Cơ sở lý thuyết các quá trình hóa học trần thị đà

\ TRAN THI DA DANG TRAN PHAC a sa bhuLfei: CAC PHAN UNG HOA HOC m TRAN TH| BA - BANG TRAN PHACH ctf self u nnjYifr ifolGWOAwQC ( Tdi ban Ian thti nhat ) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO BUC 04 - 2006 / CXB / 159 - 1860/ GD Ma so: 7K 589T DAI Ldi m m Hod hoc dang uao tho' i ki phat trien manh me Cac uan de li thuyet dupe hoan thien mo rong ua doi mdi Cac tuu nghien cdu ua san xuat cang da dang , phong phu Cac phuong phdp thac nghiem cang tinh ui ua hdu hieu da lam cho kho tang kien thdc hoa hoc cang so hon Trade boi canh , ca ngadi hoc , ngadi day ua ngadi nghien cdu cang phai nam udng cd sd li thuyet cua nhdng bien doi hod hoc , trade het 1a cua cac phan dng hod hoc Cuon sach nham cung cap nhdng kien thdc ue : Co so cua Nhiet dong lac hoc hod hoc Co so cua Dong hod hoc Moi lien he gida phan , cdu tao ua tinh chat cua chat tan , dung moi ua dung dich , dac biet 1a nhdng hieu biet moi ue dung moi long uc,i sa sonuat hod Li thuyet axit - bazo ua phan dng axit - bazo, dac biet la uiec phan biet lac axit - bazo nadc ua dung moi khac udi nadc Do axit ua ngoai pham ui thang pH Phan dng oxi hod - khd , cO che phan dng , lac oxi hod - khd dac biet la nhdng dng dung cua phan dng oxi hod - khd cong nghiep hod chat , linh uitc moi trao' ng ua cuoc song thadng Cac hoi dung tren dape uiet hai mdc khac : mdc co ban ua mdc nang cao Cac muc co ghi dau * la nhdng kien thdc nang cao , md rong ua di sau udo co sd li thuyet cac phan dng hod hoc Bang uiec ket hop hai yeu cdu co ban ua nang cao , chung toi hi uong rang cuon sach khong nhdng la giao trinh giang day cho sinh uien cac nganh co hoc mon Hod hoc md doi udi ca sinh uien cac nam cud' i ua hoc men cao hoc cac trudng Dai hoc ua Cao ddng thuoc chuyen nganh Hod hoc Dong thdi cuon sach la tdi lieu tham khao cho giao men Trung hoc thong , giang men hod hoc cac trudng Dai hoc , Cao dang ua cac can bo nghien cUu hod hoc Sach gom chin chuctng , dupe phan cong bien soan nhu sau : PGS Dang Tran Phach : tie chuang I den chuang V PGS Tran Thi Da : tu chuang VI den chuang IX Cuon sach chdc thieu sot Cac tac gia chan cam an nhdng y kien dong gop ua phe binh cua cac dong nghiep ua cac ban doc Cac tac gia MUC LUC Lai noi dau Muc luc Chtrong NGUY&N LI THCfNIHAT CUA NHIET B0NG LUC HOC 1.1 Mot so khai niem va dinh nghla ccf ban nhiet dong life hoc 1.1.1 He nhietdong 1.1 Trang thai cua mot he Thong so trang thai 10 10 1.1.3 Bien doi cua mot he 10 1.1 Ham trang thai 1.1.5 Cong va nhiet 10 thijf li nhat cua nhiet dong life hoc 1.2 Nguyen 14 1.2.1 Phat bieu nguyen III 15 1.2.2 Ham trang thai noi nang U 18 1.2.3 Ham trang thai entanpi H 18 1.2.4 Nhiet dung 1.3 Ap dung nguyen li thuf nhat cua nhiet dong life hoc vao Hoa hoc 22 1.3.1 Hieu irng nhiet cua phan Crng hoa hoc 22 1.3 Phirong phap tinh hieu Png nhiet 24 1.3 Sir phu thuoc cua hieu irng nhiet vao nhiet dp va ap suat 41 Bai tap 44 Chirong NGUYEN Lf THLfHAI VA NGUYEN LI THU BA CUA NHIET BONG LIJC HOC 2.1 Nguyen li thuf hai cua nhiet dong life hoc48 2.1.1 Bong co nhiet 48 2.1 Phatbieu nguyen li II 49 Chu 2.1 trinh Carnot 50 2.1.4 Bjnh li Carnot 52 2.1.5 Entropi Chieu hirdng va gidi han cua bien doi he co lap 53 2.1.6 Tinh bien thien entropi 55 2.2 Nguyen li thuf ba cua nhiet dong life hoc tinh entropi tuyet doi cua mot chat 58 2.2.1 Nguyen li thO ba cua nhiet dong luc hoc 58 2.2.2 Cach tinh entropi tuyet doi cua mot chat 58 2.2.3 Tinh bien thien entropi mot phan ung 60 hoa hoc 2.3 Entropi va xac suat nhiet dong 61 2.4 Chieu cua nhifng bien doi he 62 khong co lap 62 2.4.1 Cac ham trang thai U, H, S, F, G 64 2.4 Bieu kien tu didn bien cua mot he 2.4.3 Kha nang dien bien cua mot 65 phan irng hoa hoc 72 2.5 Hoa the :4 2.5.1 Cac dai lupng mol phan 72 73 2.5 Hoa the 75 2.5.3 Hoa the ciia cac 2.5 Hoa the cua cac chat long 76 Bai tap 79 Chirong CAN BANG PHA 3.1 Mot so khai niem 3.2 Bieu kien tong quat ve can blng he d| the 3.3 Quy tic pha 3.4 Can bang pha he mot cau tuf 3.4 Nhurng he thirc ve can bang nhurng sir chuyen pha loai mot 3.4 Gian pha cua nude Bai tap 84 85 86 87 88 91 93 Chwong CAN BANG HOA HOC 4.1 < Bieu kien tong quat cua can bang hoa hoc 4.2 Khao sat d'mh lifcfng ve can bang hoa hoc 4.2.1 Hang so can bang 4.2 Can bang hoa hoc dong the 4.2.3 Can bang hoa hoc di the 95 96 96 97 103 4.3 Quan he gitfa bien thien entanpi ty 104 va hing so can bing 107 4.4 Sifchuyen dich can bang 4.4 Anh hudng cua nniet Djnh luat Van t Hopp ' 108 4.4 Anh hucfng cua ap suat Dinh luat Le chalelier 112 116 Baitap Chirong CO SO CUA DONG HOA HOC 5.1 Mot so khai niem va dinh nghTa cd ban 120 5.1.1 Phan ung dong the va phan ung dj the 120 120 5.1 Toe phan ifng 5.2 Cac yeu to anh hircrng den toe phan ting 123 5.2.1 Anh hudng cua nong Khai niem ve bac 123 phan Ung va phan tir so 5.2 Anh hudng cua nhiet dp - Nang luong hoat dong hoa 126 5.3 Sy tich phan cac phirong trinh dong hoc 131 cua cac phan ufng ddn gian 5.3 Phan Crng bac khong 132 5.3.2 Phan Crng bac nhat 133 5.3.3 Phan