 65/SL, which clearly stated: "The preservation of ancient relics is very necessary in the construction of Viet Nam" Next, it is the conservation of the country's cultural heritage through research activities, making records to rank the relics and scenic spots in the country and placing them under the protection of the law, at the same time, the implementation of conservation, preservation, embellishment and restoration activities are indispensable preparation steps to create sustainability for these heritages in the face of the destruction of time, war and the other dangers that affect them, proceeding to compile a scientific dossier to nominate UNESCO for inclusion in the World Heritage List Studies show that the management of cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular has been paid attention to and approached by many researchers from many different angles Such studies can be systematized according to research directions, such as: policies, principles, and orientations for World Heritage management; organizational structures and human resources to protect World Heritage; status of management, conservation and promotion of World Heritage; World Heritage in the association with sustainable development These studies are an important source of materials for the PhD student to refer to and inherit for the purpose of the dissertation Continuing to study the situation, thereby proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management, as a reference for managers, practitioners, and policy makers in the process of adjusting World Heritage management policies and strategies with the goal of continuing to strengthen and sustainably protect the typical World Heritage Sites of the country in association with UNESCO's perspective on sustainable development, and to fulfill Viet Nam's international obligations in the spirit of the World Heritage Convention, is the task that the dissertation should aim at The management of World Heritage in Viet Nam has increasingly approached the World Heritage Convention, however, there are still certain limitations and inadequacies in practical activities, it is necessary to have solutions to improve efficiency management to apply in management practice, towards the Sustainable Development Goals of UNESCO in the coming time 21 Researching the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention, UNESCO's perspective on sustainable development and Viet Nam's laws on aspects of World Heritage management, we can find advantages, limitations and disadvantages: The organizational structure and human resources for World Heritage management in Viet Nam from the central to local levels have been built, consolidated and increasingly perfected, besides, the coordination cooperation between stakeholders is closer However, the management model and decentralization for World Heritage Management Boards in Viet Nam are still different, there are no similarities in the core functions and tasks, leading to a significant difference in the ability to solve tasks The assignment and fulfilment of specific responsibilities to the World Heritage Management Boards in some localities are not commensurate with the positions and roles in World Heritage management, which has led to certain obstacles in the process of operating and handling the work Human resources in some specialized fields have not yet met the requirements set forth The development and promulgation of legal documents in Viet Nam on cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular from the central to local levels, especially Decree No 109/2017/ND-CP issued by the Government in the direction of getting closer to the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and UNESCO's Sustainable Development Goals, shows that this is not only the basis of awareness and perspectives, but also creates an important legal corridor in the management, conservation and promotion of World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam However, in practice, new situations always arise, requiring the system of legal documents related to cultural heritage in general and World Heritage in particular to be further studied, revised and supplemented to suit the reality In the past years, the construction and implementation of Management Plans, Planning and investment, financial support at World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam is increasingly paid attention to However, the factors that affect and threaten the Outstanding Universal Values of the World Heritage have been identified, but are often paid little attention to for the overall treatment, especially the investment funding for the operations to protect, restore and embellish at World Heritage, responding to climate change, apply science and technology in conservation and heritage management, and digitize the database on World Heritage have not yet received much attention, impacting the requirements for sustainable protection of World Heritage Sites Scientific and technical research activities on World Heritage in recent years have been highly valued and promoted in various forms However, this 22 activity still has problems such as: The number of scientific and technical research programs, topics and projects is still small The research and application of research results on science and techniques into practice through conservation and promotion projects of World Heritage is still slow, with low efficiency International cooperation activities in the field of World Heritage with UNESCO, international organizations and different countries in the world are promoted However, international cooperation activities still have some limitations such as: lack of the activeness in proposing and implementing international cooperation activities with UNESCO and different countries in the world (especially there is a shortage of experts who are both good at expertise and good at foreign languages to work at UNESCO and international organizations like some countries in the region are doing) Over the years, World Heritage monitoring activities in Viet Nam have made an important contribution to the conservation and promotion of heritage However, the reality shows that heritage records and studies on World Heritage have not yet fully published with information on indicators, risks of impact and original factors that create Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage Sites… At the same time, we have not yet come up with a set of monitoring tools suitable to the actual situation in Viet Nam to have a basis for monitoring the conservation status of World Heritage Sites in a timely and effective manner In general, the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam in recent years, although still limited and inadequate in some areas, has been making important contributions to the conservation and promotion of Outstanding Universal Values Integrity, authenticity of the World Heritage, and at the same time follow the trends of becoming closer to/in line with the contents of the Convention, its Operational Guidelines and UNESCO's Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development World Heritages in Viet Nam with its