8 LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTIONS) Cách sử dụng liên từ khác STT LIÊN TỪ AND CÁCH DÙNG VÍ DỤ - thêm, bổ sung thông tin + She is rich and famous (và) (Cơ giàu có tiếng) NOR - bổ sung thêm ý phủ định + I don’t want to call him nor vào ý phủ định nêu intend to apologize to him trước (Tơi khơng muốn gọi cho anh (cũng khơng) khơng có ý định xin lỗi anh ta) BUT - diễn tả đối lập, ngược + She is nghĩa arrogant but (nhưng, mà) (Cô xinh đẹp kiêu ngạo) OR - nêu thêm lựa chọn = OR ELSE (hoặc là, hay là) + Hurry up or else you will miss the last bus (Nhanh lên bạn nhỡ chuyến xe bus cuối cùng) = OTHERWISE beautiful YET - đưa ý ngược lại so với + They are ugly and ý trước expensive, yet people buy them (vậy mà, mà) (Chúng xấu đắt, mà người mua) SO - nêu kết hành động (THEREFORE = THUS =HENCE = CONSEQUENTLY = AS A RESULT) (vì vậy, đó, vậy) + He was ill, so he didn’t go to school yesterday (Anh bị ốm nên hôm qua anh không tới trường) + The car in the front stopped so suddenly Therefore, the accident happened (Chiếc ô tô đằng trước dừng đột ngột, vụ tai nạn xảy ra) RATHER THAN - diễn tả lựa chọn (hơn là) + I think you should choose to become a teacher rather than a doctor (Tôi nghĩ bạn nên chọn trở thành giáo viên bác sĩ) WHETHER OR - diễn tả thay + I don’t know whether he (hay là) will come or not (Tôi anh đến hay không) AS AS SO AS - so sánh ngang/không ngang + She is as tall as me (Cô cao tôi) (bằng/không bằng) + She isn’t as/so tall as me (Cô không cao tôi) 10 BARELY WHEN - diễn tả quan hệ thời gian HARDLY WHEN (ngay thì, vừa thì) (Ngay anh ngủ điện thoại kêu) SCARCELY WHEN NO SOONER THAN 11 AFTER - diễn tả hành động xảy sau + After he had finished his hành động khác work, he went out for a drink (sau khi) 12 BEFORE AS SOON AS JUST AS ONCE (Ngay cô nhà, cô tắm) - diễn tả hành động xảy + He left the meeting just as gần thời điểm we arrived (ngay khi, vừa lúc) 15 (Anh xong việc trước anh uống nước) - hành động xảy liền + As soon as she went home, sau hành động khác she had a bath (ngay khi) 14 (Ngay anh xong việc, anh uống nước) - diễn tả hành động xảy + He had finished his work, trước hành động khác before he went out for a drink (trước khi) 13 + Hardly had he gone to bed when the telephone rang (Anh ta rời khỏi họp vừa lúc tới đó) - nói thời điểm mà + Once you have wellmột hành động xảy prepared for it, you will xảy certainly be successful (một khi) (Khi bạn chuẩn bị kỹ cho nó, bạn chắn thành cơng) 16 UNTIL/TILL - hành động xảy ra/ không + I will wait for you until it’s xảy thời điểm possible (Anh đợi em đến chừng (cho tới khi) có thể) 17 IN OTHER WORDS - để giải thích rõ nghĩa + He was economical with the truth - in other words, he lied (nói cách khác) 18 WHEN - liên kết hành động có mối + When she came, I was quan hệ thời gian cooking dinner (khi) 19 WHILE = MEANWHILE (Anh tiết kiệm thật hay nói cách khác anh nói dối) (Khi cô tới, nấu bữa tối) - hành động diễn + While I was doing my lúc homework, my mother was cleaning the floor (trong khi) (Khi làm tập nhà mẹ tơi lau nhà) 20 SO THAT = IN ORDER THAT - nêu mục đích kết + I’m trying my best to study hành động có dự tính English well so that I can find a better job (để mà) (Tôi cố gắng để học Tiếng Anh tơi tìm cơng việc tốt hơn) 21 FOR FEAR THAT - mục đích phủ định = LEST (vì e rằng, sợ rằng) + He wore dark glasses lest he could be recognized (Anh ta đeo kính dâm sợ bị nhận ra) 22 WHEREAS = ON THE CONTRARY - diễn tả ngược nghĩa + He loves foreign holidays, hai mệnh đề whereas his wife prefers to stay at home (trong khi) (Anh thích du lịch nước ngồi, trái lại vợ anh thích nhà.) = IN CONTRAST = ON THE OTHER HAND 23 AS/SO LONG AS - diễn tả điều kiện = PROVIDING (THAT) (với điều kiện là, miễn là) = PROVIDED (THAT) 24 + You can use my bike providing that you promise to give it back tomorrow (Bạn sử dụng xe đạp tơi với điều kiện bạn hứa trả lại vào ngày mai) IN THE EVENT THAT - diễn tả giả định hành + Take an umbrella in case it = IN CASE động xảy tương rains lai (Mang theo phịng trời (trong trường hợp, phòng khi) mưa) 25 SUPPOSE SUPPOSING (THAT) 26 AS IF/THOUGH - dùng để thay cho “if” + Supposing he hates you, mệnh đề phụ what will you do? (giả sử) (Giả sử anh ghét bạn, bạn làm gì?) - dùng giả định + He looked frightened as if he had seen a ghost (như thể là) (Anh trông hoảng sợ thể anh nhìn thấy ma) 27 BESIDES MOREOVER FURTHERMORE - dùng để bổ sung thêm ý/thông + I can’t go now, I’m too tin busy Besides, my passport is (ngồi ra/hơn nữa/thêm vào đó) out of date (Tơi khơng thể bây giờ; tơi bận Ngồi ra, hộ chiếu hết hạn rồi) IN ADDITION 28 FOR EXAMPLE - ví dụ, chẳng hạn = FOR INSTANCE + There are many interesting places to visit in the city The art museum, for instance, has an excellent collection of modern paintings (Có nhiều nơi thú vị để đến thăm thành phố Chẳng hạn viện bảo tàng nghệ thuật có sưu tập xuất sắc tranh đại) 29 INDEED = IN FACT 30 INSTEAD - dùng để nhấn mạnh/xác + I am happy, indeed proud, nhận thông tin trước to be a member of your team (thực sự, thật) (Tôi vui, thực tự hào thành viên đội bạn) - thay vì, thay vào + We didn’t go on holiday We stayed at home, instead (Chúng không du lịch Thay vào đó, chúng tơi nhà) 31 ALTHOUGH/EVEN - dùng để biểu thị hai hành Although the weather was THOUGH/THOUGH + động trái ngược awful, we decided to go CLAUSE (S+ V) , (mặc dù nhưng) camping CLAUSE (S + V) = In spite of the awful = IN SPITE OF/ weather, we decided to go DESPITE + CỤM camping DANH TỪ/V-ING, CLAUSE (S + V) (Mặc dù thời tiết xấu định cắm trại) 32 BECAUSE /FOR/AS - dùng để diễn tả mối quan hệ Because the road was icy, /SINCE /IN THAT/ nguyên nhân, kết many accidents happened NOW THAT/ SEEING (bởi vì) = Because of the icy road, THAT + CLAUSE, many accidents happened CLAUSE (Bởi đường trơn nên có = BECAUSE OF/ nhiều tai nạn xảy ra) OWING TO/ DUE TO/ ON ACCOUNT OF/AS A RESULT OF + CỤM DANH TỪ/V- ING, CLAUSE 33 S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV - diễn tả mối quan hệ nhân + THAT + CLAUSE ( đến mức , ) = S + V + SO + ADJ + A/AN + N + THAT + CLAUSE = S + V + SUCH + (A/AN) + ADJ+ N + THAT + CLAUSE 34 EITHER OR She is so beautiful that many boys run after her = She is so beautiful a girl that many boys run after her = She is such a beautiful girl that many boys run after her (Cô xinh mà nhiều chàng trai theo đuổi cô ấy) EITHER OR - diễn tả lựa chọn You can come either today or với câu khẳng định tomorrow NEITHER NOR (hoặc hoặc) (Bạn đến vào hôm - diễn tả phủ định kép hay mai được) với câu phủ định She doesn’t want to talk to either me or you (không không) = She wants to talk to neither me nor you (Cô không muốn nói chuyện với tơi bạn) 35 36 NOT ONLY BUT - diễn tả lựa chọn kép ALSO (khơng mà cịn) = NOT ONLY BUT AS WELL She is not only beautiful but also intelligent BOTH AND Both she and I are teachers of English in a high school - diễn tả lựa chọn kép (cả và/vừa vừa) (Cô xinh đẹp mà cịn thơng minh) (Cả giáo viên Tiếng Anh trường cấp ba) BOTH + S1 + AND + S2 + V(số nhiều) Both my sister and my brother like playing chess = S1 + TOGETHER WITH/ALONG WITH/AS WELL AS/ ACCOMPANIED BY + S2 + V(S1) = My sister as well as my brother likes playing chess (Cả chị gái anh trai tơi thích chơi cờ) BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG I won't change my mind _ what you say A whether B no matter C because D although My uncle lives a happy life _ his disability A because of B because C though D in spite of You can go to the party tonight _ you are sober when you come home A as long as B as far as C as soon as D as well as It's really important to have a true friendship _ it makes your life more meaningful A although B in spite of C because D because of Mrs Carter feels happy _ her daughter has made good progress in her studies recently A because of B although C because D despite He always did well at school _ having his early education disrupted by illness A apart from B in spite of C in addition to D because of _ of all of us who are here tonight, I would like to thank Mr Jones for his talk A In person B Instead C On account D On behalf Polar bears are in danger of going extinct _ climate change A because of B although C because D despite Mary feels confident about the competition _ she has been well-prepared for it A although B because of C because D despite 10 The firemen did well _ their preparation for catastrophic gas explosions A although B because C despite D because of 11 _ there have been many changes in his life, he remains a nice man to everyone A However B Although C Because D Despite 12 _ he is old, he wants to travel around the world A In spite of B Although C Despite D Because 13 The doctor decided to give her a thorough examination _ he could identify the causes of her illness A unless B after C because D so that 14 Many animal species are under threat of extinction _ widespread deforestation A because of B although C because D despite 15 _ I okay in the interview, I've got a good chance of getting the job A Unless B In case C Only D Provided 16 _ quickly they ran, they just couldn’t catch up with the van A However B So C Even D Much 17 The plan still went ahead _ the various problems in the early stage A although B because C because of D despite 18 “You should stop working too hard _ you'll get sick” A or else B if C in case D whereas 19 You may get malaria _ you are bitten by a mosquito A if B so that C though D unless 20 She got the job _ the fact that she had very little experience A although B because of C despite D because 21 I