Tài liệu The 6.270 Robot Builder''''s Guide P1 doc

Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics This page intentionally left blank Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics Third Edition Stan Gibilisco McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copy right  2002, 1997, 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Com p anies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of Am erica. Except as perm itted under the United States Copy right Act of 1976, no part of this publication m a y be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any m eans, or stored in a database or retrieval sy stem , without the prior written perm ission of the publisher. 0-07-138939-3 The m a terial in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-137730-1. All tradem arks are tradem arks of their respective owne rs. 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DOI: 10.1036/0071389393 To Tony, Tim, and Samuel from Uncle Stan v This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xix Part 1 Direct current 1 Basic physical concepts 3 Atoms 3 Protons, neutrons, and the atomic number 4 Isotopes and atomic weights 4 Electrons 5 Ions 5 Compounds 9 Molecules 10 Conductors 11 Insulators 11 Resistors 13 Semiconductors 14 Current 15 Static electricity 15 Electromotive force 16 Nonelectrical energy 18 Quiz 19 2 Electrical units 23 The volt 23 Current flow 24 The ampere 26 Resistance and the ohm 26 Conductance and the siemens 28 vii Power and the watt 29 Energy and the watt hour 31 Other energy units 33 ac Waves and the hertz 34 Rectification and fluctuating direct current 35 Safety considerations in electrical work 37 Magnetism 38 Magnetic units 39 Quiz 40 3 Measuring devices 44 Electromagnetic deflection 44 Electrostatic deflection 46 Thermal heating 47 Ammeters 48 Voltmeters 49 Ohmmeters 51 Multimeters 53 FET and vacuum-tube voltmeters 54 Wattmeters 54 Watt-hour meters 55 Digital readout meters 56 Frequency counters 57 Other specialized meter types 57 Quiz 60 4 Basic dc circuits 65 Schematic symbols 65 Schematic diagrams 67 Wiring diagrams 68 Voltage/current/resistance circuit 68 Ohm’s Law 69 Current calculations 69 Voltage calculations 71 Resistance calculations 71 Power calculations 72 Resistances in series 73 Resistances in parallel 74 Division of power 75 Resistances in series-parallel 75 Resistive loads in general 77 Quiz 77 5 Direct-current circuit analysis 82 Current through series resistances 82 Voltages across series resistances 83 viii Contents Voltage across parallel resistances 85 Currents through parallel resistances 86 Power distribution in series circuits 88 Power distribution in parallel circuits 88 Kirchhoff’s first law 89 Kirchhoff’s second law 91 Voltage divider networks 92 Quiz 95 6 Resistors 99 Purpose of the resistor 99 The carbon-composition resistor 102 The wirewound resistor 103 Film type resistors 104 Integrated-circuit resistors 104 The potentiometer 105 The decibel 107 The rheostat 109 Resistor values 110 Tolerance 110 Power rating 110 Temperature compensation 111 The color code 112 Quiz 114 7 Cells and batteries 118 Kinetic and potential energy 118 Electrochemical energy 118 Primary and secondary cells 119 The Weston standard cell 120 Storage capacity 120 Common dime-store cells and batteries 122 Miniature cells and batteries 124 Lead-acid cells and batteries 125 Nickel-cadmium cells and batteries 125 Photovoltaic cells and batteries 127 How large a battery? 128 Quiz 130 8 Magnetism 134 The geomagnetic field 134 Magnetic force 135 Electric charge in motion 136 Flux lines 136 Magnetic polarity 137 Dipoles and monopoles 139 Contents ix [...]... Computers and the Internet 624 The microprocessor and CPU 624 Bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes 626 The hard drive 626 Other forms of mass storage 628 Random-access memory 629 The display 631 The printer 633 The modem 635 The Internet 636 Quiz 640 34 Robotics and artificial intelligence 644 Asimov’s three laws 644 Robot generations 645 Independent or dependent? 646 Robot arms 648 Robotic hearing... proton and the neutron These are extremely dense A teaspoonful of either of these particles, packed tightly together, would weigh tons Protons and neutrons have just about the same mass, but the proton has an electric charge while the neutron does not The simplest element, hydrogen, has a nucleus made up of only one proton; there are usually no neutrons This is the most common element in the universe... correspond to the position of the atomic nucleus The farther away from the nucleus the shell, the more energy the electron has (Fig 1-2) Electrons can move rather easily from one atom to another in some materials In other substances, it is difficult to get electrons to move But in any case, it is far easier to move electrons than it is to move protons Electricity almost always results, in some way, from the. .. 37 answers correct Again, answers are in the back of the book There is a final exam at the end of the book The questions are practical, mostly nonmathematical, and somewhat easier than those in the quizzes The final exam contains questions drawn from all the chapters Take this exam when you have finished all four sections, all four section tests, and all of the chapter quizzes A satisfactory score... compared to the nucleus of an atom, the electrons weigh practically nothing Generally, the number of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of protons The negative charges therefore exactly cancel out the positive ones, and the atom is electrically neutral But under some conditions, there can be an excess or shortage of electrons High levels of radiant energy, extreme heat, or the presence... lists all the known elements in alphabetical order, with atomic numbers in one column, and atomic weights of the most common isotopes in another column The standard abbreviations are also shown Electrons Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are particles having opposite electric charge from the protons These are the electrons Physicists arbitrarily call the electrons’ charge negative, and the protons’... exactly the same charge quantity as a proton, but with opposite polarity The charge on a single electron or proton is the smallest possible electric charge All charges, no matter how great, are multiples of this unit charge One of the earliest ideas about the atom pictured the electrons embedded in the nucleus, like raisins in a cake Later, the electrons were seen as orbiting the nucleus, making the atom... 64 90 *Most common isotope The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus Most elements have other isotopes with different atomic weights **These elements (atomic numbers 93 or larger) are not found in nature, but are human-made 1-1 An early model of the atom, developed about the year 1900, rendered electrons like planets and the nucleus like the sun in a miniature solar... nucleus results in a difference in the weight, and also a difference in the density, of the element Thus, hydrogen containing a neutron or two in the nucleus, along with the proton, is called heavy hydrogen The atomic weight of an element is approximately equal to the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus Common carbon has an atomic weight of about 12, and is called... of the oscillator 458 The Armstrong oscillator 459 The Hartley circuit 459 The Colpitts circuit 461 The Clapp circuit 461 Stability 463 Crystal-controlled oscillators 464 The voltage-controlled oscillator 465 The PLL frequency synthesizer 466 Diode oscillators 467 Audio waveforms 467 Audio oscillators 468 IC oscillators 469 Quiz 469 26 Data transmission 474 The carrier wave 474 The Morse code 475 Frequency-shift . gigabytes 62 6 The hard drive 62 6 Other forms of mass storage 62 8 Random-access memory 62 9 The display 63 1 The printer 63 3 The modem 63 5 The Internet 63 6 Quiz 64 0. Robotic hearing and vision 65 2 Robotic navigation 65 7 Telepresence 66 1 The mind of the machine 66 3 Quiz 66 5 Test: Part 4 66 9 Final exam 67 9 Appendices A Answers