Public & Private Families AN INTRODUCTION A NDREW J C HE R L I N Johns Hopkins University 8e www.ebookslides.com PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FAMILIES: AN INTRODUCTION, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121 Copyright © 2017 by McGrawHill Education All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Previous editions © 2013, 2010, and 2008 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States This book is printed on acid-free paper DOW 21 20 19 18 17 16 ISBN 978-0-07-802715-4 MHID 0-07-802715-2 Chief Product Officer, SVP Products & Markets: G Scott Virkler Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Managing Director: Gina Boedeker Brand Manager: Penina Braffman/Jamie Laferrera Product Developer: Anthony McHugh Marketing Manager: Meredith Leo Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl Program Manager: Jennifer Shekleton Content Project Managers: Melissa Leick, Katie Klochan Buyer: Laura M Fuller Design: Studio Montage, Inc Content Licensing Specialists: Beth Thole Cover Image: Image Source/Glow Images Compositor: SPi Global Printer: R R Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cherlin, Andrew J., 1948- author Title: Public & private families : an introduction / Andrew J Cherlin, Johns Hopkins University Other titles: Public and private families Description: Eighth edition | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2017] Identifiers: LCCN 2016018980 | ISBN 9780078027154 (alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Families United States | Families | Family policy Classification: LCC HQ536 C442 2017 | DDC 306.850973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018980 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites mheducation.com/highered www.ebookslides.com For Claire and Reid www.ebookslides.com www.ebookslides.com About the Author Andrew J Cherlin is Benjamin H Griswold III Professor of Public Policy and Sociology at Johns Hopkins University He received a B.S from Yale University in 1970 and a Ph.D in sociology from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1976 His books include Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (2014), The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009), Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage (revised and enlarged edition, 1992), Divided Families: What Happens to Children When Parents Part (with Frank F Furstenberg, Jr., 1991), The Changing American Family and Public Policy (1988), and The New American Grandparent: A Place in the Family, A Life Apart (with Frank F Furstenberg, Jr., 1986) In 1989–1990 he was chair of the Family Section of the American Sociological Association In 1999 he was president of the Population Association of America, the scholarly organization for demographic research He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and the National Academy of Sciences In 2005 Professor Cherlin was awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship He received the Distinguished Career Award in 2003 from the Family Section of the American Sociological Association In 2001 he received the Olivia S Nordberg Award for Excellence in Writing in the Population Sciences In 2009 he received the Irene B Taeuber Award from the Population Association of America, in Recognition of Outstanding Accomplishments in Demographic Research He has also received a Merit Award from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development for his research on the effects of family structure on children His recent articles include “Nonmarital First Births, Marriage, and Income Inequality,” in the American Sociological Review; “Family Complexity, the Family Safety Net, and Public Policy,” in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science; “Goode’s World Revolution and Family Patterns: A Reconsideration at Fifty Years,” in Population and Development Review; and “The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage,” in the Journal of Marriage and Family He also has written many articles for The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Nation, Newsweek, and other periodicals He has been interviewed on the Today Show, CBS This Morning, network evening news programs, National Public Radio’s All Things Considered, and other news programs and documentaries Courtesy of Will Kirk, Johns Hopkins University v www.ebookslides.com Contents in Brief Part One Introduction, Public and Private Families, The History of the Family, 33 Part Two Gender, Class, and Race-Ethnicity, 69 Gender and Families, 71 Social Class and Family Inequality, 95 Race, Ethnicity, and Families, 119 Part Three Sexuality, Partnership, and Marriage, 153 Sexualities, 155 Cohabitation and Marriage, 181 Work and Families, 217 Part Four Links across the Generations, 237 Children and Parents, 239 10 Older People and Their Families, 265 Part Five vi Conflict, Disruption, and Reconstitution, 295 11 Domestic Violence, 297 12 Union Dissolution and Repartnering, 329 Part Six Family, Society, and World, 361 13 International Family Change, 363 14 The Family, the State, and Social Policy, 389 www.ebookslides.com Contents List of Boxes, xix Preface, xxi Part One Introduction, Chapter Public and Private Families, Looking Forward, WHAT IS A FAMILY?, The Public Family, The Private Family, Two Views, Same Family, 11 HOW DO FAMILY SOCIOLOGISTS KNOW WHAT THEY KNOW?, 13 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND FAMILIES, 17 Four Widely Used Perspectives, 17 The Exchange Perspective, 17 The Symbolic Interaction Perspective, 18 The Feminist Perspective, 20 The Postmodern Perspective, 21 GLOBALIZATION AND FAMILIES, 24 FAMILY LIFE AND INDIVIDUALISM, 26 A SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT ON FAMILIES, 28 Looking Back, 30 Study Questions, 31 Key Terms, 31 Thinking about Families, 31 Boxed Features HOW DO SOCIOLOGISTS KNOW WHAT THEY KNOW?: The National Surveys, 18 Chapter The History of the Family, 33 Looking Forward, 34 WHAT DO FAMILIES DO?, 36 The Origins of Family and Kinship, 36 vii www.ebookslides.com viii Contents THE AMERICAN FAMILY BEFORE 1776, 38 American Indian Families: The Primacy of the Tribe, 39 European Colonists: The Primacy of the Public Family, 40 Family Diversity, 41 THE