ly thuyet ìninitive and gerund

GERUND - INFINITIVE I . TO-INFINITIVE : (động từ nguyên mẩu có TO) Ta dùng To-infinitive trong các trường hợp sau: 1. Chỉ mục đích và kết quả. Ex: I went to the post office to buy some stamps 2. Làm chủ ngữ và tân ngữ. Ex: To get up early is not easy for me. Ex: The most important thing is to study hardly. 3. Sau tính từ. Ex: It’s harmful to smoke cigarettes. - angry, happy, glad, sorry, sure, likely, lucky, fortunate…) - or after an object with preposition. - or with too/ enough/ and certain adjectives 4. Sau các Question words: what, how, where, who… Ex: I don’t know how to speak English fluently. - How, what, when, where, which, why. - The verb most frequently used in this way are: ask, decide, remember, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, see, show, think, understand, want to know, wonder. Eg: She couldn’t think what to say. 5. Sau for và of + túc từ. Ex: It is very kind of you to help me. Ex It is good for you to jog every day. 6 “ To- infinitive” can be used after the Verb “ to be” ( expressing purpose, duty…) eg: My dream is to become an engineer His plan is to keep the affair secret. 7“ To- infinitive” can be used after some ordinary verbs. - Agree fail happen volunteer * with some phrases: - Appear forget want refuse be determined make up one’s mind - Arrange remember hope be prepared Ask demand - hesitatebe about demandtend want appear - Attempt stop learn seem be able expect - Choose mean managepretenddo one’s best determine try - Decide proposeoffer threaten make an effort 8 “ To- infinitive” can be used after some Ordinary verbs with Object.( Object + To infinitive) -ask sbd to do smt enable urge order invite request instruct assist command warn expect - tell advise train permit hope remind force encourage allow persuade want beg 9. To- infinitive” can be used after Verbs of knowing and thinking….: believe, assume, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand, + O + to be eg” I consider him to be the best candidate II .Bare Infinitive 1. After some Modal verbs and auxiliary : can ,may , must , shall, should, ought to 2 .fell / hear/ see/ watch/ notice + Object + verb or verb-Ing 3.let/ make Object + verb 4.Would rather / sooner 5 Had better + ( not ) + verb 6. Have + Sb + verb 7. Help + sb+ verb 8. do nothing/ anything/ everything/ but/ except + V GERUND (DANH ĐỘNG TỪ) V-ING Ta dùng Gerund trong các trường hợp sau: 1. Chủ ngữ: Drinking much water everyday is good for your health. 2. Tân ngữ cho động từ TO BE: My hobby is playing soccer 3. Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ: I am interested in listening to music. - Prevent sbd from doing st Stop sbd from doing accuse sbd of doing - Remember sbd doing Resent sbd doing punish sbd for doing - Like/ dislike sbd doing Forgive sbd for doing - spend st doing ( money, time) see, watch, hear, catch sbd doing. 4. Làm tân ngữ trực tiếp cho một số động từ: Enjoy, consider, suggest, practice, mention, delay, postpone, admit, avoid, detest (ghét), hate, risk (liều), miss, feel, five up, finish, dislike, mind, deny (chối), can’t stand, can’t bear (không thể chòu được), can’t help (không nhòn được), it is no use (vô ích), it is no good (chẳng ích gì). Ex: I can’t help laughing Ex: It is no use waiting. There will not be another bus. 5 .Gerund can be used after some phrases: - can’t/ couldn’t stand ( bear, help) go on, confess to, give up, get rid of, look forward to, take to, put off, care for, rely on, see about, feel like, think of/ about, succeed in , insist on , approve of…. - Get used to = to be used to = - be accustomed to , be amused at/ by It’s is not worth - be afraid of, be surprised at/by It’s no use / no good - be good at, be excited about There is no point in - be interested in, be frightened of Have intention of - be fond of, be busy. Have no choice of - be bored with, be capable of be sorry for - be fed up with, be tired of IV. V-ING VÀ TO-INFINITIVE ĐỀU CÓ THỂ DÙNG ĐƯC SAU CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ SAU ĐÂY: 1. Không làm thay đổi nghóa cùa câu: begin, start, intend (dự đònh), Ex: I begin to understand = I begin understanding 2. Love, like, hate, remember, regret, forget + V-ING: diễn tả thói quen hay hành động ở quá khứ. Love, like, hate, remember, regret, forget + TO-INFINITIVE: nói vế các hành dộng ở tương lai. Ex: I love going to the theatre. (thói quen) I love to have a big meal. I remember seeing you somewhere but I have forgot your name. * STOP +V-ING: ngừng làm việc gì. Ex: I stop learning (tôi ngừng việc học) + TO-INFINITIVE: ngừng đề làm viêc khác Ex: I stop to learn (tôi ngừng lại để học). V. Passive Infinitive and Gerund. 