PASSAGE 30 Urbanization results in more, large cities Lager cities create a new set of transportation sanitation and infrastructure requirement and change the fundamental market dynamics for companies in wide variety of industries New technologies, process, products and engineering solutions are being created to address the unique issues resulting from the unprecedented rate and scale of urbanization that is happening now The impact of urbanization falls into three primary categories The first is infrastructure, as public officials and city planners need to build infrastructure to support large populations in a sustainable fashion, which private companies will ultimately build and manage Second are private development companies, which compete with their peers to build and manage large dwellings, venues and facilities that people live, shop, eat and are entertained in The third are consumer products companies that sell goods and services to people whose consumption patterns are influence by where and how they live Urbanization in the United States coincides with a deep need to modernize city infrastructure The infrastructure for many American cities was created in the post-war era and has neared or surpassed its planned lifespan Additionally, this infrastructure often supports a large population than projected and new technologies are available but have not yet been incorporated into infrastructure projects We see abundant evidence that cities across the United States are looking for solutions to these issues Among this evidence is the American Society of Civil Engineers, which scores United States infrastructure broadly as a D+, starting the United States requires $3.6 trillion in needed investment by 2020 Urban markets are different from suburban or rural markets for companies who build and sell goods and services This is not a new challenge and some companies have adapted better than others as this new reality has started to take shape in recent years However, the rate of change continues to increase and the collision of more people and new types of infrastructure will impact markets and force companies to continue to adapt There will be companies that gain and lose market share resulting from the decisions they make to prepare for shifting markets There will also be companies that fail and new companies that emerge resulting from shifting market dynamics Cities, urban planner and related public also face major challenge to accommodate sustainable growth and incorporate new technological in an appropriate, cost-efficient and environmentally sustainable fashion Some cities will likely over-invest in the wrong technologies and design approaches Others will underestimate the scale of impending change and fail to plan accordingly resulting in deteriorating and dangerous cities In summary, urbanization represents a structural change to the global system that both companies and public institutions will spend money to plan for Unlike some of our more early-stage themes, urbanization is occurring now and will continue for the foreseeable future Question Which title best reflects the main ideal of the passage? A Urbanization in large cities B Direct and Secondary Effects of Urbanization C How does industrialization lead to Urbanization D Urbanization in the United States Question The word “that” in paragraph refers to: A consumer B products C companies D the third impact Question Which of the following is least likely to happen? A None of the companies will be acquainted with urban markets Page B The market share for each company will gradually become the same C There will be an intense competition among companies who build and sell goods and services D The United States will invest a huge amount of money in modernizing infrastructure Question The words “surpassed” in paragraph is closet in meaning to A exceeded B reached C maximized D assured Question The author mentions American Society of Civil Engineer as an example to support which of the following? A The United States doesn’t spend enough money on modernizing infrastructure B Many projects failed to improve infrastructure to support megacities C American Society of Civil Engineers is the only organization that possesses new technologies to support infrastructure problems D Cities in the US are finding ways to deal with infrastructure problems Question The phrase “take shape” in paragraph means _ A be completely dealt with C become worse B develop and become more complete or organized D have more influence Question It can be inferred from the passage that A Urbanization doesn’t happen in small cities B The cities development is accompanied by urbanization, which means companies don’t have to make any changes to develop C The basic system and services in cities will become better