EMERGENCE OF THE “MODERN” AMERICAN FAMILY: 1776–1900, 42 From Cooperation to Separation: Women’s and Men’s Spheres, 44 AFRICAN AMERICAN, MEXICAN AMERICAN, AND ASIAN IMMIGRANT FAMILIES, 46 African American Families, 46 An African Heritage?, 46 The Impact of Slavery, 47 Mexican American Families, 49 Asian Immigrant Families, 50 The Asian Heritage, 50 Asian Immigrants, 51 THE RISE OF THE PRIVATE FAMILY: 1900 –PRESENT, 52 The Early Decades, 52 The Depression Generation, 55 The 1950s, 56 The 1960s through the 1990s, 58 THE CHANGING LIFE COURSE, 61 Social Change in the Twentieth Century, 61 The New Life Stage of Emerging Adulthood, 62 The Role of Education, 62 Constrained Opportunities, 63 Declining Parental Control, 63 Emerging Adulthood and the Life-Course Perspective, 64 What History Tells Us, 64 Looking Back, 65 Study Questions, 66 Key Terms, 67 Thinking about Families, 67 Part Two Gender, Class, and Race-Ethnicity, 69 Chapter Gender and Families, 71 Looking Forward, 72 THE TRANSGENDER MOMENT, 72 THE GESTATIONAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER, 75 THE CHILDHOOD CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER, 77 Parental Socialization, 77 The Media, 78 Peer Groups, 78 www.ebookslides.com Contents ix THE CONTINUAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER, 80 Doing and Undoing Gender, 80 GENDER AS SOCIAL STRUCTURE, 83 THINKING ABOUT GENDER DIFFERENCES TODAY, 86 Causes at Multiple Levels, 86 The Slowing of Gender Change, 87 The Asymmetry of Gender Change, 88 Intersectionality, 88 MEN AND MASCULINITIES, 89 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF GENDER STUDIES, 90 Looking Back, 92 Study Questions, 93 Key Terms, 93 Thinking about Families, 93 Boxed Features HOW DO SOCIOLOGISTS KNOW WHAT THEY KNOW?: Feminist Research Methods, 80 FAMILIES AND PUBLIC POLICY: Do Employers Discriminate Against Women?, 84 Chapter Social Class and Family Inequality, 95 Looking Forward, 96 FAMILIES AND THE ECONOMY, 97 The Growing Importance of Education, 97 Diverging Demographics, 99 Age at Marriage, 99 Childbearing Outside of Marriage, 99 The Marriage Market, 100 Divorce, 101 Putting the Differences Together, 101 DEFINING SOCIAL CLASS, 102 Bringing in Gender and Family, 103 Social Classes and Status Groups, 104 The Four-Class Model, 104 Three Status Groups, 107 SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES IN FAMILY LIFE, 107 Assistance from Kin, 108 Kinship among the Poor and Near Poor, 108 Chronic Poverty and Kin Networks, 108 The Limits of Kin Networks, 109 Kinship among the Nonpoor, 110 Social Class and Child Rearing, 110 Social Class and Parental Values, 110 Concerted Cultivation versus Natural Growth, 111 SOCIAL CLASS AND THE FAMILY, 113 www.ebookslides.com 454 Name Index Levenson, R W., 230 Levin-Epstein, J., 232 Levin, I., 11, 187 Levy, C J., 248 Levy, F., 126, 260 Levy, M J., 374 Lewis, J M., 344, 345 Lewontin, R., 162, 163 Li, J.-C A., 338 Li, L., 308 Li, S., 310, 310f, 310n, 311, 375 Lichter, D T., 129, 130, 193, 330 Liebler, C A., 145 Liefbroer, A C., 337 Liker, J K., 251 Lim, N., 63 Lim, S., 49 Lin, C., 142 Lin, I.-F., 290 Lin, K.-H., 146, 147 Lindberg, L D., 163 Lindsey, E W., 50 Lippman, L., 257 Liu, C., 170 Liu, W T., 142 Locke, H J., 54 Loeb, T B., 311 Longmore, M A., 317 López-Gay, A., 374 Louie, J., 379 Lowenstein, A E., 406 Luker, K., 397 Lunday, G F., 134 Lundberg, S J., 203, 376 Lundquist, E., 406 Lundquist, J H., 130, 146, 147 Lüscher, K., 288 Lyall, 189 Lykes, M B., 379 Lykken, D T., 338 Lynd, H M., 196 Lynd, R S., 196 Lynskey, M T., 312 Maccoby, E E., 78, 345 Macfarlane, A., 365 Madden, P A., 347 Madsen, R., 27, 334 Maibach, E A., 312 Mallory, A B., 320 Malm, K., 247 Manning, W D., 10, 188–190, 191f, 192, 202, 212, 250, 254, 317, 334 Marantz, R., 246 Mare, R D., 130 Margulies, D S., 76 Markman, H J., 205 Marks, N G., 288 Marquardt, E., 346 Marsden, P V., 229, 397, 402, 407 Marshall, J., 261 Marsiglio, W., 245, 246 Martin, 189 Martín-García, T., 187 Martin, C E., Dr., 161, 161f Martin, E., 164 Martin, N G., 347 Martin, S P., 59, 195, 201, 209, 212, 330 Martínez, O J., 49 Mason, K O., 374 Massey, D S., 134 Mather, C., 299 Maxwell, C D., 323 May, E T., 196 Mazzuato, V., 379 McAuslan, P., 318 McCann, B R., 80, 89 McCartney, K., 256 McClain, D., 408 McDaniel, A., 49 McDermott, M., 124 McDonald, P., 366 McDonald, R M., 242 McElroy, S W., 175 McGarry, K., 256, 278 McGue, M., 338 McHale, S M., 78 McLanahan, S S., 19, 253, 254, 259, 308, 345, 348, 383 McLaughlin, D K., 129, 130 McLoyd, V C., 241 McMenamin, T M., 230, 232 McMullin, J A., 288 McPherson, K., 310, 310f, 310n, 311 McRoberts, O M., 135 Mead, L., 404 Mead, R., 202 Mendez, M., 320 Merla, L., 379 Merton, R K., 146n Mettenburg, J., 310, 310f, 310n, 311 Meyer, D R., 255, 340, 342, 409 Meyers, C E., 340, 340f Michael, R T., 162, 311, 312, 335 Michaels, G., 341 Michaels, S., 162, 163, 311, 312 Michalopoulos, C., 406 Milan, A., 188 Milkie, M A., 226, 234, 256 Milkman, R., 410 Miller, A J., 191, 192 Miller, A T., 49 Miller, G., 252 Miller, H G., 163 Miller, M K., 78 Mincy, R B., 342, 409 Minkler, M., 281 Mintz, S., 40, 184 Mitchell, C., 348 Mitterauer, M., 365 Modell, J J., 185, 186 Moen, P., 234 Moffitt, R., 400, 401n Monahan, S., 406 Moon, D., 166 Moore, K A., 245, 257 Moore, Q., 406 Morgan, P S., 49 Morgan, S P., 49, 55, 58, 137 Mosher, W D., 205, 336, 337 Moynihan, M M., 318 Mullainathan, S., 252 Munsch, C L., 289 Nagaoka, R., 242 Nagel, J., 121 Narasimhan, H., 370 Neale, M C., 164 Nelson, T J., 409 Nemoto, K., 147 Netting, N S., 370, 371 Newman, K S., 290, 398 Nexica, I J., 124 Nicholas, D., 35 Nixon, R M., 398 Nobles, J., 377 Nock, S L., 279 Nomaguchi, K M., 229 Norberg, K., 80, 81 Notterman, D., 348 Obama, B., 261 Obama, M., 120, 121 www.ebookslides.com O’Brien, J E., 17, 298 Ochs, E., 218 O’Connor, E H., 45 O’Connor, T G., 347 Ogburn, W F., 87 Ogolsky, B G., 303 O’Hare, W., 257 Oliver, M., 134 Oliverio, F., 378 Olmstead, A L., 57, 58 Olson, C D., 10 O’Malley, P M., 201, 258 O’Neill, W L., 53 Ono, H., 20 Oppenheimer, V K., 63, 208, 209, 220 Orbuch, T L., 337 O’Reilly, J M., 163 Orloff, A S., 394 Ormrod, R K., 313 Oropesa, R S., 138, 139 Ortega, J A., 368 Osborne, C., 254 Oster, E., 372 Owen, J J., 171 Owen, M T., 256 Ozment, S., 35 Pahl, R., 11, 177 Paik, A., 163 