1. Passive Infinitive: To be + Past participle Eg: to do -> To be done To be going to do -> to be going to be done. Used to do -> used to be done To have to do -> to have to be done Like somebody to do -> like to be done To want somebody to do something -> to want something to be done To advise, recommend, urge, order + direct object (o) + Infinitive + Indirect object  advise that somebody should + be done Eg: He urged the council to reduce the rates.  He urged that the rates should be reduced Or : The council was/ were urged to reduce the rates Eg1: He refused to be taken to hospital Eg2: She does not want to be asked what to do. 2. Passive gerund: Being + past participle (PII) or Having been + PII Eg1: Tom enjoyed being asked for signature Eg2. I’m afraid of being left alone in a big city 3. 4. Permit, allow, advise + V-ing Permit, allow, advise + tân ngữ + to-infinitive Ex: My parents don’t allow smoking. My parents don’t allow me to smoke. PRATICE Give the correct form of verb in brackets. 1. I enjoy (go) ………………………… to Dam Sen park. 2. I hope (have) ……………………… a job. 3. I try to study hard (become)……………………… a doctor. 4. Donna is interested in (open)…………………… a bar. 5. Mary refused (receive)………………………………. my gift. 6. We found it very difficult (make) …………… a decision. 7. The teacher decided (punish)………………. all of us. 8. I am sorry (disappoint)……………………… you. 9. Do stop (talk)………………… I am trying (finish) ……………a letter. 10. Stop (argue)…………………………… and star……………………………(work). 11. Would you mind (show)……………………… me how (work) ……………….the lift? 12. I am looking forward to (see) …………………………………….you. 13. Please let me (know)……………………………… the truth. 14. He is thinking of (leave)……………………………. his job. 15. Try to avoid (make)………………………………. him angry. 16. I would like (have)………………………… a look your new car 17. He told me (try)………………………… (come) early. 18. Is there any thing here worth (buy)…………………………? 19. You will be able (do)………………………………… it yourself when you are older. 20. I don’t enjoy (go)……………………………. to the dentist. 21. I will remember (send) ………………………………… you a postcard when I reach London. 22. Sad movie always makes me ………………………………….( cry). 23. It takes me hours (write)…………………………………… a letter. 24. He is too busy (take)…………… care his wife and he is busy (take)………… care of himself. 25. Don’t forget (lock)………………. the door before (go)……………… to bed. 26. He gave up (smoke)………………………………… two years ago. 27 The doctor advised us (drink)…………………………… much water. 28. (Travel)……………………………… by bus is cheap and safe. 29. Why do you keep (look)…………… I am afraid of (be)……………… followed. 30. I don’t know what (do)…………………… and where………………… (go). 31. They are expecting us (come)……………. to the party tomorrow evening. 32. John asked me (call)……………………… him last night. 33. I regret Tom (be)………………………… in trouble. 34. I forgot (water) the tree so they all died. 35. We are fond of (sing)…………………… and (listen)………………….to music. 36. The snow keeps (fall)…………………………… 38. He is too ill (eat) ……………………anything. 39. Could I (see)………………………Mr. Brown? 40. Ask him (come)………………in. don’t keep him (stand)……………… at the door. 41. I used (smoke)……………………… 40 cigarettes a day. 42. It is difficult (get)……………………used to (eat)………………………with chopsticks. 43. Would you mind (close)………………………… the door? I feel so cold. 44. They suggest (go) ……………………to the zoo next Sunday. 45. The cowboy began (fire) 46. I hate (see)……………………… a child (cry)……………………… . know, suppose, understand, + O + to be eg” I consider him to be the best candidate II .Bare Infinitive 1. After some Modal verbs and auxiliary : can ,may. angry, happy, glad, sorry, sure, likely, lucky, fortunate…) - or after an object with preposition. - or with too/ enough/ and certain adjectives 4. Sau các