ling bac hai 135 5.3 Phan irng bac n 139 5.4 Phudng phap xac dinh bac phan irng 139 5.4 Phuong phap dpa vao viec chu ki ban huy 139 5.4.2 Phuong phap vi phan 141 5.4 Phuong phap tich phan 141 5.4 Phuong phap co lap cua Ostwald 143 5.4.5 Phuong phap dung toe dau V 144 5.5 Cac phan img phife tap 145 5.5 Cac phan irng thuan nghjch 145 5.5 Cac phan irng noi tiep 147 5.5.3 Cac phan irng song song 150 5.6 Cd che phan irng 152 5.6.1 Khai niem ve cdche phan irng 152 5.6 Dinh luat ve toe va co che phan irng 153 5.6.3 Cac chat trung gian co kha nang phan irng Nguyen li Bodenstein 156 5.6 Phan irng day chuyen 5.7 Phan irng quang hoa hoc 5.8 Xiic tac 5.8 Cac dinh nghTa 5.8 Xiic tac dong the 5.8 Xiic tac dj the 5.8.4 Xuc tac enzim hay xuc tac men 5.9 Thuyet va cham hoat dong 5.10 Thuyet phirc chat hoat dong Baitap 158 163 167 167 168 173 176 182 184 189 Chirong DUNG DICH 6.1 Khai niem chung ve dung dich 198 6.1.1 Mot so dinh nghTa 198 203 6.1.2 Nong dung dich 6.2 Dung moi long 206 6.2.1 Cau true chat long 206 6.2 Phan loai dung moi 208 6.3 * Sysonvat hoa 213 6.3.1 Khai niem sonvat hoa 215 6.3.2 Lyc giura cac phan tir 216 dung dich va sy sonvat hoa 6.4 Dung djeh long 222 6.4 Anh hudng cua cac yeu to entanpi va entropi den qua trinh hoa tan 222 6.4 Dung dich - long 224 6.4.3 Dung djeh long - long 227 6.4.4 Dung djeh ran long 229 231 6.4 Dinh luat phan bo Sy chiet 6.5 Dung djeh chufa chat tan khong dien li, khong bay hdi 232 6.5 Sy giam ap suat hoi bao hoa cua dung dich 232 6.5 Do tang nhiet soi va - giam nhiet dong dac cua dung dich 234 236 6.5.3 Ap suat thamthau 6.5 Xac dinh phan tir khoi cua chat tan 238 6.6 Dung dich chat dien li 239 6.6.1 Cac “ tinh chat nong " cua dung dich chat dien li 239 6.6 Sy phan li cua cac chat a -* ' dung dich nude 6.6 Do dien li Hang so dien li 6.6 Dung dich chat dien ii manh 6.7 Dung dich chat dien li it tan 6.7 1.Tich so tan 6.7 Tich so tan va sir ket tua 6.7 Tich so tan va sir hoa tan cac keUiia hop chat ion 6.8 Can bdng cua cac ion phirc 6.8 Sir hinh cac ion phirc 6.8 Su tao phUc va tan cua hop chat ion it tan 6.8 Sutao phuc va sir hoa tan cac hidroxit luong tinh Bai tap 241 243 247 248 248 254 256 258 259 263 265 266 Chwong PHAN UNG AXIT - BAZO 7.1 Tinh chat doc dao cua proton 268 7.2 Thuyet axit - bazd Areniuyt 269 7.3 Thuyet axit - bazd cua Bronstet va Lauri 270 7.4 Life axit - bazd Bronstet 275 7.4 Tich so ion ciia nude 275 7.4 Khai niem ve pH va pK 276 7.4.3 Xac dinh pH, chat chithj 278 7.4 Luc axit 280 7.4 Luc bazd 286 quan 7.4 Moi he giura lire ciia axit va lire ciia bazd lien hop vdi no 289 7.4 Nhung yeu to anh hudng den lire axit va bazo Bronstet 290 7.5 * Tich so ion ciia dung moi proton 295 7.6 Phan biet life axit - bazd Bronstet cac dung moi 296 7.6 Trong dung moi nude 296 7.6 Trong dung moi khac nude 300 7.6 Ham axit , pH hieu dung va pKa quy doi Sieu axit 304 7.7 Life axit- bazd pha 312 7.8 Dung dich dem 317 7.8 Tinh pH ciia dung dich dem 317 7.8 Tac dung ciia dung dich dem 319 7.9 Sir dung moi phan cua muoi 7.9 Sir thuy phan cua muoi 7.9 Hang so thuy phan va thuy phan 7.9 * Sir dung moi phan cua cac muoi 7.10 Phan ting trung hoa Chuan axit - bazd 7.10.1 Phan irng trung hoa 7.10 Chuan axit - bazd 7.11.* Thuyet cac he dung moi 7.12 Thuyet axit - bazd Liuyt 7.12.1 Axit , baza va phan irng axit - bazd theo Liuyt 7.12 * Mot so loai axit Liuyt thudng gap 7.13 * Phan irng axit va bazd di the Bai tap ' 321 321 325 332 332 332 337 345 349 349 352 359 365 Chwong PHANUNGOXIHOA - KHU 367 8.1 Phan irng oxi hoa - khur 8.1 So oxi hoa va phan irng oxi hoa - khir 367 8.1 Phan irng oxi hoa - khir theo 371 cd che chuyen electron 8.1 Phan irng oxi hoa - khir theo cd che chuyen nguyen tir 372 8.1.4 Can bang phudng trinh phan irng oxi hoa - khir 377 8.2 The dien cut 381 va 381 8.2 Dien cue the dien cue 384 8.2 Pin Ganvani 8.2 Nang luong Gip va sire dien dong cua pin 387 8.2 Phudng phap xac dinh the dien cue 389 The dien cue chuan 8.3 Cfng dung the dien cifc chuan 394 8.3.1 Luc tudng doi cua cac chat oxi hoa va chat khir 394 8.3 Dua vao the dien cue chuan de viet phan irng oxi hoa - khir tu dien bien 396 8.3 Tinh sUc dien dong cua pin Ganvani va bien thien nang luong Gip d dieu kien chuan 399 8.3 Dudoan chieu dien bien ciia phan irng oxi hoa - khir 401 402 8.4 Day dien the cua cac kim loai 8.4 Cac yeu to anh hudng tdi the dien cue cua 402 cac kim loai day cua dien hoa the va Day dong hoat hoc 8.4 cac kim loai 8.4.3 Sir dung day dien the 8.4 Hoat dong hoa hoc cua phi kim 8.5 Anh hirdng cua nong den the dien cifc va sure dien dong cua pin 8.5.1 Phuong trinh Necstc 8.5 Hieu irng cua sir thay doi nong 8.5 Hieu irng cua sir tao hop chat 405 407 411 412 412 413 it tan 415 416 420 8.5 Hieu ling cua sir tao phOc 8.5.5 Hieu ung cua moi trudng 8.6 Sire dien dong va chieu cua 421 phan irng oxi hoa - khir 8.6.1 Sire dien dong chuan cua pin va hbng sd can bang cua phan irng oxi hoa - khir 421 8.6.2 Sue dien dong cua pin va chieu cua phan 423 irng oxi hoa - khir 426 8.6.3.