Painter-Brick, C., 243 Palese, A., 378 Palkovitz, R., 246 Pan, J., 221 Parish, W L., 369 Parreñas, R S., 89 Parsons, T., 208, 380 Pascoe, C J., 88 Patterson, C J., 249 Pattillo, M., 135 Peters, A., 188 Peters, H E., 195, 201, 209, 212 Peterson, I., 298 Petta, I., 310, 310f, 310n, 311 Pettit, B., 255 Pettit, G S., 241 Pezzin, L E., 289 Philipov, D., 332 Pillard, R C., 164 Pillemer, K., 278, 280, 288, 289, 315 Piper, T M., 379 Plant, R J., 58 Pleck, E., 299, 300, 322 Name Index Pleck, J H., 163, 245 Plomin, R., 347 Plutarch, 160 Polgreen, I., 298 Pollak, R A., 203, 289, 376 Pollock, L A., 35 Pomeroy, W B., 161, 161f Pool, J., 76 Porter, M., 202, 334 Portes, A., 140, 141, 203, L 141 Potter, J S., 312 Presser, H B., 230 Preston, M., 288 Preston, S H., 49 Price, R H., 252 Pugh, A J., 242 Purvin, D M., 194, 312, 313 Rackin, H., 192 Radel, L., 247 Raffaelli, M., 303 Raksin, J., 288 Raley, R K., 59, 137, 254, 336 Raley, S B., 226 Rasmussen, B B., 124 Rauch, J., 411 Rebhun, L A., 160, 372 Rector, R E., 306, 307 Redfoot, D L., 283 Reed, J M., 192 Regnerus, 250 Reichman, N., 19 Rendall, M S., 138, 206, 207 Repetti, R L., 308 Resick, P A., 305 Rhoades, G K., 171 Ribar, D C., 130 Ribuffo, L P., 411 Ricketts, S., 408 Ridder, E M., 302 Ridgeway, C L., 86, 87 Rieger, G., 164 Riffin, C., 289 Rindfuss, R R., 55, 58, 364 Rinelli, L N., 352 Risman, B J., 83, 88 Rivkin, I., 311 Robb, G., 159 Roberts, J., 205 Roberts, N A., 230 Roberts, R E L., 290 Robinson, J P., 256 455 Roettger, M E., 347 Rogers, S J., 306 Rogers, S M., 163 Roschelle, A R., 132 Rosenblum, M R., 50 Roseneil, S., 11, 177, 187n Rosenfeld, M J., 59, 63, 123, 146n, 186, 186f, 250 Rosenmayr, L., 275 Rossi, A S., 132, 270, 277 Rossi, P H., 132, 270, 277 Rossin-Slater, M., 233 Rothbaum, F., 242 Rothert, K., 335 Rothman, E K., 185n Rouse, C., 85 Ruddick, S., 80 Ruggles, S., 38, 330 Ruhm, C J., 233 Rumbaut, R G., 62 Rutter, V., 164 Ryder, N B., 270 Sadun, R., 232 Saiani, L., 378 Samson, F L., 124 Sandefur, G D., 145, 383 Sanders, A., 164 Sanders, S G., 175 Sanderson, C A., 312 Santos, A C., 187n Sarkisian, N., 132 Sassler, S., 191–193, 330 Saucier, P., 284 Savin-Williams, R C., 195 Sawhill, I V., 408, 411 Sayer, L C., 87, 225, 225f, 335 Scarupa, H., 313 Schaefer, R T., 13 Schans, D., 379 Schechter, M D., 246 Schieman, S., 234 Schneider, D., 135 Schoen, R., 335 Schone, B S., 289 Schooler, C., 243 Schwalberg, R., 408 Schwartz, C R., 212 Schwartz, P., 164, 170, 170n Scott, J W., 74 Scur, D., 232 Seale, E., 88 www.ebookslides.com 456 Name Index Sechrist, J., 278 Sedlak, A J., 310, 310f, 310n, 311 Seeman, T., 252 Seidman, S., 160, 166, 182 Seltzer, J A., 256, 278, 334 Seneca, 183 Senior, J., 219 Sensenbrenner, J., 203 Serafini, B J., 170, 170n Settersten, R A., Jr., 62 Shaefer, H L., 404 Shafir, E., 252 Shannon, J D., 245 Shapiro, T M., 134 Shefi, N., 76 Shen, H., 308 Sherman, L W., 323 Shoemaker, N., 144 Shore, R P., 234 Shortt, J W., 308 Shuey, K M., 289 Sibley, E., 379 Sieder, R., 365 Silver, H K., 301 Silverman, F N., 301 Silverstein, M., 280, 281, 285, 287, 289 Simon, M., 315 Simpson, C., 202 Simpson, O J., 298 Singh, S., 171, 177 Skocpol, T., 390, 394 Skopek, J., 271 Slutske, W S., 347 Smailes, E., 320 Smeeding, T M., 405, 409 Smeins, L., 202 Smith, A., 393 Smith, G V., 261 Smith, H L., 130 Smith-Marek, E N., 320 Smith-Rosenberg, C., 45, 157, 158 Smith, T K., 163 Smith, T W., 229, 397, 402, 407 Smock, P J., 59, 188, 192, 202, 334, 337, 341 Snipp, C M., 39, 121 Snyder, M., 306 Sobolewski, J M., 246 Sonenstein, F L., 163 Sorenson, S B., 308 Sparks, S., 40 Spencer, L., 11, 177 Springer, K W., 206 Sredl, K., 284 St Peters, M., 205 Stacey, J., 249 Stack, C B., 132 Standish, N J., 335 Stanley, S M., 171, 205, 212, 308 Steele, B F., 301 Stein, Y., 76 Stenberg, L., 257 Stepp, L S., 319 Stevenson, B., 147 Stewart, J H., 309 Stewart, S D., 349, 350 Stoilova, M., 187, 187n, 188 Stone, D., 222 Stone, P., 219 Straus, M A., 302, 309, 310 Strohm et al., 187 Stryker, S., 18 Stykes, B., 189, 190, 191f, 212, 254, 334 Suárez-Orozco, C., 379 Suarez, Z E., 139 Sudarkasa, N., 46 Sugarman, D B., 302 Suiter, J J., 289 Suitor, J J., 278, 280, 289 Sullivan, O., 213 Sullivan, W M., 27, 334 Summers, A., 78 Sutch, R., 57, 58 Sweeney, M M., 336, 351, 352 Sweet, J A., 275f Swicegood, G., 55, 58 Swidler, A., 27, 133, 212, 334 Sylaska, K M., 318 Tach, L., 409 Takahashi, N., 279 Takaki, R., 51, 52 Takeuchi, D., 241 Tamis-LeMonda, C S., 245, 246 Tavor, I., 76 Taylor, P., 146 Teachman, J D., 130, 337 Tedrow, L., 337 Teitler, J., 19 TenEyck, M., 321 Therborn, G., 42, 366, 382 Théry, 189 Thomas, R J., 171, 186 Thomas, W., 73 Thompson, H., 205 Thompson, N J., 312 Thorne, B., 20, 79, 80 Thornton, A., 365, 372, 373 Tienda, M., 140 Tiger, L., 40 Tillman, K H., 249 Timberlake, J M., 253f, 332 Tipton, S M., 27, 334 Todorova, I., 379 Tolnay, S E., 260 Torr, B M., 209 Toshio, T., 314 Trask, B S., 25, 376, 377 Tribe, L., 398 Tronto, J C., 20, 222, 224 Tsuya, N O., 364, 374 Turkheimer, E., 347 Turner, C F., 163 Turner, H A., 313 Turner, R N., 193, 330 Uhlenberg, P., 41, 266, 268, 270, 277, 289 Upchurch, D M., 308 Urchs, S., 76 Van Bavel, J., 277 Van Hook, J V W., 138, 141 Van Reenen, J., 232 Van Wyk, J., 308 Vandell, D L., 256, 257 Vandergrift, N., 257 Vandivere, S., 247 Vanneman, R., 370 Vargas Carmona, J., 311 Velexz-Gomez, P., 50 Veliz, P., 351 Veroff, J., 337 Vinokur, A D., 252 Voss, P., 255 Vryan, K D., 18 Wagmiller, R L., 351 Waite, L J., 183, 204 Waldfogel, J., 231, 233 Waldron, H., 206, 207 Wales, T J., 376 Walker, A J., 80, 89 Wallace, R B., 313 www.ebookslides.com Wallerstein, J S., 344, 345 Walsh, Wendy A., 318 Wang, W., 226 Ward, R A., 289 Ward, S K., 318 Wardlow, H., 373 Weden, M M., 206, 207 Weeks, J., 195 Wehner, P., 411 Weinberg, D., 85 Weinrich, J D., 160 Weiss, J., 58 Weitzman, L J., 339 Welter, B., 44 West, C., 81–83, 167, 410 Western, B., 129 Wexler, N., 76 White, L., 290 Whitehead, B D., 411 Whitton, S W., 205 Whyte, M K., 185n, 202, 338, 369 Wickes, R., 81n Widom, C S., 313 Wilcox, W B., 244, 322 Name Index Wildeman, C., 129, 255 Wilding, R., 379 Wildsmith, E., 137, 254 Wilkerson, B., 206 Williams, J C., 234 Williams, J K., 311 Williams, L M., 312 Williams, W L., 160 Willson, A E., 289 Wilson, J Q., 127, 208, 396 Wilson, K L., 140 Wilson, L., 241 Wilson, W J., 130, 135 Wimer, C., 137 Winship, C., 130 Witke, R., 369 Wolf, D A., 284 Wolfe, B L., 175 Wolff, J L., 283 Wong, M G., 51 Wood, D., 241 Wood, R G., 406 Wood, W., 76 Wootton, B H., 88 Worth, R F., 298 Wray, M., 124 Wright, G., 57, 58 Wright, L., 125 Wu, L L., 338 Wu, Z., 336 Wyatt, G E., 311 Xie, Y., 374 Xu, X., 204 Yabiku, S T., 372 Yan, Y., 370 Yanagisako, S., 51 Yeung, W.