This type of inversion usually only occurs with be-verbs, linking verbs and verbs that show direction or movement, like come, go, run, etc... Found in San Francisco is Lombard Street, th[r]
(1)INVERSION (Đảo ngữ) 1/ Đảo ngữ là gì? Đảo ngữ là hình thức đảo ngược vị trí thông thường của chủ từ và động từ một câu Vd: I had never seen so many people in one room (= trật tự từ thông thường) Never had I seen so many people in one room (= đảo ngữ) 2/ Khi nào chúng ta sử dụng đảo ngữ: Đảo ngữ được dùng để nhấn mạnh một thành phần hay ý nào đó câu Vậy có bao nhiêu loại đảo ngữ: a/ Đảo ngữ câu hỏi: Câu tường thuật: She is the General Director She has seen the Grand Canyon Câu hỏi: Is she the General Director? Has she seen the Grand Canyon? b/ Đảo ngữ câu bắt đầu cụm từ (từ) tiêu cực nửa tiêu cực sau: never rarely seldom hardly ever hardly scarcely scarcely … when in no way at no time not once not often not only … but … as well not only … but also no sooner … than not until on no account nowhere nor under no circumstances Ví dụ: Mary not only works at the post office but she also works at the grocery store -> Not only does Mary work at the post office but she also works at the grocery store Max never bought another motorcycle again (2) -> Never again did Max buy another motorcycle You are under no circumstances to leave the house tonight -> Under no circumstances are you to leave the house tonight Lưu ý: đảo ngữ chỉ dùng ở vế đầu của câu mà thôi Ví dụ: No sooner had he opened the letter than did the phone ring (sai) No sooner had he opened the letter than the phone rang (đúng) c/ Đảo ngữ câu bắt đầu cụm giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: Ví dụ: Austin, Texas, lies at the edge of the Hill County -> At the edge of the Hill County lies Austin, Texas d/ Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện: Các chữ: HAD câu ĐK loại 3, chữ WERE, loại 2, chữ SHOULD loại có thể đem trước chủ từ thế choIF Công thức: * If I were you, I would = Were I you , I would * If I had gone to school = Had I gone to school * If I should go = Should I go Ví dụ: If I had gone to the post office, I would have bought some stamps -> Had I gone to the post office, I would have bought some stamps If it had not been for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded –> Had it not been for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded If you should meet her, please ask her to call me at once -> Should you meet her, please ask her to call me at once If I were you, I would not such a rude thing -> Were I you, I would not such a rude thing e/ Đảo ngữ câu bắt đầu "so" cấu trúc " So…that " và “such” cấu trúc “such…that” Ví dụ: She is so beautiful that everyone turns to look at her -> So beautiful is she that every one turns to look at her He drove so carelessly that his car crashed into a tree -> So carelessly did he drive that his car crashed into a tree (3) The doctor was so angry that he went away -> So angry was the doctor that he went away There was such a noise that I couldn’t work Such a noise was there that I couldn’t work f/ Đảo ngữ cấu trúc với "so " và "neither": Ví dụ: He likes tea and I too -> He likes tea and so I He isn’t a student and she is not either -> He isn’t a student and neither is she "So"được dùng câu khẳng định và "neither "trong câu phủ định "So"và "too"có cùng ý nghĩa, "so "cần phải đảo ngữ "Neither"và "not either "có cùng ý nghĩa câu "neither"cần đảo ngữ h/ Đảo ngữ câu bắt đầu "Only" Ví dụ: Only when all attempts at the negotiation had failed did the men decide to go on strike Only in central Vietnam have I seen such scenery like that Nếu "only "bổ ngữ cho chủ từ, thì câu không có đảo ngữ Ví dụ như: Only he can speak English [không có đảo ngữ] Only the special members can enter the club on Sundays [không có đảo ngữ] Chú ý: Nếu câu có mệnh đề thì đảo ngữ mệnh đề thứ g/ Đảo ngữ câu bắt đầu với "here"và "there" Here are your keys There goes the train! Here comes George! Lưu y: Trong cách này chủ ngữ phải là danh từ thì mới đảo ngữ được, đại từ không đảo ngữ Ví dụ: Here came the bus Nhưng chủ từ là đại từ thì không được Here it came (không đảo came trước ) (4) There he is! (không đảo “to be” trước) Here she arrives! (không đảo “arrive” trước) i/ Đảo ngữ câu bắt đầu vị ngữ: Darkening is the sky Present at the meeting were the President, the Prime Minister and all Members of the Cabinet j/ Đảo ngữ câu bắt đầu phó từ cụm phó từ Twice within my lifetime have world wars taken place Near the church was an old ruined cottage k/ Đảo ngữ với “much”, “many”, “many a time” và tính từ Ví dụ: He read many books yesterday Many books did he read yesterday ( đảo “many” đầu ) The trees are beautiful in their colors Beautiful are the trees in their colors (đảo tính từ đầu) The days when we lived in poverty are gone ( “gone” là tính từ) Gone are the days when we lived in poverty ( đảo "gone" đầu) He has helped me with my experiment many a time Many a time has he helped me with my experiment (đảo “many a time” đầu) List of 18 Types of Subject/Verb Inversion There are at least eighteen types of inversion: neg intro intro adverbial (in, down, prepositional phrase) intro -ed comparative intro comparative as so that had, should, were there is 10 here is 11 intro -ing 12 emphasis 13 the bigger, the better 14 questions 15 "story speech" (5) 16 nor 17 so I/neither I 18 intro adjective Type Examples Notes neg intro Never I sleep Only at night can I study In no way could I help you with your Japanese grammar question I believe that only rarely will I need your help Not until I got home did I realize that my shoes were untied Question form is obligatory Used with all verbs This one is very common on the TOEFL and somewhat common on the GMAT and GRE We need to learn the various types of words and phrases that require this type of inversion Notice that sometimes the inversion occurs right after the neg intro form and sometimes it occurs in the next subject and verb See Neg Intro for more info intro adverbial Into the room ran the lady First comes love, then comes marriage After A comes B, then comes C, next comes D Down came the rain and washed the spider out Inversion is optional Used with be-verbs, linking verbs, and verbs of direction This one is less common on the TOEFL, but more common on the GMAT and GRE Notice that sometimes we have an adverb, like first and down and sometimes we have an adverb phrase like into the room or after A These adverbs and adverb phrases usually show location or direction This type of inversion usually only occurs with be-verbs, linking verbs and verbs that show direction or movement, like come, go, run, etc intro –ed Found in San Francisco is Lombard Street, the so-called crookedest street in the world Lost among the old tables and chairs was the priceless Victorian desk Located between San Francisco and Marin County is the Golden Gate Bridge Inversion is obligatory Used with be-verbs This one is very common on the TOEFL, GMAT, and GRE This type of inversion usually occurs with be-verbs, but sometimes with linking verbs Notice that the phrase is the complement of the be-verb comparatives Cheetahs run faster than antelopes You speak Chinese better than I Jessica is more interested in Inversion is optional Used with all verbs This form of inversion is common on the TOEFL, GMAT, and GRE We normally only have inversion here (6) Computer Science than is Benjamin if we are comparing subjects of the verb, not objects For example, in the following two sentences, we are comparing objects, carrots and potatoes, not the subject I.: I like carrots more than I potatoes I like carrots more than I like potatoes Now, in this sentence, we are comparing subjects, I and my friend Carl: I like carrots more than does my friend Carl intro comparative Bigger than an apatosaur is the Inversion is obligatory blue whale Used with be-verbs More important than your personal This form is more common on the statement is your GPA GMAT and GRE than it is on the No less impressive than the TOEFL invention of the laser was the Notice that we can only use this form development of the wheel of inversion when the verb is a be-verb since in every case, the comparative is the complement of the be-verb Remember that less than is also a comparative as Megumi is from Japan, as is Sato So-eun wants to leave early today, as does Oi If thrown into the water, camels can swim, as can cats Inversion is obligatory Used with all verbs We can only use inversion if we are using as for comparisons as is one of the trickiest words in English; it can have many different meanings so… that… So happy was I that I bought flowers for everybody in class So quickly did she leave that we did not even realize was gone So rarely does a comet appear visible to the naked eye that when one does, it is considered a major event Question form is obligatory Used with all verbs This is not so common on the TOEFL, but is fairly common on the GMAT and GRE The so… that… clause must before the verb in for this type of inversion had, should, were for ifclauses Had I remembered Tomomi's birthday, she wouldn’t be mad at me now Note that the