* Yeu to dong hoc 8.7 * Sir ben oxi hoa - khirtrong nirdc 428 8.7.1 Xay dung mien ben nhiet dong cua nude 428 431 8.7 Sir dung midn ben ciia nude 8.7 Anh hudng cua qua the 8.8 * CacgiandodtJkienthe 8.8 Gian Latimer 432 432 433 8.8.2 Ling dung cua gian Latimer 8.8.4 Sir dung gian Frost 8.8.5 Gian dd Frost co dieukien 8.9.* Khuynh hirdng ben cua cac trang thai oxi hoa ciia kim loai 8.9.1 Cac kim loai hp d 8.9.2 Cac kim loai nhom IB, IIB va cac kim loai hp p 8.9 Cac kim loai hp lantan 8.9 Cac kim loai hp actini Baitap 435 442 445 446 446 447 448 449 451 Chuong MOT SO VAN BE LfNG DUNG CUA PHAN LfNG OXI HOA - KHU 9.1 Pin cuoc song 9.1.1 Pin so cap (pin khong nap dien lai) 9.1 Pin cap hai (pin tai nap, goi la acquy) 9.1.3 Pin nhien lieu 9.1.4.* Nhung phacthao mdi 9.1 Pin nong 9.2 Dien phan 9.2.1 Cau tao va hoat dong ciia binh dien phan 9.2 The phong dien Qua the 9.2.3 Tien doan san pham dien phan 9.2.4 Cac dinh luat ve su dien phan 9.2.5 Lfng dung cua sir dien phan 9.3.’ Tach cac dern chat tir hop chat 9.3 Nhiet dong hoc ciia qua trinh khir oxit kim loai 9.3 Khir quang oxit bang chat khir 9.3 Su khir quang oxit bang phuong phap dien phan 9.3.4 Tach cac nguyen to bang phuong phap oxi hoa 9.4 Sir an mon kim loai va hcfp kim 9.4 Khai niem vd su an mon kim loai 9.4.2.* Gian Pourbaix 9.4.3 * Nude thien nhien 9.4.4 * Su an mon sat 9.4 Chong an mon sat Bai tap Tai lieu tham khao 453 453 455 458 459 461 462 464 467 470 476 477 478 478 483 487 489 492 492 493 496 498 499 501 503 Chang ^ MUITEXMJ'nnfxa r era mnfirimxG utfc nyc Nhiet dong lire hoc la khoa hoc dupe hinh vao gitia the ki 19 Ngay , nhiet dong lire hoc bao gom : nhiet dong lire hoc vat If , nhiet ddng lire hoc k!thuat va nhiet dong lire hoc hoa hoc Nhiet dong lire hoc hoa hoc la khoa hoc ting dung nhflng nguyen If cua nhiet dong lire hoc vat If vao viec nghien ctiu cac hien tupng hoa hoc Day la noi dung cua cac chuong I, II, IH va IV 1.1 M0T SO KHAINIEM VA DINH NGIflA CO BAN TRONG NHIET DONG LUC HOC 1.1 HE NHIET DONG He nhiet dong , dupe goi tat la he, la ph £n cua Vu tru g6m mot so rat Ion tidu phan cau tao ( nguyen tti, phan tti hay ion )"*dang dupe nghien ctiu va dupe phan each vdi phan lai cua Vu tru - nidi trucrng ngodi - bang mot ranh gitii thuc hay ao He mo la he co the trao doi vtii moi trucrng ngoai ca chat Mn nang lupng Thf du : Khi dun soi mot sieu nude thi nhiet dupe truyen tti ben ngoai vao he, he thi mat chat ben ngoai dudi dang hoi nude He kin la he chi trao doi nang lupng vdi moi trucrng ngoai Thi du : Khi cho xtit tac dung vdi axit sunfuric mot binh kin : > Na2S04 + 2H20 he khong mat chat , nhung he da cung cap nang lupng cho moi truting ngoai vi phan ting toa nhiet He co lap la he khong trao doi ca chat lan nang lupng vdi moi trucrng ngoai 2NaOH + H2S04 Thf du : Mot binh Dewar chtia cac cha't phan ting dupe day kfn va bao phu bang mot ldp each nhiet that day de cho chat va nang lupng khong dupe trao doi vdi moi trucrng ngoai Neu he khong co mat phan each giua phan va phan khac, ma qua tfnh chat vT mo cua he thay doi dot bien thi he dupe goi la dong the Trong truting hpp ngupc lai, he la di the Thf du : Mot coc nude la mot he dong the’, mot coc nude co chtia them vai da la mot he di the l mau nude Mot loai binh each nhiet Oxi de dang thu dupe bang phuong phap chung cat phan doan khong long nen phuong phap dung chat oxi hoa manh hay dong dien de’ san xuat no la khong can thiet Trong cong nghiep, oxi dupe dieu che chu yeu bang each chung cat phan doan khdng long Song de dieu che oxi va hidro tinh khiet hon, ngudi ta cung dung phuong phap dien phan nude b ) Phuong phap Jung chat oxi hoa manh Clo la halogen kho bi oxi hoa ( vi AG° cua phan dng la 422 kJ ) Trong cong nghiep, phai dung phuong phap dien phan de san xuat clo, ( xem tieu muc a d tren ), phong thi nghiem , de dieu che clo phai dung cac chat oxi hoa manh nhu KMn04, Mn 02, CaOCl de oxi hoa Cl HC1 Thi du : " > 5C12 + 2MnCl2 + 2KC1 + 8H2Q 2KMn04 + 16HC1 Mn02 + 4HC1 > Cl + MnCl + 2H20 The cua cac phan ung tren va pH can thiet da dupe xem xet d muc 8.5.5 va 8.3.4 Brom va iot la cac halogen dd bi oxi hoa nen cong nghiep va phong thi nghiem, brom va iot deu dupe dieu che bang each dung cac chat oxi hoa manh nhu Cl 2, Mn02 de oxi hoa ion Br va ion I dung dich muoi bromua va muoi iodua ( xem muc 8.4.4) Thi du : " Brom dupe dieu che cong nghiep bang each cho clo sue qua nude bien hoac nude hd muoi da dupe axit hoa bang axit sunfuric : 2NaBr > Br2 + NaCl Tien hanh chung cat dung dich va dung dong khong de loi cuon brom sang dung dich Na 2CQ3 cho den bao hoa : Cl2 + 3Br2 + Na2C03 > 5NaBr + NaBr03 + 3C02 Tiep theo, axit hoa dung dich bang axit sunfuric Br2 lai dupe tao theo phan ung : NaBr + NaBr03 + 3H2S04 * 3Na2S04 + 3Br2 + 3H20 Cuoi cung , co the tach brom tir hdn hpp san pham phan dng bang each chiet bdi dung moi huu co hoac bang each chung cat Iot dupe dieu che cong nghiep tir rong bien va nude cua gieng khoan dau mo Thi du , rong bien dem phai kho, do't tro rdi ngam nude Loc gan lay dung dich va