-J J., 63, 373 Yount, K M., 308 Yu, J., 374 Zelizer, V., 299 Zhao, J Z., 339 Zhou, M., 143 Zimmerman, D H., 80–83, 167 Ziol-Guest, K M., 231 457 www.ebookslides.com Subject Index Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations An f indicates figures and t indicates tables abortion conservative viewpoint, 396 rights, 397 social change, 210 teenage pregnancy, and, 173 abstinence, 407 abuse See child abuse; domestic violence; intimate partner violence activities of daily living (ADLs), 283 adolescents recognition, as stage of life, 184 sexual behavior changes, 172–173 sexuality, and pregnancy, 172–176 stepfamilies, 352 teenage mothers, 173–175 teenage pregnancy “problem,” 173 adoption, 246–249 domestic, 247 foster care policy, 313 transnational, 247–249 Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, 314 adult children, 287 advocacy care work, 222 contraception, adolescents, 176 reduced sexual activity, adolescents, 176 sexual abuse, 306 teenage pregnancy “problem,” 177 AFDC See Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Affordable Care Act, 273 Africa marriage, 46 polygyny, 38 African Americans, 46–49 African heritage, 46 churches, and emphasis on marriage, 205 culture, 130–132 extended family, 46 458 extended kin ties, 47 family trends, 128–133 gender, 133 grandparenting, 132 kinship networks, 133 marital separation/divorce, 336 marriage market, 208 marriage rates, 129–130 marriage/childbearing, 127–128 married, labor force participation, 221 married women, labor force participation, 228 mass incarceration, 255 men, “caring self,” 224 middle-class families, 133–135 multiracial self-identification, 147 physical discipline of children, 241–242 poverty line, 399 single-parent families, 128 slavery, 47–49 age at entry into union, 336 historical vs individual time, 61–62 mandatory schooling, at marriage, 99, 185, 209–210, 210t retirement, young adults, leaving home, 55 aggression levels, 76 Aid to Dependent Children program, 395, 402 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 391, 403 Alaska Natives, 121 altruism, 279 ambivalence, 288 American Indians See also Native Americans defined, 39 family lineages, 39 interracial marriages, 147 primacy of the tribe, 39–40 androgens, 75 androgynous behavior, 245 anti-abortion forces, 396 Apache traditions, 40 arranged marriage, 369 arrest, domestic violence legislation, 323 Asian Americans category defined, 122 interracial marriages, 147 Asian immigrants, 50–52 assigned kinship, 10 assimilation, 139 assortative marriage, 100, 116 asymmetry (of gender change), 88 audio computer assisted selfinterview, 163 authoritarian style (of parenting), 241 authoritative parenting style, 241, 344 baby boom, 57, 62 barrio, 50 “beanpole family,” 270 behavior, 22 bilateral kinship, 52 biological predispositions, 29 biosocial approach (to gender differences), 87 biosocial theory, 75 birth cohort, 57 birth control pill early days, 176 marital/nonmarital sexual activity, 168 birthrate early 1900s, 53 Mexican Americans, 137 1950s, 56–58 www.ebookslides.com 1960s-1990s, 58–60 teenage pregnancy “problem,” 173, 176–177 black middle class, 134 blue collar workers, 96 Bonds of Womanhood The (Cott), 45 boundary ambiguity, 10 boys physical aggression, biosocial theory, 75 sexual orientation, 88 Brazil racial distinctions, 121 breadwinner-homemaker family, 17, 198 California paid parental leave, 233 care work, 222–225 caregivers, 377, 378 caregiving, 283–284 centenarians, 269 child abuse, 309–313 defined, 309 foster care, 313 incidence, 310–311 physical abuse, 312–313 poly-victimization, 313 sexual abuse, 311–312 child care government assistance, 402 time apart from parents, 256 child custody, 339–340 child rearing college-educated parents, 114 social class, and, 110–113 child support obligations, 342 childbearing African Americans, 127–128 nonmarital, 407–408 outside of marriage, 99–100 teenage mothers, 13–14 childhood gender construction, 80–83 recognized as life stage, 34–35 children adoption, 246–249 adults, caring for parents, 287 cohabiting couples, and, 193 family complexity, 254–255 family instability, 252–254 language acquisition, 242 Subject Index marriage behavior, 371 socialization, 241–244 stepfamilies, and, 351–353, 356–357 support factors of importance, 244–246 time apart from parents, 256–257 unemployed parents/poverty, 250–252 well-being, 257–261 China patrilineage, 36 transnational adoption, 247–248 Chinese Exclusion Act, 351 Chinese immigrants, 351 churches, 135 class See social class coercive controlling violence, 303 cognitive indicators, 258 cohabitation, 59, 188–195, 334 class, and, 191–194 cohabiting couples, legal rights, 189 college-educated cohabitants, 191 consensual union, 139 dating, and, 185 defined, 59, 188 emerging adulthood, 62–64 first marriages, and, 190 gay men, 194–195 least-educated cohabitants, 192–194 lesbians, 194–195 marriage, compared, 189 mid 20th century, 26 moderately-educated cohabitants, 192 premarital, 26, 337 Puerto Ricans, 139 serial, 192 United States, 190 cohabiting stepfamily, 350 cohabiting unions, 381 collective ambivalence, 289 college education cohabitation, and, 191 constrained opportunities, 63 college-educated cohabitants, 191 commercial capitalism, 44 459 communication electronic, 233–234 individualistic marriage, 199 compadrazgo, 50 companionate marriage, 196–197, 371–375 companionship, 196, 384 complexity, 382 concerted cultivation, 242 conflict, 288–289 conjugal family, 37, 366 consensual union, 139, 374 conservative viewpoint abortion, 396, 397 EITC, 401 family policy, 396–398 paid parental leave, 409–410 contraception early days, 176 marital/nonmarital sexual activity, 168 teenage pregnancy “problem,” 176–177 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 261 courtship, 184 created kinship, 10 crisis period, 344–345 Cuban Americans, 139–141 business start-up loans, 148 household statistics, 136 