word if does NOT appear in the clause when inversion is used: Had I remembered = If I had remembered Inversion is obligatory Used with all verbs This is somewhat common on the TOEFL and more common on the GMAT and GRE This type of inversion is kind of special Notice that we can only use this type of inversion when we are (7) Should you need a hand, I will be more than happy to help you Should you need a hand = If you should need a hand Were I you, I think I would study more for your exam tomorrow Were I you = If I were you using an if-clause In other words, if is omitted: even though the word if does not appear in the clause, we still have the meaning of an if-clause For more information, see had, should, were there is, there There is a good restaurant nearby Inversion is obligatory are, there exists, There comes a time in every Usually used only with these verbs there comes, etc person’s life when she realizes that This form of inversion is common on she is responsible for her own the TOEFL, GMAT, and GRE, as well happiness, not other people as in spoken and written English Scientists hypothesize that there Most people remember there is and exists a certain type of particle that there are BUT we must also can travel faster than the speed of remember that there are other verbs light that we can use instead of is and are The most common ones are exist, come, and go 10 here is, here are, here comes, here come Here is some good food for you to try Here are the books that I don’t need anymore Here comes the bus! Inversion is obligatory Usually used only with these verbs You will probably not see this on the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE It could, however, appear on the Listening Comprehension Section of the TOEFL We use this form mostly in spoken English 11 intro -ing Burning out of control was the Inversion is obligatory forest located in the foothills of the Used only with be-verbs Sierra Nevada mountains This form is not common on the Coming in last in the race was Joe TOEFL, but might show up on the "Elephant Legs" Blow GMAT or GRE Not helping the situation was little Notice the intro –ing phrase is the Susie, who was throwing complement of the be-verb newspaper on the spreading fire 12 emphasis Boy am I hungry Is it ever hot in here! Do you know how to cook! 13 the bigger, the better The closer an object is to another Question form is optional object, the greater is the gravity Used with all verbs between the two objects Inversion is optional Used with all verbs You will probably not see this on the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE It could, however, appear on the Listening Comprehension Section of the TOEFL We use this form mostly in spoken English (8) 14 questions Is this the last example? Inversion is obligatory Do you enjoy reading these lists? Used with all verbs Are we finished yet? You will probably not see this on the grammar section of the TOEFL (TOEFL doesn't test questions anymore) or on the GMAT or GRE It would, however, appear on the Listening Comprehension Section of the TOEFL 15 "story speech" “I think it’s time to go,” said Susan “It’s time for you, but not for me,” replied Gary “Maybe we should collect our thoughts for a moment,” commented Lany 16 nor No one has volunteered for the job, Inversion is obligatory nor we expect anyone to Used with all verbs volunteer in the future You might see this on the adaptive Hok-ming cannot speak TOEFL if you are scoring high and it Portuguese, nor can José speak could appear on the GMAT or GRE Cantonese Remember that nor is considered a The zoo regulations will not permit conjunction, but we use it between two you to touch the animals, nor sentences (not between any two would most people advise you to elements like the other conjunctions) so 17 "so I"/ "neither I." “So I.” Inversion is obligatory “So can Terry.” Used with all verbs “Neither most people I know.” You will probably not see this on the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE 18 intro adjective Beautiful beyond belief was my Inversion is obligatory in most cases baby daughter Used with be-verbs Happy about their acceptance into This one is fairly rare and probably their dream schools were Lany and would not appear on the TOEFL, but Tomo you might see it on the GMAT or Quick and painless will be your GRE medical procedure Inversion is sometimes not used in poetic language Inversion is optional Used with verbs that report speech You will probably not see this on the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE (9)