co dac Khi do, muoi clorua va sunfat co tan nho hon nen bi ket tua tach ra, muoi iodua co tan Idn hon lai dung dich Lpc thu dung djeh va them vao mot lupng clo hoac Mn02 va H2S04 Tir dung dich phan utng, iot dupe giai phong theo cac phuong trinh : 2r + " a2 21 + Mn —02 > 2cr + i + » Mn2+ + I2 + 2H2Q + 4H 491 Trong phong thf nghiem , brom va iot dupe dieu che bang each cho dung dich muoi bromua hoac iodua tac dung vdi dung dich nude clo hoac tac dung vdi mangan diox it co mat ax it sunfuric Luu huynh la mot trudng hop dac biet, no dupe didu che vita bang each khai thac tir mo vita bang each oxi hoa H2S lay tir thi6n nhidn Su oxi hoa dupe thuc hien theo qua trinh Claus dua tren ba phan ung sau : 2H2S + 2H2S + 02 302 2H2S + S02 nh et ' - 02 > 2S th &p > 2S + 2H20 + 2H20 xuc tac oxit , 300 °C 3S + 2H20 Cac oxit lam xuc tac thudng dung la Fe203 hoac A1203 Qua trinh Claus co lpi cho moi trudng vi no giam su phat thai chua S ^ Tach vang khoi quang la mpt thf du dieu chd kim loai b ng phuong phap dung chat oxi hoa manh phdi hop voi su tao phuc Vdi nhung quang rat kho phan tach Au khoi dat da bang phuong phap thdng thudng , ngucri ta oxi hoa no bang each ngam chiet dung dich NaCN ( hoac KCN) va sue khong nen vao dung dich phan ung lien tuc it d day, Au dupe chuyen dan phuc chat [Au (CN)2]- tan nude : 4Au + 8CN + 02 + 2H20 > 4[Au(CN)2 ] + 40H Vai tro cua su tao phuc co tac dung quyet dinh viec hoa tan vang (xem muc 8.5.4) “ Sau do, ngudi ta thu hoi vang bang each tach dung dich va cho tac dung vdi bui ~ kern CJ day, Zn khu [Au ( CN)2] Au : _ 2[AU (CN)2] + Zn -> [ Zn(CN)4]2 + 2Au ' 9.4 SV AN MON KIM LOAI VA HOP KIM 9.4.1 KHAI NIEM VE SlTAN MON KIM LOAI Qua trinh pha huy cau true kim loai va hop kim dudi tac dung cua moi trudng xung quanh dupe goi la su an mon kim loai va hop kim Tuy theo co che cua su pha huy kim loai va hop kim, ngudi ta phan biet su an mon hoa hoc va su an mon dien hoa hoc Su an mon hoa hoc la su pha huy kim loai tuong tac true tiep gifla kim loai vdi cac chat hoa hoc co moi trudng, nhu 02, d , S02, cac axit, cac bazo Su an mon dien hoa hoc la su pha huy kim loai hoac hop kim co su tao cac pin Ganvani vi mo Ve phuong dien hoa hoc, su an mon la ngupc vdi viec tach kim loai tur quang oxit va quang sunfua Ve phuong dien dien hoa hoc, co che hoat ddng cua cac pin gavani vi mo co nhi6 u diem tuong tu vdi cac pin Ganvani vi m6 ma ta da xem xet d tren 492 Sir pha huy kim loai va hap kim theo ca che' dien hoa hoc thudng xuyen xay thuc te, kim loai hoac hap kim tiep xuc vdi khong khf im , vdi dung dich chat dien li hoac vdi dat Nguy hai cua su an mon doi vdi tau bie’n, xe co, nha cira, cau cong budc cac nude phai thiet hai hang ti la m 6i nam Bdi vay su nghien curu cac quy luat an mon va dd xuat cac phuang phap chong an mon la mot vdn de ldn lao ciia toan the gidi Su an mon kim loai xay theo ca ch 6' an mon dien hoa hoc la phd bien Trong ca che' an mon dien hoa hoc, vai tro ciia nude, oxi va ca khf cacbonic cung nhu cac khf co kha nang tao dung dich chat dien li nude dong vai tro rat quan Ta xet mot thf du de thay duac tarn quan cua su oxi hoa khf quyen : Su oxi hoa nhung dong gi mau xanh, dac trung la trudng hop ve su oxi hoa bdi 02 khf quyen moi trudng am udt Nude am hoa tan C02 va mot so' khf phat thai nhu S02, N02 da tao chat dien li vdi pH < Nhu da biet Cu khong the khir duac H+ ( the khir cua Cu2+/ Cu duong hon the khu cua H+/H2), oxi hau nhu khong oxi hoa duac Cu d nhiet thudng (do toe phan dng khong dang kd ) Cu bi an mon khf quy n la nira phan umg oxi hoa Cu va nua phan dng khu 02 xay “ rieng” nhung lai hop mot phan ung oxi hoa - khd co E kha duong That vay : ^ ,„ ° «> + H 2H20 | ^ ;, > ; + 4H q) Cuj j Cu (2 + 2e + 2H20 = 1,23 V - E° = 0,34 V E» = 0,89 V Phan dng co the' bang 0,89 V ldn hon qua the' (0,6 V ) kha nhieu, vi vay qua trinh an mon Cu dien d mdc dang ke khf quyln Ion Cu 2+ sinh kdt hop vdi cac anion co mat nude am ( nhu HCO ) tao gi dong mau xanh ^ Trong thuc te', nhieu kim loai va hpp kim bi an mon, nhung bie'n nhat va thiet hai ve mat kinh te' ldn nha't la sir an mon sat Khoang 25% thep san xua't d MI la dung de thay the' cho thep da bi an mon qua trinh su dung Dudi day chung ta chi xem xet chi tie't han su an mon sat theo ca che' an mon dien hoa hoc va cac bien phap cho'ng an mon sat tren ca sd kie'n thuc ve dien hoa hoc ke't hap vdi kie'n thde ve axit baza - 9.4.2.