cultural lag, 87 custody, of children, 339–340 dating, 185–186 deep poverty, 400 demographic change age at marriage, 99 childbearing outside of marriage, 99–100 different directions, 101–102 depression See Great Depression developed countries, 118–119 developing countries, 119–120 developmental idealism, 373 diminished parenting, 344 disabled persons, 283–284 division of labor, in marriage, 222–227 divorce effects of, 289–290 www.ebookslides.com 460 Subject Index divorce rates, 330 baby boom cohort, 62 cross-sectional rate, 331 early 1900s, 53 education, and, 101 measuring, 331 1960s-1990s, 58–60 domestic adoption, 246 domestic partnerships, 189 domestic violence, 367 child abuse, 309–313 See also child abuse defined, 298 early history, 299–300 elder abuse, 313–315, 316f emerging adulthood, 317–319 frustration-aggression perspective, 320–321 intimate partner violence, 302–308 See also intimate partner violence mandatory arrest legislation, 323 public policy, and, 322–324 reasons for, 319–322 social exchange perspective, 321 social learning perspective, 320 20th century, 300–302 Dominicans, 157 donor insemination, 249 door-to-door interviewing, 14 dual-earner families, 102 early adulthood defined, 62–64 diverging demographics, 111–112 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 401–402 earnings See family income; income economic support, post-divorce, 341–343 education importance of, 97–98 role of, 62–63 egalitarian partnerships, 224 Eisenstadt v Baird, 168 EITC See Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) elderly See also grandparenthood abuse, 313–315, 316f disabled persons, 283–284 men, living arrangements, 276–277 emerging adulthood, 62 sexual aggression/violence, 317–319 employment See work employment opportunities college-educated couples, 114 education, and, 62–63 enforceable trust, 203 ethical considerations ethical training, 244 ethics of care, 224 ethnicity See also race divorce risk factors, 336–337 kinship ties, 148–149 racial-ethnic groups, 121–126 racial/ethnic intermarriage, 146–147 socialization, 241–242 whiteness, 124–126 Europe premarital cohabitation, 337 European colonists, 40–41 European immigrants, 124 exchange theory, 17, 279–280 expressive individualism, 27 extended family, 37 African Americans, 46 American Indians, 145 defined, 37 Hispanics, 138 return of, 281–282 working class vs middle class, 115 externalities, extramarital sex, 170 factory jobs, 96 families breadwinner-homemaker family, 17 defined, earner, 102 extended See extended family globalization, and, 24–26 multiracial, 124–125, 126 private, 9–12 public, 6–9 single parent vs married couple, sociological theory and, 17–24 sociological viewpoint on, 28–30 work, and See work families-historical perspective African Americans, 46–49 American Indians (pre-1776), 39–40 Asian immigrants, 50–52 early adulthood, emergence of, 62–64 European colonists (pre-1776), 40–41 family/kinship origins, 36–38 Mexican Americans, 49–50 “modern” American family (1776–1900), 42–44 private family rise (1900-present), 52–60 See also private family 20th century social change, 61–62 family Native American cultures, 73 transgender moment, 73 Family and Medical Leave Act, 232, 233 family change convergence thesis, 365–366 global south, 366–375 globalization and, 375–380 past and future, 383–385 Western nations, 380–383 family complexity, 254–255 family diversity, 41–42 family income, 131f family inequality, 97, 111 family instability, 252–254 family life household chores, 22 household types, 253–254 individualism, and, 26–28 sexuality, and, 176–177 social class differences, 107 work, and, 229–231 work stress, 229 family national guard, 290–292 family policy conservative viewpoint, 396–398 convergence, 411–412 current debates, 405–410 defined, 392 EITC, 401–402 family wage system, 394–396 liberal viewpoint, 398 1996 welfare reform, 402–404 nonmarital childbearing, 407–408 poverty, 399 responsible fatherhood, 408–409 same-sex marriage, 406–407 supporting marriage, 405–406 welfare state, 393–394 www.ebookslides.com family wage system, 394–396 family-responsive workplace, 232–234 family-work balance, 227–234, 409–410 farming, 44 fathers See also parenting bilateral kinship, 52 child support obligations, 342 Chinese immigrants, 50 commercial capitalism, 44 contact with childrens, 340–341 East Asian heritage, 50 Hopi traditions, 39 Japanese immigrants, 51 lineages, 36, 39 patrilineage, 36 responsible fatherhood, 408–409 single-father families, 342–343, 343 feminist movement domestic violence, 301–302 power/inequality issues, 91 feminist research methods, 80 feminist theory, 20, 21 fertility, 270, 375 field research, 15 Filipino immigrants, 52 financial pressures, 198 “flapper” girls, 52 flextime, 232 food stamps See Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) formal sector, 119 foster care, 313 Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 19 free-rider problem, frustration-aggression perspective, 320–321 gay men cohabitation, 194–195 gay parenthood, 249–250 gay pride celebration, 165 gender, 20, 24, 74 American society, 73 childhood construction, 80–83 continual construction of, 80–83 defined, 20, 74 gender differences today, 86 gender studies, 90–91 masculinity, 89–90 Subject Index social class, and, 103, 104 as social structure, 83–86 socialization, and, 243 Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School (Thorne), 80 gendered behavior, 82 gender-egalitarian marriage, 213–214 gene-environment interaction, 348 generalized exchange, 279 gerontologists, 269 gestation, 75 girls sexual orientation, 88 global south, 366–375 globalization defined, 24 families, and, 24–26 and family diversity, 381 of production, 376–377 Western nations, 25 godparent, 50 government assistance, 402 grandparenthood African Americans, 131–132 grandparents as family national guard, 290–292 intergenerational ties, 284–290, 285 See also intergenerational ties modernization of old age, 268–278 Great Depression, 55–56 social change, 61 Griswold v Connecticut, 168 Head Start Program, 392 health insurance, 390, 404 health span, 268 healthy living, current trends, 267 Healthy Marriage Initiative, 405 heterosexuality, medical category definition, 159 Hispanics, 122, 136–141 category defined, 122 Cuban Americans, 