3 ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU CÁCH DÙNG CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU 3.1 CAN/ BE ABLE TO CAN BE ABLE TO “be able to” “can” để diễn tả khả hay Tuy nhiên, “can” khơng có dạng tương lai nên ta sử dụng “will be able to” Dùng để diễn tả điều làm khả năng, khiếu thân Ví dụ: I can swim (= I have the ability to swim) Dùng để diễn tả điều làm cố gắng, xoay xở làm Ví dụ: In spite of his broken leg, he was able to get out of the burning house 3.2 MUST/ HAVE TO MUST HAVE TO Cả “must” “have to” có nghĩa “cần phải/ phải” Diễn tả cần thiết phải làm chủ quan (tự thân nhận thức thấy) Ví dụ: I must phone my sister (=> I am aware that this is necessary) Diễn tả cần thiết phải làm khách quan (nội quy, quy định ) Ví dụ: Students have to go to school on time (=> It’s school’s regulation) 3.3 NEED NEED (cần) “Need” vừa động từ thường, vừa động từ khuyết thiếu Need động từ thường - Nó phải dùng trợ động từ thành lập câu phủ định nghi vấn - Động từ theo sau phải dùng dạng “to infinitive” Ví dụ: She needs to see you She doesn’t need to see you Need động từ khuyết thiếu - Khi động từ khuyết thiếu NEED có hình thức có đầy đủ đặc tính động từ khuyết thiếu Ví dụ: Need he work so hard? You needn’t go yet, need you? 3.4 MUSTN’T/ NEEDN’T MUSTN’T NEEDN’T MUSTN’T (khơng phép): mang ý cấm đốn Ví dụ: You mustn’t drink it It is poisonous NEEDN’T (khơng cần thiết): mang ý nghĩa khơng bắt buộc Ví dụ: You needn’t hurry We still have a lot time to it 3.5 SHOULD/ OUGHT TO SHOULD OUGHT TO “should” “ought to” có nghĩa “nên” dùng để đưa lời khuyên, ý kiến Chỉ bắt buộc hay bổn phận mức độ nhẹ “Must” Ví dụ: - You should send this report by 8th September Chỉ bắt buộc Mạnh “Should” chưa “Must” Ví dụ: She really ought to apologize 3.6 SHALL/ WILL SHALL WILL “shall” “will” có nghĩa “sẽ” dùng để đưa định thời điểm nói “will” với tất ngơi, cịn “shall” dùng với I/ we - Dùng để xin ý kiến, đưa gợi ý Ví dụ: Where shall we eat tonight? - Diễn đạt, dự đoán việc xảy tương lai Ví dụ: Tomorrow will be sunny - Người ta dùng cấu trúc “Shall I ” để - Người ta dùng cấu trúc “Will you ” để đề nghị giúp đề nghị giúp Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Will you give me her address? Shall I carry the luggage for you? 3.7 MAY/ MIGHT MAY MIGHT “may” “might” có nghĩa “có lẽ” dùng để diễn tả điều xảy khơng “Might” khứ “may” - Diễn tả điều xảy - Diễn tả điều xảy q khứ - “Might” dùng khứ “may” với mức độ “có thể” thấp “may” 3.8 CAN/ COULD CAN COULD “can” “could” dùng câu hỏi đề nghị, xin phép, yêu cầu Diễn tả khả tương lai Diễn tả khả xảy khứ mà người làm gì, Ví dụ: My brother could speak English việc xảy when he was five Ví dụ: I can swim./ It can rain 3.9 MODAL VERB + HAVE + VP2 MUST + HAVE + VP2: suy đoán logic dựa tượng có thật khứ SHOULD + HAVE + VP2: việc lẽ phải xảy khứ lý lại khơng xảy MODAL CAN’T + HAVE + VP2: việc xảy có cứ, sở rõ ràng NEEDN’T + HAVE + VP2: việc lẽ không cần thiết phải làm làm MAY/ MIGHT + HAVE + VP2: việc xảy không chắn COULD + HAVE + VP2: việc lẽ xảy thực tế khơng BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG You are not allowed to take photos in the museum A You may take photos in the museum B You should take photos in the museum C You mustn’t take photos in the museum D You needn’t take photos in the museum I’m certain that Joe attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event A Joe could have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event B Joe must have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event C Joe mightn’t have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event D Joe needn’t have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event I thought it was not necessary to book tickets for the film in advance, but I was wrong A I needn’t have booked tickets for the film in advance B I couldn’t have booked tickets for the film in advance C I should have booked tickets for the film in advance D I must have booked tickets for the film in advance I’m sure that they had practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals A They couldn’t have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals B They must have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals C They shouldn’t have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals D They might have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals It was wrong of you to criticise your son in front of his friends A You could have criticised your son in front of his friends B You must have criticised your son in front of his friends C You mightn’t have criticised your son in front of his friends D You shouldn’t have criticised your son in front of his friends I’m sure Luisa was very disappointed when she failed the exam A Luisa must be very disappointed when she failed the exam B Luisa must have been very disappointed when she failed the exam C Luisa may be very disappointed when she failed the exam D Luisa could have been very disappointed when she failed the exam I really believe my letter came as a great surprise to John A John might be very surprised to receive my letter B John might have been very surprised to receive my letter C John must be very surprised to receive my letter D John must have been very surprised to receive my letter Sally paid for her travel in advance, but it wasn’t necessary A Sally needn’t have paid for her travel in advance B Sally might not have paid for her travel in advance C Sally may not have paid for her travel in advance D Sally couldn’t have paid for her travel in advance You needn’t have taken so many warm clothes there A It was not necessary for you to take so many warm clothes there B You have taken so many warm clothes there that I don’t need C There’s no need for you to take so many warm clothes there D You took lots of warm clothes there but it turned out not necessary 10 Mary should never have been allowed to try to swim in the sea alone A When Mary let to swim in the sea alone, she said new what she was doing B It would probably be wrong to let Mary swims in the sea on her own C No one could have stopped Mary from trying to swim in the sea by herself D Someone ought to have stopped Mary from attempting to swim in the sea on her own 11 It was impossible that he forgot to wear the helmet A He should have worn the helmet B He must have worn the helmet C He might have forgot to wear the helmet D He needn’t have forgot wearing the helmet 12 The fishes had died I’m sure he forgot to feed them A He must have forgot to feed the fishes B He should have fed the fishes C He needn’t have fed the fishes D He might have forgot feeding the fishes 13 His parents complained about his absence from school It’s wrong of him not to tell them about that A He should have told his parents about his absence from school B He might have told his parents about his absence from school C He must have told his parents about his absence from school D He can have told his parents about his absence from school 14 I’m sure that she didn’t kill him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened A She mustn’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened B She needn’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened C She can’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened D She shouldn’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened 15 Perhaps he will return before you call A He may be returning before you called B He may/might have returned before you called C He should have returned before you called D He may return before you call 16 You don’t need to type the letter right now You can it later A You mustn’t type the letter right now because you can it later B You can’t have typed the letter right now because you can it later C You needn’t type the letter right now because you can it later D You needn’t have typed the letter right now because you can it later 17 It’s against the law if you hunt the endangered species A You don’t need to hunt the endangered species B You mustn’t hunt the endangered species C You needn’t hunt the endangered species D You can’t hunt the endangered species 18 I’m sure he knew all about the secret because he was there when we were talking A He must be knowing all about the secret because he was there when we were talking B He should have known all about the secret because he was there when we were talking C He must have known all about the secret because he was there when we were talking D He might have known all about the secret because he was there when we were talking 19 It isn’t mandatory to submit my assignment today A I mustn’t submit my assignment today B My assignment must have been submitted today C I needn’t submit my assignment today D My assignment is required to submit by today 20 Tom went on and on apologizing about it, which was quite unnecessary A Tom can’t have apologized I quite understand B Tom shouldn’t have apologized I quite understand C Tom wouldn’t have apologized I quite understand D Tom needn’t have apologized I quite understand 21 It’s possible that she didn’t hear what I said A She might have not heard what I said B She might not hear what I said C She may not hear what I said D She may not have heard what I said 22 It’s was wrong of you to betray her because she was kind to you A You shouldn’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you B You needn’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you C You can’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you D You mustn’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you 23 I’m sure he did this because I saw him standing there A He must have done this because I saw him standing there B He can have done this because I saw him standing there C He need have done this because I saw him standing there D He may have done this because I saw him standing there 24 I’m sure it wasn’t Mr Pike you saw because he is in London A It mustn’t have been Mr Pike you saw because he is in London B It can’t have been Mr Pike you saw because he is in London C It mightn’t be Mr Pike you saw because he is in London D It couldn’t be Mr Pike you saw because he is in London 25 You have to clean the house every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there A The house has been cleaned every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there B The house has to by you every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there C The house has to be done every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there D The house have to be done every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there 26 It isn’t necessary for you to send her a letter today A Her letter must have been sent today B I mustn’t send her letter today C Her letter was required to send today D You needn’t send her a letter today 27 Is it possible for me to phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow? A Will I phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow? B Can I phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow? C Must I phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow? D Could phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow? 28 It’s time for me to start to think about the job I will in the future A I should start to think about the job I will in the future B I may start to think about the job I will in the future C I needn’t start to think about the job I will in the future D I must have started to think about the job I will in the future 29 James should have been told the news a long time ago A James did not tell the news a long time ago B James had not told the news for a long time C James was not told the news although it was necessary for him D James has not been told the news for a long time although he should know it 30 Smoking is not allowed in public places such as: hospitals, schools A You needn’t smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools B You mustn’t smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools C You don’t smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools D You may smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools 31 It is compulsory for all the students to obey the class rules A All the students needn’t obey the class rules B All the students needn't obey the class rules C All the students can't obey the class rules D All the students must obey the class rules 32 The students are required to keep silent during the exam A The students may keep silent during the exam B The students must keep silent during the exam C The students needn’t keep silent during the exam D The students shouldn’t keep silent during the exam 33 It is necessary for people to wear face masks when going out during the Covid-19 pandemic A People can wear face masks when going out during the Covid-19 pandemic B People must wear face masks when going out during the Covid-19 pandemic C People should wear face masks when going out during the Covid-19 pandemic D People may wear face masks when going out during the Covid-19 pandemic 34 The workers at the factory are required to wear protective clothing A The workers at the factory should wear protective clothing B The workers at the factory must wear protective clothing C The workers at the factory need to wear protective clothing D The workers at the factory may wear protective clothing 35 Perhaps we will be late for the meeting A We must get to the meeting on time B We should get to the meeting on time C We needn't get to the meeting on time D We may not get to the meeting on time ... students needn’t keep silent during the exam D The students shouldn’t keep silent during the exam 33 It is necessary for people to wear face masks when going out during the Covid-19 pandemic A People... giúp đề nghị giúp Ví dụ: Ví dụ: Will you give me her address? Shall I carry the luggage for you? 3. 7 MAY/ MIGHT MAY MIGHT “may” “might” có nghĩa “có lẽ” dùng để diễn tả điều xảy khơng “Might”... Diễn tả điều xảy - Diễn tả điều xảy q khứ - “Might” dùng khứ “may” với mức độ “có thể” thấp “may” 3. 8 CAN/ COULD CAN COULD “can” “could” dùng câu hỏi đề nghị, xin phép, yêu cầu Diễn tả khả tương