* GIAN DO POURBAIX Gian Pourbaix thuoc loai gian the' - pH (hinh 8.14) la gian dd duac sd dung de xem xet quan he chung giua hoat tfnh oxi hoa - khd vdi hoat tfnh axit - baza Bronstet Mdi midn chi didu kien pH va the' ma d tieu phan la bdn Ta xay dimg gian dd E - pH doi vdi sat theo cac bude nhu sau : - Dau tien ta gia dinh nong mol cua Fe+2 va Fe+3, chang han, Cpe2+ = Cpe3+ = 10-5 M 493 - Cac the chuin de xet g6m E°p 3+ ^ 2+ ) = 0,77 V va E°p 2+ ^^ = - 0,44 V, pT cua Fe(OH )3 la 38 va pT cua Fe(OH )2 la 15 Bo qua tinh axit cua cac ion Fe2+(aq ) va Fe3+( aq ) Xac dinh pH Fe (OH)3 (chinh xac la Fe203.nH20) va Fe(OH)2 bat dau ket tua Vi = 10 M, nen tinh duqc Fe(OH)3 bat dau kit tua d pH = va Cpe2 + = 10 - “ " M, nen tinh duqc Fe(OH )2 bat dau ket tua d pH = - Neu hidroxit ton tai, ta tinh duqc Cpe3+ = 104 C ^ + va Cpe2+ = 1013 C + - Xay dung gian E - pH cua sat bang each xet cap Fe(III)/Fe(II) trude, sau xet cap Fe ( II)/Fe(0) Xet cap Fe( III )/ Fe( II ) ,„ 2t * Fe (>q ) Viet duqc phuong trinh Necsto do'i vai nua phan umg tren Fe + e q) + E° = 0,77 V fFe + l E = 0,77 + 0, 059 lgJ-2r-i [Fe ] (a) Ta can xem xet doi vdi vung pH d vung pH < 3, Cpe = Cpe2 + = 10 M , do E = 0,77 V Trong vung pH nay, chua co hidroxit nao xuat hien, nghla la the cua cap Fe(III)/Fe(II ) khong phu thuoc vao pH nen the hien bdi doan thang nam ngang ( AB) tren gian vdi ” + gia trj E = 0,77 V ( hinh 9.17 ) Neu moi trudng chufa mot cap oxi hoa - khir co gia tri cua the khir d pliia tr6n doan thing (duorng hon ) thi dang oxi hoa, Fe3+, se la dang bdn Do doan thang nim ngang ( AB) la gidi han No ngan hai miin ma d dang oxi hoa Fe3+ va dang khu Fe 2+ la b6n Khi pH = 3, dung dich bat dau xay phan ung tao Fe2Q3 ket tua : 2Fe 3+ (aq ) + 3H20 (1) Fe203 ( r) + 6H+( aq ) Day khong phai la phan ung oxi hoa - khu va midn on dinh cua Fe3+(aq ) va Fe203 (r) la doc lap doi vdi moi cap oxi hoa - khir Tuy nhifin phan ung lai phu thude vao pH : Fe +( aq ) ben d pH thap, thi Fe203 ( r) lai bin d pH cao hon Do miin bin cua Fe203 ( r) va cua Fe +(aq ) duqc phan chia bdi mot dudng thang durng d gia tri pH = ‘ vung < pH < Thay 494 Cpg2 = 10 + M, Cpe3+ = 104.C ^ + vao phuong trinh (a) ta tinh duqc : E = ,30 - 0, 18pH ( b) Khi pH = thi E = 0,77 V, pH = thi E = - 0,32 V ' Tir phuong trinh ( b) ta thay the giam pH tang , phu hop vbi doan thang BC co doc nhir b hinh 9.17, vung < pH < Midn vbi the va pH nam phia tren doan BC la ung vbi cac dieu kien bdn cua tieu phan oxi hoa , Fe2Ov Mibn phia dubi doan tirong ung vbi dieu kien b6 n cua ti6 u phan khir Fe “ + Ta thay rSng de oxi hoa va ket tua Fe2+ moi trubng axit can mot chat oxi hoa manh hon moi trubng bazo Khi pH = 9, dung dich bat ddu xay phan bng tao Fe (OH)2 (r ) : , „ + 2H » Fe(OH )2 (r + 20H- Fe 2+ ( aq ) + 4H 20( I ) q) Day cung khong phai la phan bng oxi hoa - khu, nhien no cung phu thuoc vao pH va dubng thang dung b gia tri pH = cho thay rang Fe (OH)2 (r ) la uu the pH vuot qua vung pH > Ca hai hidroxit ddu ton tai nen thay Cpe3+ = 104.C trinh ( a ) ta tinh dupe : E = 0, 23 - 0,059pH (c ) Tir phuong trinh (c ) ta ciing thay the giam pH tang , phu hop vbi doan thang CD co dp doc nhu tren hinh 9.17 Tuy nhien ta thay rang, doan thang kern doc hon so vbi doan thang BC Doan thang CD la dubng phan chia cac mien ben cua Fe203 ( r ) va Fe(OH)2 ( r ^ + va CF^: + I3 = 10 C + vao phuong B A , Xet cap Fe ( II ) / Fe( ) Fe 2+ + 2e Fe ( r ) E° = - 0,44 V > Phuong trinh Necsto vbi ban phan ung tren : E = — 0,44 + 0, 03.1gCpe2 + (d ) -0.59 10 12 14 Hinh 9.17 Gian E - pH cua sat 495 vung pH < co CFg2 = 1(T5 , nen E = - 0,59 V + Trong vung nay, E khdng phu thudc vao pH ndn th£ hidn bdi mot doan thang ngang MN tren gian vdi gia tri cua E = - 0,59 V vung pH > 9, co ton tai Fe(OH)2 (r ) ndn ta thay Cpe2 + = 1013 C + nam vao phuong trinh (d ) va tmh duqc : E = - 0,05 - 0,059.pH (e ) pH = thi E = - 0,59 V Tir phuong trinh (e) ta lai thay thd' giam pH tang phu hop vdi doan thang NI co doc nhu tren hinh 9.17 Cl day doc cua dudng CD va NI la nhir Cuo'i cung chung ta ve them ducmg gidi han midn ben cua nude a va b nhu d hinh 9.17 Nhu d muc 8.7.2 da thay, bat ki cap oxi hoa - khir nao co the duomg hon so vdi dudng gidi han phia tren a se oxi hoa nude den 02, bat ki cap oxi hoa - khir nao co the am hon so vdi dudng gidi han phia dudi b se khir nude den H2 Nhu vay cac cap Fe3+/Fe2+ ; Fe203/Fe 2+ va Fe203/Fe(0H)2 deu nam midn gidi han da ve Nghla la dang oxi hoa dang khu cua cap deu ben ntidc da loai oxi nhu chi d hinh 9.17 Nguoc lai , su co mat oxi nude se gay su oxi hoa Fe(II) Fe(III) Phan umg d6 xay hon moi trudng bazo Cl ket tua luc nhat cua Fe(OH)2 ( r ) bi oxi hoa d6 dang ket tua Fe203 ( r ) mau da cam Ddng thdi ta cung nhan tha'y su khir H+ bdi Fe ( r) xay moi trudng axit, moi trudng trung tmh va bazo thi phan umg khdng xay yeu to' qua the cua su tao phan tir H2 (xem muc 8.5) Thuc te sat tinh khiet ben vdi nude va khdng 9.4 3.