139–141 Mexican Americans, 136–138 poverty line, 399 Puerto Ricans, 138–139 homelessness, 106 homosexuality gay pride celebration, 165 Kinsey Report, 160 461 medical category definition, 159 parenthood, 249–250 queer theory, 166–167 Smith-Rosenberg same-sex intimacy study, 157–158 social constructionist perspective, 160 hooking up, 170–171 Hopi, 39 hormones, 74, 75 household income, 25, 143 households multigenerational, 37, 280 skipped-generation, 281 housing affordability, 114 hunter-gatherers, 36 husbands division of labor, 222–227 earnings, compared to wives, 221 household chores, 22 time-diary studies, 225 wives’ earnings, and domestic work distribution, 226 hybrid marriage, 369–371 hypothesis, 13 ideal type, 104, 122 immigrant enclave, 140 immigration Asians, 141–143 Puerto Ricans, 138–139 U.S citizenship, 123 Vietnamese, 141–142 Immigration Act of 1965, 52 imprisonment African Americans, 128 mass incarceration, 255 incarceration See imprisonment incest, 311 income wives, and domestic work, 226 income-pooling model, 209 independent living, 186–187 individualism, 26 defined, 26 expressive, 27 family life, 26–28 “modern” American family, 42–44 private family, rise of, 53 utilitarian, 27 women’s/men’s spheres, 44–45 www.ebookslides.com 462 Subject Index individualistic marriage, 198–199 industrialized society, 381 informal sector, 119 information, sources of See Internet institutional marriage, 196 integrative perspective (on sexuality), 164–165 interactionist approach (to gender differences), 81, 82 intergenerational ambivalence, 288 intergenerational conflict, 288–289 intergenerational solidarity, 285–287 intergenerational support, 278–284 caregiving, rewards/costs, 284 extended family, return of, 281–282 generalized exchange, 279 multigenerational households, 280 mutual assistance, 278–280 older persons with disabilities, 283–284 skipped-generation households, 281 intergenerational ties, 284–290 International family change See Family change international migrants, 25 Internet, 186 interracial marriage, 146–147 intersectionality (of black women’s experience), 89, 133, 147 interview, 14–15 intimacy at a distance, 275 intimate partner violence, 302–308 coercive controlling violence, 303 prevalence, 306–307 risk factors, 308 situational couple violence, 303 trends, 305–306 investment, marriage as, 203 Japan, children socialization, 242, 243 Japanese immigrants, 51 joint legal custody (of children after a dissolution, 339 joint physical custody (of children after a dissolution), 339 Journal of Marriage and the Family, 298 Kinsey Report, 160 kinship care, 315 kinship groups, 37 kinship ties African Americans, 132 American Indian tribes, 144 assigned kinship, 10 chronic poverty, 108–109 created kinship, 10 divorce/remarriage, 355–356 fertility decline, and, 270–271 historical perspective, 39 kin network limitations, 109–110 nonpoor families, 110 poor/near poor families, 108 postmodern perspective, 21 race/ethnicity, and, 148–149 women-centered kinship, 108–109 labor force, 62, 219 language acquisition, 242 LAT See living apart together (LAT) late modern/postmodern era, 21 Latinos See Hispanics legal custody (of children after a dissolution), 339 legislation See family policy lesbian parenthood, 249–250 lesbians cohabitation, 194–195 gay pride celebration, 165 liberal viewpoint EITC, 401 family policy, 398 paid parental leave, 410 supporting marriage, 405–406 time-unlimited welfare, 404 life chances, 102, 120 life expectancy early 1900s, 53 married vs divorced/nevermarried individuals, 204 life-course perspective, 61 lineage, 36 living apart together (LAT), 187–188 living arrangements, 274–277 longitudinal survey, 18 love, 182–183, 370 love marriage, 370 Loving v Virginia, 146 lower-class families, 105–113, 124 Maine, same-sex marriage legislation, 407 managers, 97, 103 marital bargain, 211, 211 marital dissolution, 383 marriage See also family life Africa, 46 African Americans, 128, 130–131 age trends, 99 as an ongoing project, 212 Apache traditions, 40 benefits of, 206–207 as the capstone experience, 201 childbearing outside of, 99–100 cohabitation, compared, 189 companionate, 196–197 division of labor, 222–227 domestic violence risk factors, 308 egalitarian marriage, 212–214 global historical perspective, 66 historical trends, 197–199 historical trends (1950s), 56–58, 57 historical trends (1960s-1990s), 58–60 individualism, 198–199 institution vs companionship, 54 institutional, 196 as investment, 203 marriage market, 207–209 Mexican Americans, 137 public policy, 405–406 Puerto Ricans, 139 racial/ethnic intermarriage, 146–147 reasons for, 200–201 religion, and, 204–205 rising age, 368–369 same-sex, same-sex marriage, 205–206 sexual attraction/activity, 168 19th century, 44 wedding as status symbol, 201–202 Marriage Law of 1950, 369 marriage market, 207–209 diverging demographics, 101 income-pooling model, 209 specialization model, 208 Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami (van Eyck), 35 married individuals See husbands; wives www.ebookslides.com married stepfamily, 350 married women See wives masculinity, 90 mass incarceration, 255 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 299 matrilineage, 36, 39 mediating structure, 135 Medicaid, 271, 283 medical model of domestic violence, 300–302 Medicare, 271–273, 283 men See also husbands asymmetry (of gender change), 88 class families, 104 divorce, 354 domestic violence theories, 319 elderly, living arrangements, 276–277 gender differentiation interactionist approach, 82–83 life expectancy, married vs divorced/never-married, 204 lower-class families, 105 marital bargain, 211, 211 masculinity, 89–90 middle-class families, 104 occupations, and stereotype, 87 same-sex sexual activity, 162f time-diary studies, 225 unemployment, and union dissolution, 334–335 mestizo, 50 Mexican Americans, 49–50, 136–138 marriage, 137 population statistics, 136 TFR, 137 middle-class families, 123 African Americans, 133–135 Concerted Cultivation versus Natural Growth, 111–113 defined, 104–105 parental values, 110–111 migrant parents, 379, 380 moderately-educated cohabitants, 192 “modern” American family, 42–45 modern views, family life, Modernization of Benefits and Obligations Act of 2000, 189 modernization theory, 365 mortality, 