potential values have increasingly made significant contributions (directly or indirectly) in various aspects of environmental protection, economic and social development, and consolidation of peace towards sustainability and security for Viet Nam and the world The challenges with cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular are increasing Therefore, to fulfill Viet Nam's international obligations when joining the Convention, towards UNESCO's Sustainable Development Goals, it is necessary to carry out many synchronous solutions to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam in the coming time From the management status, the orientations of UNESCO and the country, as well as the experiences from some countries around the world on 23 World Heritage management, to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the Convention, in the coming time, it is necessary to carry out synchronously many different solutions, such as: Completing the system of legal documents on World Heritage, ensuring consistency and limiting overlapping issues in World Heritage management, in which, in addition to regulations on protection and promotion of World Heritage, there should be specific regulations on support policies for restoration, embellishment and support for communities living in the heritage; Creating favorable conditions for production and business activities in the World Heritage area, contributing to improving the quality of life of the communities Consolidating the entire World Heritage management system, improve the quality of human resources, further strengthen the roles, responsibilities, and close cooperation in World Heritage protection and management between the central and local World Heritage management agencies; Consolidate the organizational structures, functions and tasks of the World Heritage Management Boards according to the provisions of Decree No 109/2017/NDCP; Continue to improve human resources for World Heritage management Research and upgrade Hue Monuments Conservation Centre to become a standard unit of conservation of the Asia-Pacific region according to UNESCO standards Improve the capacity to implement the Management Plan, Planning and increase the investment of financial resources in line with the actual situation of the country, ensuring sustainable protection of Outstanding Universal Values, integrity, authenticity of the World Heritage Strengthen scientific and technical research activities and apply technology to World Heritage management Expanding international cooperation in World Heritage management activities through the good implementation of such contents as: increasing participation in international organizations, actively participating in international cooperation activities, continuing to nominate World Heritage Sites Strengthen the integration of activities to protect and promote World Heritage values in association with UNESCO's sustainable development perspective through environmental protection, sustainable social and economic development, and enhancing peace and security Develop a monitoring toolkit on the status of World Heritage conservation to ensure feasibility, based on reference to the monitoring 24 toolkits of UNESCO and other countries around the world, in accordance with management practices and contexts, Viet Nam's circumstances and conditions On the basis of the research of the topic and comparison with previous studies, the dissertation has some new contributions, although very modest, shown in the following points: The dissertation is the first work to study a relatively complete collection and systematic presentation of the basic documents on World Heritage protection in the past five decades from the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention, the Policies, Recommendations of UNESCO and organizations and individuals related to the protection of World Heritage, and at the same time, it has also systematized legal documents of the State of Viet Nam (central and local) on the protection of World Heritage since our country’s ratification to the present Convention Although there have been a number of studies on the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam, they are basically done according to the content of cultural heritage management prescribed in the legal documents of Viet Nam Therefore, this is the first dissertation to research and propose a new approach to World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the World Heritage Convention and especially from the perspective of sustainable development introduced by UNESCO in 2015 in its Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development, on the basis of comparison and reference with the content of World Heritage management prescribed in current legal documents on Vietnamese cultural heritage as well as relevant legal documents of Viet Nam, contributing to complete and enrich the regulations on protection and management of World Heritage in Viet Nam This is also the first dissertation to study the management of all 08 World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam according to the provisions of the Convention and Vietnamese law through a comparative study of the process of amending and supplementing the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and the process of amending and supplementing Viet Nam's legal documents, along with issues related to the content of World Heritage management such as building a World Heritage management organizational structure, a system of legal documents, resources, etc in Viet Nam over the past times At the same time, it introduces the experience of managing a number of specific World Heritages abroad, thereby drawing some experiences for improving the management capacity of World Heritage in our country in the coming time in association with the objectives and views on UNESCO's sustainable development is also an issue that has not appeared in previous studies LIST OF THE AUTHOR’S PUBLISHED RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO DISSERTATION THEME Nguyen Viet Cuong (2014), “Sustainable management of World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam - Orientation and action plan”, Cultural Heritage Magazine, No (49), p 24-28 Nguyen Viet Cuong (2015), “About West Yen Tu Monuments and Landscapes”, Cultural Heritage Magazine, No (53), p 11-14 Nguyen Viet Cuong (2020), “Practical management of World Cultural and Natural Heritages in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention”, Journal of Culture and Arts, No 430, p 21-24 ... World Heritage management in Vietnam Through studying the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam and identifying the above-mentioned advantages and limitations, the dissertation... heritage, an important factor in sustainable development by author Nguyen Quoc Hung (2018) [41]; World Heritage and Sustainable Development - New Directions in World Heritage Management edited... Outstanding Universal Values, integrity, authenticity of the World Heritages 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Some concepts Basic concepts include: cultural heritage; World Heritage Site; Outstanding