* NlTCiC THIEN NHIEN Su an mon dien hoa hoc luon luon co su tham du cua nude thien nhien Ta co the xem xet ve mat hoa hoc cua nude thien nhidn dua vao gian dd xay dung duqc d hinh 8.10 ( muc 8.7 ) Cl dau ma nude tiep xuc vdi quyen , thi no se bao hoa bdi 02 Vi the, nhidu tie’ u phan co the bi oxi hoa bdi chat oxi hoa manh dd (E° = + ,23 V) Khi vang mat oxi, nhidu dang khir co the tdn tai, dac bidt co cac chat huu co hoat ddng nhu tac nhan khir He axit kiem soat pH cua moi trudng la he C02 - H2C03 - HC03 - CO 2- dd C02 cua quyen cung ca'p axit cac khoang chat cacbonat tan nude cung cap bazo Hoat dong cua cac sinh vat cung ddng vai tro quan su ho hap tieu thu 02 va giai phong C02 C02 lam giam pH va dd lam cho the khir am hon Qua trinh nguoc lai, su quang tong hop, tieu thu C02 va giai phong 02 Qua trinh tieu thu axit dd lam tang pH va lam cho the khir kern am hon Dieu kien dien hinh cua nude thidn nhidn - pH cua nude va the cua cac cap oxi hoa - khir chda dd duqc bieu didn d hinh 9.18 - 496 Tir hinh 9.17 ta thay Fe3+ co the tdn tai nude neu mdi trudng la oxi hoa Do do, dau 02 doi dao va pH thap (dudi 4), Fe se d dang Fe3+ Vi mot so loai nude thien nhien rat ax it nen co chtra nhidu Fe + Fe dudi dang khong tan, Fe203, cung co the di vao dung dich dudi dang Fe 2+ neu no bi khir Didu xay didu kien cua nude nam phia dudi dudng gidi han tren gian Ta se thay rang, pH tang , Fe2+ chi co the hinh co mat cap khir manh va sir hinh no rat khong giong vdi nude giau oxi Neu so sanh hinh 9.17 va 9.18 ta se thay , Fe se bi khir va hoa tan dudi dang Fe2+ nude ddm lay va dat a dSm lay giau chat huu co ( pH g3n 4,5 ) E gan bang 0,03 V ( nude dam lay ) va gan bang - 0, V ( da't dam lay giau chat huu co) Ngudi ta thudng dung gian Pourbaix xet qua trinh hoa If xay nude Thi du , nude ho, ma d su khac ve nhiet giua ldp nude da ngan can su xao tron giua chung Ldp nude be mat giau oxi nen Fe co the ton tai dudi dang cac hat E (V ) + ,8 Nirflc dai diremg +0,4 dam lay _ v gauchft y houco ) Nude dat ( giau chat hOu co Nude man giau chat huru co -0,4 Hinh 9.18 Cac vung dien hinh cua nude thi §n nhien E cac co xu hudng lang xuong ldp nude dudi sau, luong 02 Fe 203 khong tan, cac hat it , neu cac hop chat huu co va cac ngudn chat khir khac co du thi ox it bj khir Fe2+ tan Fe(13) se khuech tan len ldp tren, d no lai bj oxi hoa bdi khong tan 02 Fe203 10 pH Hinh 9.19 Ngudi ta co the xay dung gian Pourbaix doi voi Mn de xet ben cac hop chat cua no nude Hinh 9.19 la mot phln cua gian dd Pourbaix doi vdi Mn Gian cho thay : Doi vdi Mn02 thuan loi ve mat nhiet dong chi E > 0,6 V C) 2+ didu kien khir trung binh , ti u phan bdn la Mn (aq) Con Mn02 la bdn nude tiep giap vdi khong khi, noi ma E gan vdi gia tri cua cap 02/H20 ^ 497 9.4.4.* SVAN MON SAT Gi sit khting phai la san pham true tiep ctia phan ting gitia sat va oxi ma la ket qua ctia mot qua trinh dien hoa phtic tap Tti cac hien tupng an mon sat, ngutii ta da rut cac thuc tti sau : Sat khong bj gi khong khti ma chi bj gi khong am Sat khong bi gi nutic khting hoa tan khong ma chi bj gi nutic co oxi hoa tan Ch6 bj mat sat va ch6 bj gi bao phu thuting xuat hien nhting noi khac tren ciing mot vat Sat bj gi nhanh hon ch6 pH thap (n 6ng dti H+ ltin ) Sat bj gi nhanh hon tiep xuc vtii dung djeh chat dien li Sat bj gi nhanh hon tiep xuc vtii kim loai kern hoat dong hon nhu Cu, nhung bj gi cham hon titip xuc vtii kim loai hoat dong hon nhu Zn , Mg Chung ta hay dua vao nhung hieu biet ve pin Ganvani de giai thich qua trinh an mon (hinh 9.20) : uyen £n vdo vao giot inuoc , d) Fe2+ chuy v« H20, 02 phani (Crng Jng vdi ; |0 ' Gjptnif6c Hinh 9.20 So co che sU an mon sat khong am Nhung chti bj utin cang, nhung mui nhon , nhung chti ltii lorn , chti co cac 16, khe ho, tiep xuc vtii nutic ( thuc tti ) chinh la did bi mat sat dti dang nhat Thi du , o vj tri tren hinh 9.20 la chti sat bj loi ltin va bj an mon trutic tien Chti dupe goi la mien anot , boi vi o dti xay nua phan ting oxi hoa sau : ( mien anot, su oxi hoa ) Mot nhung nguyen tti sat bj mat electron, tham hoa cho dti vat cung dtin : nhung lti rti hinh dti vi Fe2+ chuytin vao dung djeh va chju cac bitin dtii sau sa hon Electron giai phting chuyen mach ngoai, dtin mitin giau oxi (thuc tti 2) canh giot nutic chang han ( vj tri tren hinh 9.20) Chti dti goi la mitin catot, btii vi o electron sat giai phting khti 02 nutic : 498 (midn catot, su khu) + 4H+(aq ) + 4e > 2H20(1) Chu y rang, phan ung oxi hoa - khu da xay ra, sat bi mdt di nhung khong c6 gi sat hinh : 02(k > 2+ 2Fe( r ) + 02( k) + 4H+(aq) (1 ) > 2Fe (aq) + 2H20(1) Gi sat duoc hinh nhd phan irng oxi hoa - khd khac, cac chat phan irng tidp xiic true tidp vdi : Cac ion Fe2+ hinh d midn anot phan tan vao nude quanh no, va phan ufng vdi oxi d mdt khoang each nao ( vi trf tren hinh 9.20) so vdi noi chiing xuat phat ( thuc td 3) Phan dng tdng cong cua qua trinh la : 2Fe2+( aq ) + ° 2(k) + (2 + n)H20(1) — Fe203.nH20( r) + 4H+( aq) (2) Gian Pourbaix ( hinh 9.17) cho tha'y Fe203 bdn vung nude vdi pH = H- tuc la vung nude tu nhien Trong cong thuc gi sat Fe203.nH20 , he so n bifiu didn so phan tir nude hidrat hoa , n khong xac dinh, no thay doi theo di6 u kidn moi trudng Cdng hai phan ufng ( ) va (2) ta duqc phuong trinh su gi cua sat : 2Fe( r) + ^ 02(k ) ^ + nHjO + f \ ^ -> Fe203.nH20( r) + ^ S\ C) phuomg trinh tren ta da gian ude 4H+ d ve, nhung thuc thi H+ dong vai tro nhu mot xiic tac No tham gia vao mot giai doan va tai tao lai d giai khac cua qua trinh Chinh vi the, gi sat xay nhanh hon d pH thap ( thuc td 4) Khi sat tidp xuc vdi dung dich chat didn li, su gi sat xay nhanh hom vi no lam tang dd dan cua mdi trudrig nude canh midn catot va midn anot (thuc td 5) Hien tuqng