268–270 Subject Index mothers, 218 See also parenting bilateral kinship, 52 child support obligations, 342 Hopi traditions, 39 lineages, 36, 39 matrilineage, 36 teenagers, 173–175 women-centered kinship, 108 working outside of home, 87 multigenerational households, 37, 280 multiple partner fertility (MPF), 254–255 multiracial category, 124, 126 mutual assistance, older persons/ adult children, 278–280 nation, 393 National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 177 nation-state, 393 Native American cultures, 73 Native Americans See also American Indians racial-ethnic groups, 121 negative externalities, neglect, 313 neo-tradition, 118, 381 New Jersey paid parental leave, 233 1965 Immigration Act, 52 no-fault divorce, 334 non-Hispanic whites, 123–126 nonmarital birth ratio, 173 nonmarital childbearing, 407–408 nonparental care, 257 nonstandard work hours, 230 norms, 242 nursing home, 284 objectivity, 13 observational study, 15–16 older population, 269 oldest-old, 269 old-old, 269 online information sources See Internet paid parental leave, 233 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 19 parental control, 367–371 463 parental divorce, 338 parental leave California, 233 defined, 232 New Jersey, 233 Washington State, 233 Western Europe, 231 work-family balance, 409–410 parental values, 110–111 parenting See also fathers; mothers adoption, 246–249 authoritarian style, 241 authoritative parenting, 344 authoritative style, 241 diminished parenting, 344 divorce, 338 family instability, 252–254 fathers’ influence, 245–246 homelessness, 106 lesbian/gay parenthood, 249–250 obligations towards children, 240–250 parental control, 63–64 permissive style, 241 Protestantism, 244 socialization of children, 241–244 time apart from children, 256–257 unemployment/poverty, 250–252 patrilineage, 36, 39 peer groups, 78 permissive style (of parenting), 241 personal fulfillment See selffulfillment persons with disabilities, 283–284 physical abuse, 312–313 physical custody (of children after a dissolution), 339 physical discipline of children, 241–242 Plymouth Colony, 40 polarization (of the labor market), 97, 111 political model of domestic violence, 300 polyandry, 38 polygynous marriages, 367 polygyny, 38 poly-victimization, 313 Poor Richard’s Almanack (Franklin), 27 positive externalities, postmodern ideals, 374 www.ebookslides.com 464 Subject Index poverty abuse, and, 313 American Indians, 145 parenthood, and, 250–252 well-being of children, 259 poverty line, 399 predisposition, 29 pregnancy abortion rights, 397 See also abortion adolescence, 172–176 cohabitation, and, 192, 193 National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 177 premarital, 210, 210t unplanned, 336 premarital cohabitation, 337 premarital sex, 170 primary analysis, 18 private family, 9–11, 52–60 Depression generation, 55–56 early 1900s, 52–55 1950s, 56–58 1960s through the 1990s, 58–60 primacy of, 353–355 professionals, 97 progressive workplace, 232–234 Protestantism, 244 psychosocial effects, of union dissolution, 344–348 public family, 6–9 public goods, public policy See family policy Puerto Ricans, 136–139 Puritans child abuse, 309 childhood, recognition of, 39 houses, Plymouth Colony, 40 marriage laws, 42 moral behavior, 299 women’s sphere, 45 queer theory, 166–167 race See also ethnicity African American families, 127 American Indian families, 144–145 Asian American families, 141–143 divorce risk factors, 336–337 Hispanic families, 136–141 kinship ties, 148–149 Obama, and public opinion, 120–121 racial-ethnic groups, 121–126 racial/ethnic intermarriage, 146–147 social capital, 143–144 social stratification, 88–89 racial-ethnic group, 121–126 random-sample survey, 15 rape, 317–319 reflexivity, 22 religion marriage, and, 204–205 socialization, and, 244 remarriages, 289–290, 350–351 See also stepfamilies remittances, 51, 377 repartnering, 332–333 stepfamily diversity, 349–350 research methods door-to-door interviewing, 14 feminist, 80–81 field research, 15 observational study, 15–16 random-sample survey, 15 scientific, 80 survey, 15 resources, 207–208 responsible fatherhood, 408–409 responsive workplace, 410 Roe v Wade, 396, 397 romantic love, 182–183, 384 rule-altering behavior, 22 rule-directed behavior, 22 same-sex couples, 23 same-sex marriage, 205–206 legislation, 189 public policy, 406–407 scientific method, 13 scientific research methods, 80 secondary analysis, 18 selection effect, 174 self-development current context of marriage, 200 increased emphasis on, 212 individualistic marriage, progression towards, 199 marriage as an ongoing project, 212 self-fulfillment, 334, 353 self-identity, 21 “separate spheres” ideology, 43, 44, 45 separation African Americans, 333t, 337 single-parent families, 128 serial cohabitation, 192 serial monogamy, 170 service sector, 220 sex vs gender, 74 sex-selective abortions, 375 sexual abuse awareness of, 318 consequences, 311–312 prevalence, 317–319 and sexual activity, 311–312 sexual activity adolescents, 172–173 outside of relationships, 170–171 sexual acts, 159 sexual behavior, adolescence, 172–173 sexual identity, 158–167 defined, 159 determinants of, 160–165 heterosexuality vs homosexuality, 159 integrative perspective, 164–165 queer theory, 166–167 questioning, 166–167 sexual acts, compared, 159 social constructionist perspective, 160–164 sexual infidelity, 317, 372 sexual orientation asymmetry of gender change, 88 genetic influences, 164–165 sexuality adolescence, and pregnancy, 172–176 in committed relationships, 170 family life, and, 176–177 in and out of relationships, 168–171 sexual identity, 158–167 See also sexual identity shallow poverty, 400 Singer Sewing Machine Company, 96 single-earner families companionate marriage, 196–197 www.ebookslides.com single-father families, 342–343, 343 single-parent families, 342, 391, 392, 398, 400, 401, 403, 405 African Americans, 128, 129 family instability, 253 situational couple violence, 303, 303t skipped-generation households, 281 slavery, 47–48 Smith-Rosenberg same-sex intimacy study, 157–158 SNAP See Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) social capital, 143 social class, 120 child rearing, 110–113 defined, 102 demographics, 99–103 developed countries, 118–119 developing countries, 119–120 