PARTICIPLE + GERUND A PRESENT PARTICIPLE I After verbs of perception: See, Hear, Feel, Smell, Notice, Watch, Catch, Find Examples - Did you hear someone singing? - He saw his friend driving past his house this morning - I can smell something burning! NOTE: There is a difference in meaning when such a sentence contains a zero-infinitive rather than a participle The infinitive refers to a complete action, or part of an action.: Compare: - I heard Joanna singing (= she had started before I heard her, and probably went on afterwards) - I heard Joanna sing (= I heard her complete performance) See Hear st (witness the whole action) Feel + Smell doing st (action happening) Notice Watch II After verbs of movement/position in the pattern: verb + present participle Examples - She went shopping - He lay looking up at the clouds - She came running towards me This construction is particularly useful with the verb 'to go', as in these common expressions : - Go camping - Go sailing - Go dancing - Go shopping - Go fishing - Go sightseeing - Go hiking (đi đường dài) - Go skiing - Go hunting - Go swimming - Go jogging - Go window shopping (đi xem hàng hóa trưng bày) - Go mountain climbing III with the verbs Spend and Waste, in the pattern: Spend/ Waste + Time/Money + Doing Examples - My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work - Don't waste time playing computer games! - They've spent the whole day shopping - They spend an hour walking through the park every morning IV With the verbs Catch and Find, in the pattern: Catch/Find Sb Doing/Done With Catch, the participle always refers to an action which causes annoyance or anger: - If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! - Don't let him catch you reading his letters This is not the case with Find, which is unemotional: - We found some money lying on the ground - They found their mother sitting in the garden V To replace a sentence or part of a sentence: When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them: - They went out into the snow They laughed as they went They went laughing out into the snow - He whistled to himself He walked down the road Whistling to himself, he walked down the road When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can express the first action with a present participle: - He put on his coat and left the house Putting on his coat, he left the house Khi muốn nhấn mạnh trước sau dùng Having done - They had spent two hours over dinner before they left the restaurant Having spent two hours over dinner, they left the restaurant Khi nhấn mạnh trước sau mà mang nghĩa bị động thi dung Having been done - Because he had been turned down so many times, Jeff got tired of looking for a job Having been turned down so many times, Jeff got tired of looking for a job - Because the postman had been bitten by our dog twice, he refused to deliver our mail Having been bitten by our dog twice, the postman refused to deliver our mail The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting as, since, because, seeing that and it explains the cause or reason for an action: - Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge (= because he felt hungry ) - Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes - Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat - Crowds were waiting at the airport, hoping to see their pop star arrive Nếu mang nghĩa bị động dùng Being done - Because the patient was treated by the best doctor, he recovered quickly (Being treated) by the best doctor, the patient recovered quickly Because he was punished by the teacher, he felt very sad (Being) punished by the teacher, he felt very sad The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting Although, Eventhough, Though, and it explains concession E.x - Although he possessed all the advantages of education and wealth, he never made a name Possessing all the advantages of education and wealth, he never made a name B GERUND I Verbs Followed by Gerunds 1- After verbs that express likes/dislikes Enjoy Feel like Dislike Detest Loathe Resent Anticipate Appreciate Fancy Miss Mind Recall Recollect Dread (but dread to think) E.x - I appreciate having time off work - I appreciate your giving me time off work - We didn't anticipate winning this match - I recall telling him that his feet smell Note: Dread is normally followed by the gerund or a possessive adjective + the gerund The most common exception is when dread is followed by the infinitive when used with think, in the expression I dread to think Dread can also be followed by a noun EXAMPLES I dread diving off the high board I dread driving at night I dread your leaving someday I dread his losing his way home I dread to think what might happen I dread to think about him disappearing I dread conflict I dread the night He dreaded to think of the consequences of his actions "Dread" is sometimes used with infinitives such as "think" or "consider." In the sentence above, "dreaded to think" means "did not want to think." After prepositions - aim at - keep on - interested in - instead of - good at Example: I am interested in collecting stamps After playing football I drank an orange juice After some expressions - It's no use - It's no good - There's no point in - It’s not worth - Can't help - Have a good time - Have fun - Have a difficult time - Have a hard time - Have difficulty - Have (some) problems - Have trouble E.x - It's no use crying over spilt milk - I had problems starting the car this morning - It's no use convincing him to meet her - He had some problems reading without his glasses - She had a difficult time hiking up the mountain - She had a hard time explaining the situation - We all had a good time dancing