and better D Urbanization which is occurring now is a short-term problem Question Where is this passage most likely seen in? A a college catalog B a business company brochure C a global development journal D a science journal ĐÁP ÁN 1-B 2-C 3-B 6-B 7-C 8-C 4-A 5-D LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT Question 1: Tiêu đề phản ánh ý tưởng đoạn văn? A Đơ thị hóa thành phố lớn B Tác động trực tiếp thứ cấp đô thị hóa C Cơng nghiệp hóa dẫn đến thị hóa D Đơ thị hóa Hoa Kỳ => Dẫn chứng: The impact of urbanization falls into three primary categories The first is infrastructure, as public officials and city planners need to build infrastructure to support large populations in a sustainable fashion, which private companies will ultimately build and manage Second are private development companies, which compete with their peers to build and manage large dwellings, venues and facilities that people live, shop, eat and are entertained in The third are consumer products companies Page that sell goods and services to people whose consumption patterns are influence by where and how they live Dịch: Tác động thị hóa rơi vào ba loại Đầu tiên sở hạ tầng, quan chức công cộng nhà hoạch định thành phố cần xây dựng sở hạ tầng để hỗ trợ dân số lớn cách bền vững, mà công ty tư nhân cuối xây dựng quản lý Thứ hai công ty phát triển tư nhân cạnh tranh với công ty ngành để xây dựng quản lý nhà ở, địa điểm sở lớn mà người sống, mua sắm, ăn uống giải trí Thứ ba cơng ty sản phẩm tiêu dùng bán hàng hóa dịch vụ cho người có mơ hình tiêu dùng ảnh hưởng nơi họ sống Question 2: Từ “that” đoạn nói đến: _ A người tiêu dùng B sản phẩm C công ty D tác động thứ ba => Dẫn chứng: The third are consumer products companies that sell goods and services to people whose consumption patterns are influenced by where and how they live Dịch: Thứ ba công ty tiêu thụ sản phẩm, công ty bán hàng hóa dịch vụ cho người có mơ hình tiêu dùng bị ảnh hưởng nơi họ sống Question 3: Điều sau có khả xảy ra? A Không số công ty làm quen với thị trường đô thị B Thị trường công ty dần trở nên giống C Sẽ có cạnh tranh khốc liệt công ty xây dựng bán hàng hóa dịch vụ D Hoa Kỳ đầu tư số tiền lớn vào việc đại hóa sở hạ tầng => Dẫn chứng: Urban markets are different from suburban or rural markets for companies who build and sell goods and services Dịch: (D) Thị trường đô thị khác với thị trường ngoại thành nông thôn công ty xây dựng bán hàng hóa dịch vụ Question 4: Surpassed (vượt qua)= exceeded (Vượt quá) Reached: đạt Maximized: tối đa Assured: đảm bảo Question 5: Tác giả đề cập đến Hiệp hội kỹ sư xây dựng Mỹ ví dụ để hỗ trợ điều sau đây? A Hoa Kỳ không dành nhiều tiền cho việc đại hóa sở hạ tầng B Nhiều dự án thất bại việc cải thiện sở hạ tầng để hỗ trợ siêu đô thị C Hiệp hội kỹ sư dân dụng Mỹ tổ chức sở hữu công nghệ để hỗ trợ vấn đề sở hạ tầng D Các thành phố Mỹ tìm cách giải vấn đề sở hạ tầng Page => Dẫn chứng: Additionally, this infrastructure often supports a large population than projected and new technologies are available but have not yet been incorporated into infrastructure projects We see abundant evidence that cities across the United States are looking for solutions to these issues Dịch: Ngoài ra, sở hạ tầng thường hỗ trợ dân số lớn dự kiến cơng nghệ có sẵn chưa tích hợp vào dự án sở hạ tầng Chúng thấy chứng phong phú thành phố khắp Hoa Kỳ tìm kiếm giải pháp cho vấn đề Question 6: Cụm từ “take shape” đoạn có nghĩa _ A hoàn toàn bị xử lý B phát triển trở nên hồn thiện có tổ chức C trở nên tồi tệ D có nhiều ảnh hưởng => Dẫn chứng: Urban markets are different from suburban or rural markets for companies who build and sell goods and services This is not a new challenge and some companies have adapted better than others as this new reality has started to take shape in recent years Dịch: Thị trường đô thị khác với thị trường ngoại thành nông thôn cho công ty xây dựng bán hàng hóa dịch vụ Đây khơng phải thách thức số công ty thích nghi tốt cơng ty khác thực tế bắt đầu hình thành năm gần Question 7: Có thể suy điều từ đoạn văn _ A Đơ thị hóa khơng xảy thành phố nhỏ B Sự phát triển thành phố kèm với q trình thị hóa, có nghĩa công ty don don phải thực thay đổi để phát triển C Hệ thống dịch vụ thành phố ngày tốt D Đơ thị hóa xảy vấn đề ngắn hạn Question 8: Đoạn văn có khả nhìn thấy đâu? A danh mục đại học B tài liệu cơng ty kinh doanh C tạp chí phát triển tồn cầu D tạp chí khoa học Page ... and become more complete or organized D have more influence Question It can be inferred from the passage that A Urbanization doesn’t happen in small cities B The cities development is accompanied... and better D Urbanization which is occurring now is a short-term problem Question Where is this passage most likely seen in? A a college catalog B a business company brochure C a global development