domestic violence risk factors, 308 education, importance of, 97–98 family, and, 113–115 family inequality, 97–98 gender, and family, 103–104 kin networks, assistance from, 108–110 life chances, 102 social stratification, 88–89 socialization, and, 242–243 status group, 102, 104–107 social constructionist perspective, 160–164 social institution, 29 social learning perspective, 320 social norms, 372–373 social programs, 323–324 Social Security, 271, 272, 274, 396 Social Security Act of 1935, 391, 394, 395, 402 social stratification, 88 social structure, 83 socialization, 77 ethnicity, and, 241–242 gender, and, 243 religion, and, 244 social class, and, 242–243 as support and control, 241 socialization approach (to gender differences), 77 socioemotional indicators, 258 sociological research See research methods Subject Index sociological theory exchange theory, 17 feminist theory, 20–21 late modern era, 21–23 symbolic interaction theory, 18 South Asians, 122 spanking/slapping, 241–242, 309 specialization model, 208 spillover, 230 spiritual love, 182 spouse’s similarity, 338–339 standard of living, 271–273 state, 393 status group, 121 stay-at-home wives, 223 stepfamilies age at leaving home, 352–353 children, and, 351–353, 356–357 cohabiting vs married, 350, 352 defined, 350 demography/remarriages, 350–351 diversity, 349–350 kinship ties, 355–356 lessons learned, 353–357 primacy of private family, 353–355 stress, 230–231 Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP), 5, 106, 273, 404 survey, 14–16 longitudinal, 18 national, 18 newspapers, 18 symbolic interaction theory, 18 task size, 229–230 task stress, 230–231 teenage childbearing, 13–14 teenage marriages, 367, 373 teenage mothers, 173–175 teenage pregnancy “problem,” 173, 176–177 teenagers See adolescents telecommuting, 233 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) AFDC, compared, 391, 403 current trends, 391 defined, 403 MPF, 255 policy reversal, 403–404 welfare reform effects, 404 465 TFR See total fertility rate (TFR) time-diary studies, 225 total fertility rate (TFR), 137, 375 traditional views, family life, transgender moment Americans, 72t defined, 72 gender, 74 gender nonconforming, 73 people, 73 sex, 74 two-spirit people, 73 transgender people, 73 transnational adoption, 247–249 transnational families, 377–380 tribal societies family ties, 37 matrilineage, 39 patrilineage, 39 True Womanhood cult, 44 two-earner families See dual-earner families two-spirit people, 73 ultrasound scans, 375 unemployment parenthood, and, 250–252 union, 183 union dissolution child custody, 339–340 child support obligations, 342 children, and, 339–348 contact, 340–341 definition, 332 economic support, 341–343 individual factors, 333t, 336–339 psychosocial effects, 344–348 societywide factors, 333–336, 333t union formation, 183–188 American courtship, 184 dating, 185–186 defined, 210 historical trends/changes, 210–212 independent living, 186–187 living apart relationships, 187–188 union repartnering, 332 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 261 United States American courtship, 184 bilateral kinship, 52 divorce rates, 331 www.ebookslides.com 466 Subject Index United States—Cont family diversity trends, family instability, 252 intermarriages, and racial divide, 146–147 mandatory schooling age, 12 manufacturing outsourcing, 25 same-sex marriage legislation, 406 teenage birthrates, 177 transgender, 72 upper-class families, 104, 122 utilitarian individualism, 27 values, 242 Versailles Village, 143 violence See child abuse; domestic violence; intimate partner violence wage-and salary-based economy, 371 wage gap, 84, 85 workforce participation (1960s-1990s), 60 wage labor, 44 Washington State, paid parental leave, 233 Webster v Reproductive Health Services, 397 wedding, as a status symbol, 201–202 welfare reform, 402–404 welfare state, 393–394 Western Europe maternal partnerships statistics, 253f parental leave, 231 Western nations, 25 defined, 25 economic trends, 84 kinship groups, 37 Western-style family, 373 whiteness, as ethnicity, 124–126 widowers, 276 widowhood, 382, 383 wives division of labor, 222–227 earnings, and domestic work, 226 earnings, compared to husbands, 221 household chores, 22 stay-at-home wives, 222, 223 time-diary studies, 225 women See also wives asymmetry (of gender change), 88 childbearing outside of marriage, 99–100 cohabitation, and education, 192–194 developing countries, 119–120 divorce, 354 employment, and union dissolution, 335 employment discrimination, 84–85 employment outside of home (1920s), 54 employment outside of home (current trends), 54, 111 feminist theory, 20–21 gender differentiation, interactionist approach, 82–83 intimate partner violence, 304 intimate partner violence rates, 304 life expectancy, married vs divorced/never-married, 204 living arrangements, historical trends, 274–277 low-wage service jobs, 377 marital bargain, 211 married, labor force participation, 219–221 middle-class families, 104–105 MPF, 255 occupations, and stereotype, 87 same-sex sexual activity, 162f social class, and employment, 104 time-diary studies, 225 wage gap, 85 working-class families, 105 women-centered kinship, 108, 114, 127 work family life, and, 229–231 labor force, 219 marriage, and division of labor, 222–227 married women’s labor force participation, 219–221 service sector, 220 wives’ earnings, and domestic duties, 226 work stress, 229 work-family balance, 227–234, 409–410 working-class families, 123 concerted cultivation vs natural growth, 111–113 defined, 105 parental values, 110 young adulthood See early adulthood young-old, 269 www.ebookslides.com www.ebookslides.com ... AMERICAN, AND ASIAN IMMIGRANT FAMILIES, 46 African American Families, 46 An African Heritage?, 46 The Impact of Slavery, 47 Mexican American Families, 49 Asian Immigrant Families, 50 The Asian Heritage,... Explanations, 133 Gender and Black Families, 133 The Rise of Middle-Class Families, 133 HISPANIC FAMILIES, 136 Mexican Americans, 136 Puerto Ricans, 138 Cuban Americans, 139 ASIAN AMERICAN FAMILIES, ... (“Family, Society, and World”) family change around the world and social and political issues involving the family and the state are discussed Special Features Public and Private Families is distinguishable