last night - She is having a hard/difficult time adapting to her new circumstances - The children have a lot of fun playing together - It's a waste of time giving him advice He never wants to listen - I can't help thinking about the girl I met at the party last night After other verbs: Forgive Risk Deny Admit Forgive Give up Keep Imagine Practise Consider Avoid Involve Resist /ri'zist/ Escape Suggest Discuss Mention Resume /ri´zju:m/ Tolerate E.x - We can't tolerate being screamed at - They reported seeing him leave with a stranger - I can't resist liking him - They resumed talking after the teacher left - I never mentioned meeting him - He completed baking the apple pie - We discussed buying a bigger apartment - I don't mind waiting - She keeps coming late! - The new project involves writing and rewriting many reports - He denied committing the crime Excuse, forgive, & pardon can be followed by an object + the gerund or for + an object + the gerund (both common in spoken English) These three verbs can also be followed by a possessive adjective + the gerund, but this is more formal and less likely to be used in spoken English These examples are marked with an asterisk (*) Excuse, forgive, & pardon can also be followed by nouns EXAMPLES - Excuse me interrupting - Excuse me for interrupting - Excuse my interrupting - Excuse the interruption - I can't forgive him lying to me - I can't forgive him for lying to me - I can't forgive his lying to me - I can't forgive his lies C PERFECT PARTICIPLE + PERFECT GERUND I Perfect participles (Phân từ hoàn thành) Form: having + V-3/(e)d E.g - Having met his parents, he left home - He gave up smoking after having seen the death of a smoker - Having drunk too much alcohol, he is vomiting now * Note: Nếu phân từ hoàn thành đứng đầu câu, ta phải dùng dấu phẩy (,) hai mệnh đề e.g Having met his parents, he left home Use: * Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành mệnh đề để diễn tả xảy trước động từ mệnh đề lại e.g Having registered, Anna entered the conference room = After Anna had registered, she entered the conference room * Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành mệnh đề để diễn tả lý cho động từ mệnh đề cịn lại (mệnh đề chính) e.g Having worked on his computer for a long time, Peter feels dizzy now = Because Peter has worked on his computer for a long time, he feels dizzy now * Note: dùng phân từ hoàn thành hai mệnh đề có chủ ngữ II Perfect Gerunds (Danh động từ hoàn thành) Form: having + V-3/(e)d Danh động từ hoàn thành dùng theo cấu trúc sau: * Verb + (object) + preposition + perfect gerund e.g He apologized for having broken his watch They praised the old lady for having caught the thief Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: apologize for, accuse of, blame for, congratulate on, criticize for, punish for, thank for, suspect of * Verb + perfect gerund e.g The little girl admitted having eaten all the cakes Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: deny, admit, forget, mention, remember, recall, regret * Note: để tạo thành thể phủ định ta thêm not vào trước danh động từ hoàn thành e.g Hana was punished for not having done her homework Use: Danh động từ hồn thành hình thức thay cho danh động từ đề cập đến hành động khứ xảy trước động từ đứng trước e.g Peter admitted having poured milk into the bowl = Peter admitted that he had poured milk into the bowl Games Discussion Time ESL EFL Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 25 Minutes This group discussion activity gives students practice at talking about various topics using gerunds and infinitives with to The class is divided into small groups and handed a set of topic cards Students take it in turns to pick up a card and start a discussion The students discuss each topic using gerunds and infinitives with to Afterwards, there is a feedback session to find out about some of the things they discussed Something about me Students write statements about themselves using gerunds and infinitives Students then read out their classmates’ sentences and the class tries to guess the writer’s identity Each student is given a numbered worksheet Students complete sentences to 10 on their worksheet with ‘doing’ or ‘to do’, depending on the verb before each gap, e.g something you enjoy doing in your free time Working alone, the students then respond to each item by writing true information about themselves When everyone has finished writing, the worksheets are collected and then redistributed Students then take it in turns to read out the number at the top of their sheet and make sentences about the student, using the notes the writer made Students start each sentence with ‘This person…’ and use the pronouns ‘they’ and ‘their’, e.g This person enjoys riding their mountain bike in their free time When a student has read out all the sentences on their worksheet, the other students try to guess the writer’s identity They then complete the table on their worksheet with the student’s name When everyone has read their sentences, students reveal their numbers Students win one point for each correctly identified student The student with the highest number of points wins ... all the sentences on their worksheet, the other students try to guess the writer’s identity They then complete the table on their worksheet with the student’s name When everyone has read their... actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them: - They went out into the snow They laughed as they went They went laughing... - The new project involves writing and rewriting many reports - He denied committing the crime Excuse, forgive, & pardon can be followed by an object + the gerund or for + an object + the gerund