studied English for four years in high school _, I had trouble talking with people when I was traveling in the US A Therefore B Otherwise C Although D However 22 She was able to finish university _ her financial difficulties A although B because C despite D because of 23 _ your precious help, I wouldn't have certainly overcome most of the practical difficulties A If not B Provided C Unless D Without 24 Jane's been unfaithful to Jim three times, but he still loves her _ everything A apart from B in spite of C in addition to D because of 25 In Britain, most shops close at pm, _ in other countries they often open in the evening, too A despite B moreover C nevertheless D whereas 26 Parents shouldn't use physical punishment _ it negatively influences children's development A because of B although C because D in spite of 27 Children are encouraged to read books _ they are a wonderful source of knowledge A because of B in spite of C because D although 28 He achieved great success in his musical career _ his hearing disability A despite B although C because D because of 29 _ busy she is, she manages to pick her children up after school every day A However B Although C Despite D Because 30 A newborn baby can neither walk nor crawl A newborn tiger, _, can run within minutes of birth A therefore B even though C otherwise D however 31 We’ve had a burglar alarm installed in our holiday cottage _ we will feel happier about leaving it unoccupied for long periods A for fear that B so that C now that D provided that 32 He couldn't ride his bike _ there's no air in one of the tyres A since B due to C though D despite 33 _ his income of current job is relatively low, he finds it difficult to make ends meet A Although B As C Because of D In spite of 34 _ Allan's inexperience as a midfielder, he played well and scored a decisive goal in the final match A Since B Although C Despite D Because of 35 Her eyes are red and puffy _ she has been crying a lot A although B since C because of D despite 36 When James was in Vietnam, he tried a _ of Vietnamese dishes A variety B variously C various D vary 37 Peter always takes a map with him _ he loses his way A if B in case C so that D so 38 My parents lent me the money _, I couldn’t have afforded the trip A However B Otherwise C Therefore D Unless 39 _ there is not enough information on the effects of smoke in the atmosphere, doctors have proved that air pollution causes lung diseases A In spite of B Although C Therefore D However 40 Nam is motivated to study _ he knows that a good education can improve his life A because B so C so that D therefore 41 _ his physical disability, he managed to finish the course with good results A Although B Since C Because of D Despite 42 Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking _ accepting opinions without questioning them A in addition B for instance C instead of D because of 43 _ most fairy tales have happy endings, the stories usually deal with very frightening situations - children abandoned in the forest, terrifying giants, cruel stepmothers A Although B Therefore C Despite D Because 44 My uncle tries to spend time playing with his children _ he is very busy A because of B although C despite D moreover 45 From when they start in preschool, children spend more time watching television than participating in any other activity except sleeping _, this is not necessarily a bad thing A Due to B For example C However D Because 46 Many students work to earn money _ their parents are rich A because of B despite C however D although 47 The residents of the village are living a happy life _ they lack modern facilities A despite B although C therefore D because of 48 Research shows that learners who adopt this approach will undoubtedly manage to broaden their language abilities considerably and, _, are more likely to achieve their objectives in the longer term A because B in contrast C though D as a result 49 We decided to take a late flight _ we could spend more time with our family A in order B so that C so as to D in order to 50 I walked away as calmly as I could _ they thought I was the thief A although B so that C owing to D in case ... thích rõ nghĩa + He was economical with the truth - in other words, he lied (nói cách khác) 18 WHEN - liên kết hành động có mối + When she came, I was quan hệ thời gian cooking dinner (khi) 19... đó) out of date (Tơi khơng thể bây giờ; tơi bận Ngồi ra, hộ chiếu tơi hết hạn rồi) IN ADDITION 28 FOR EXAMPLE - ví dụ, chẳng hạn = FOR INSTANCE + There are many interesting places to visit in... V) = In spite of the awful = IN SPITE OF/ weather, we decided to go DESPITE + CỤM camping DANH TỪ/V-ING, CLAUSE (S + V) (Mặc dù thời tiết xấu định cắm trại) 32 BECAUSE /FOR/AS - dùng để diễn