tha'y rat ro d nhung tau, thuyen chay tren dai duemg hoac cac dung cu bang thep tidp xuc vdi mud'i Nhu vay, cd che hoat dong cua qua trinh an mon sat tuemg tu ca chd hoat ddng cua pin Ganvani : - Midn anot va midn catot phan each - Hai mien dd lien he vdi qua mach ngoai, mach chuyen ddng cua electron - mien anot, sat ddng vai tro dien cue hoat dong, d mien catot thi no khong hoat dong No ddng vai tro dien cue tro - Hoi am bam quanh sat, hoat dong nhu cau muoi va cd nhiem vu van chuyen cac ion 9.4.5 CHONG AN MON SAT Cd mot so phuong phap chong an mon sat a ) Phtfctng phap dien hod Tir thuc td ve an mon sat (muc 9.4.4) ta thay ro anh hudng cua cac kim loai tidp xuc vdi sat Chinh didu dd dan tdi mdt each chong an mon huu hieu nhdt Thuc chat cua y tudng dd la : 499 Trong qua trinh bi gi, sat c6 the hoat d6ng nhu anot va catot, nhung no chi bi mat di no la anot Do do, nhung trudmg hop nao lam cho sat tro anot ddu lam tang nhanh sir an mon sat Thi du, ne'u sat tiep xuc vori kim loai kern hoat dong horn (chat khu ydu horn), nhu dong, chiic nang anot cua no duoc tang cudng (hinh 9.21 a) Khi do, no bi an mon rat nhanh Electron tCr Fe khir 02 H20 Electron tir k6m khCr 02 thdnh H20 ' 4H+ Jr *w tro Anot Zn cho electron tdn' catot Cu (a) Tang cucmg an mOn o2 4e~ tdi catot Fe Fe cho electron - (b) Bao ve catot Fe catot tro ill! Hinh 9.21 a) Fetiep xuc v6i Cu thi Fe mift electron nhanh hon nen bi an mon nhanh b) Fe tiep xuc vdi Zn thi Fe trd catot nen khong bj an mon Trai lai, nhung truong hop nao lam cho sat tro catot ddu ngan chan duoc sir an mon Vide ap dung nguyen tac duoc goi la bao ve catot Thi du, sat tiep xuc vdi kim loai hoat dong hon (chat khir manh hon), nhu Zn, sat tror catot va khong bi an mon, kem tror anot, bi mat electron (hinh 9.21b) Che phu thep bang each trang kem chfnh la dua tr6n nguyen tac dien hoa Khi ldrp trang bang kem ben, chua bi thung thi kem tiep xuc true tiep vori H20 va 02 khong nen bi an mon thay cho sat Con ldrp trang bi thiing thi sat van duoc bao v6, khong bi an mon cho tori lop kem che phu bi pha huy h6t Bien phap hi sink anot nhu tren thudmg duoc dung de bao ve sat, thep dung lam duomg dng, tau thuy, xe tang, cau, cot dien, c6t den or nhung noi m udrt hoac ti£p xuc vdri nudre bi n (hinh 9.22) Thid't bj bao \t thudmg la nhumg tarn hop kim cua Mg va Al, hay tarn kem ( thudmg dung la kem kem chat luomg) Nhumg kim loai deu hoat d6ng horn sat nen dong vai tro anot, Hinh 9.22 Hi sinh anot Mg de bao sat (dudmg ong, tau thuy ) tror catot Khi an ve dudng ong bang thep mon dien hoa hoc, anot Mg, Al (hoac Zn) bj oxi hoa va bi an mon catot Mg, H2 thoat ra, cac thidt bi, cong trinh bang sat thep duoc bao vd : ^ ^ Mg 2H20 + 2e — Mg2+ + 2e » H,+ 2QH~ Mg + 2H20 > Mg(OH)2 + H2 Cac kim loai Mg, Al hoac Zn co uu diem la tao oxit, hidroxit bam chac trdn bd mat lam cham qua trinh an mon chfnh chung b ) Co lap sat , thep khoi cac yen to an mdn Don gian nhat la ngudri ta phu len be mat sat mot ldrp dau mo, son, vecni, chat deo, men hoac mot ldp ma (crom,niken, dong, cadimi, thiec, kem, vang ) de ngan khong cho sat tiep xuc vori 500 02, hoi H20 Thf du, cac vat dung gia dinh, cbng cu may moc bang thep thudng dupe son hoac boi dau mo Sat lam vo hdp dupe ma thiec Cac dung cu cSn bao ve tot horn dupe ma crom, ma niken Neu dung lbp ma kem ( bao ve dien hoa ) thi sat dupe bao ve ( hinh 9.21 b) giong nhu trang kem Con neu dung ldp ma d6ng , thiec hoac niken thi chi bao ve cho sat thep khong bj an mdn ldp ma chua b{ thung Khi ldp ma da b|thung thi sat lai bi pha huy trade ( hinh 9.21 a) Nhidu vat dung bang sat dupe tao mdt ldp Fe304 hoac FeO trdn be mat de bao ve De thuc hien dupe viec dc ngudi ta nhung vat dung vao mpt dung dich kidm dac, nong, co * them cac chat oxi hoa nhu NaN02, Mn02, NaN03 Neu d nhiet dd < 575 °C se tao ldp bao ve Fe304, neu a nhiet > 575 °C, se tao 16p bao ve FeO r ) Thay doi nidi trifdng an mdn Viec thay doi moi traong de bao v6 sat chi dupe thuc hien di6 u kien the tich han che ciia chat long Thi du , nhiing he thong thiet bi tid'p xuc vPi dung dich nhu he thp'ng lam lanh , ngung tu , noi hoi, thung chiia axit Co hai phuong phap de thay doi m 6i trucmg : Loai oxi hoa tan moi truomg va lam cho moi truomg bdt axit di De loai oxi, ngudi ta thudng dung cac chat khd nhu Na 2S03, Na2S203, N 2H4 Hoac dung phuong phap gia nhiet de lam giam dp tan cua oxi Dua them cac chat de che iam giam toe an mdn Tuy thuoc vao dieu kien mdi trudng, ngudi ta sir dung chat dc che khac Thi du , d bao ve gang, thep nude va cac dung dich muoi , ngudi ta dung NaN02 ; de bao ve cac thiet bi lam lanh ngudi ta dung K 2Cr207, K 2Cr04 Cac muoi vo co se oxi hoa kim loai tao tren bd mat kim loai mot lop mang oxit bdn, chac bao ve kim loai Ngoai chat dc che la cac hop chat vd co, co chat dc che' la cac hop chat huu co thudng la cac amin nhu urotropin (CH2 )6N4, octadecylamin C ) 8H 37 NH2 ; dioctadecylamin (C!8H37)2NH ; dicyclohexylaminnitrit [ (C6H||) 2NH2 ]N02 ; cac hop chat di vong chda nito, ure, thioure ^ BAI TAF - ^ 91 Hay tidn doan san ph m hinh d mdi dien cue dien phan CaCl nong chay Viet cac nua phan ung va phan dng tong cpng qua trinh dipn phan Viet cac nua phan dng va phan dng tdng cpng qud trinh : - ) Dien phari dung dich CuS04 vdi anot la Pt nhan 2) Didn phan dung dich CuS04 vdi anot la ddng - 9-4 9-5 93 Neu ndi dung cua cac dinh luat Faraday va dng dung cua chung Hay ndu cac phuong phap chd'ng an mdn sat Co so khoa hoc cua mdi phuong phap Tinh khoi lupng ddng thu dupe dien phan dung dich CuS04 12 gib vdi ddng dien I = 2,234 A ( khd'i lupng mol cua ddng la 64 g ) 501 Dap so : 32 g Cu - Phai tibn hanh dien phan dung dich AgN03 thdi gian bao lau vbi dong dien I = 2,234 A de thu dugc 108 g bac (khb'i lugng mol cua bac la 108 g) Dap so : 12 gib - 97 Khi dien phan dung dich CaCl2, tren catot thoat 5,6 g hidro Hoi chat khi' nao dugc thoat b anot va khdi lugng cua no la bao nhieu ? Dap so : anot thoat 198,8 g clo 9.8 Dien phan dung djeh Cr2(S04)3 vong 12,5 phut thi thu dugc 0,86 g crom Hoi ngubi ta da cho qua binh dien phan mot dong dien co cubng la bao nhieu ampe ? Dap so A 9.9 Ngubi ta che tao mot pin nbng bang each ghep mot dien cue gom co bac nhung dung dich AgN03 0,00005 M vbi mbt dien cue gom co bac nhung dung djeh AgN03 0,005 M Hay tmh sbe dien dong cua pin Dap so: Epm = ,12 V 9.10 Tb cac nua phan ung vbi cac the khu chuan tuefng bng cua chung cho bang 8.1, hay thiet lap so pin Ganvani cho: ) E° n = 0,78 V 2) E° n 502 = 5,24 V TAl LI$U THAM KHAO ] V Kiriev Cours de chimie physiquy XuMiia M.Karapetiantz Thermodynamique chimiqui Mir 1975 J.Talbot C.Duboc Chabanon, Jlemerle, Yleroux Chimie 1.2 Armand Colin 1987 J Mesplede, J.L Queyrel Precis de chimie ( Thermodymamique, Cinetique chimique ) Breal 1986 R Dier exercices de chimie ge 'ne 'rale Technique & Documentation - Lawoisier 1979 Bruce M.Mahan, Rollie J Myers University chemistry The Benjamin Cuminnys Publishing Company, Inc 1987 Catherine E Housecroft, Edwin C Constable Chemistry : an inteqrated approach Longman 1997 Martin S Silberberg Chemistry McGraw - Hill Higher Education New York, London, Toronto ., 2000 Therald Moerller Chemistry Academic press New york, 1980 10 Cotton F.,Wilkison G Advanced Inorganic chemistry John Wiley and Sons New York, 1988 11 Jolly W.L Modern Inorganic chemistry Mcgraw - Hill Inc New York , 1991 12 Shriver D.F., Atkinsp W., Langfor C H Inorganic chemistry Oxford university Press, 1989 13 Cimrum BT1., MapTbiHeHKO An.HeopraHimecKaa i m m i PI34 MTY, M.l 1991, H.2 1994 14 AXMOTOB Fl.C HeopraHit'iecKaa Bbtinan uiKona MocKBa, 2001 15 KapaneTbMHU M X , 4paKriH C.PI ITeopranimecKan riMiia TIMMJI MocKBa, 2001 16 PeyMOB O.A , Kypy A A OpraHimecKan Xn.Miin H.l n H,2, u3 g.MTy 17 Fl.M3naHyMb, 4r KH0pyAe.Kypc xiiMunecKon KitHeTiiKii Bbmtaa iuKOAa,1962 18 Linus Pauling General chemistry ( Ban dich tieng Nga ) Mir 1974 19 J A Cambell Chemical systems ( ban dich tieng nga ) Mir 1978 20 B.H axapMeHKo.C6opHitK 3agar 11 ynpa >KHeHiiM no (|)ii3UMecKon 1-1 KOI / /10114HOH - XUMHM npocBemHiie,1978 21 Nguydn Dinh Hue Hoa li tap , tap 2, Nha xuA't ban Giao due, Ha Noi, 2000 MMIIJI 22 Farrington Daniels, Robert A Alberty Hoa li Nha xuat ban Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep 1979 23 Nguydn HCru Ho Dang Quang Khang Vat 11 dai cuong ( tap 1) Nha xuat ban Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep 1982 24 Nguydn Van Due - Trftn Hiep Hai Bai tap Hoa li- Nha xuh't ban Giao due, 2002 25 Nguydn Dinh Hue, Tr 4n Kim Thanh Dong hoa hoc va xuc tac Nha xuat ban Giao due 2003 26 Dam Trung Don Bai giang ve Nhiet hoc Truong Dai hoc Dai cuong - Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi 1997 27 Nguydn Duy Ai, Li thuyet phan ting Hoa Vo co Nha xuat ban Giao due, Ha Noi, 1988 28 Hoang Nham Hoa hoc vo co Tap NXB Giao due, Ha noi, 1999 503 Chiu track nhiem xuat ban : Chit tieh I 1DQT kiem 'long Giam doc NGO IRAN AI Pho Tong Giam doc kiem Tong bicn tap NGUYEN QUY THAO Bien tap noi clung : PHUNG PHl/ONG LIEN Trinh bay bia va vehinh : PHAN HUONG - MANH DUA Su’d ban in : BANHOAHOC ( NXB GlAO DUC ) Che ban tai : PHONG CHE BAN VA BAN HOA HQC ( NXB GlAO DUC ) CO s6 LI T H U Y E T C A C P H A N U N G H O A H O C M a s o: K 589T6 - DAI In 1.000 ban kho 19 x 27 cm , lai Cong ty c6 phSn in Thai Nguy6 n Giay phep xuat ban so: 04 - 2006/CXB/ l 59- 1860/GD In xong va n p Iiru chieu quy I nam 2006 ran ift CONG TY CO PHAN SACH DAI HOC - DAY NGHE HEVOBCO Dja chi : 25 Han Thuyen, Ha Noi TIM DOC SACH DAI HOC VA CAO DANG - BO MON HOA HOC CUA NHA XUAT BAN GlAo DUC 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hoa hoc Vo ca - Tdp , , Hoa hoc Dai cuang - Tap , , Ca so li thuyet Hoa hoc ( Phan I : Can tao chat ) Ca sa H thuyet Hoa hoc ( Phan II : Nhiet dong hod hoc , ) Ca sa li thuyet cac qua trinh Hoa hoc Hoa hoc cac hop chat di vong Hoa H - Tap , , Hoa li - Tap Hoa hoc Dai cuang ( khd'i Nang - Lam - Ngu - Tap ) An mon va bao ve kim loai Phan ung dien hoa va ung dung Hoa hoc Phan tich Phdn II : Phan ung ciia ion dung dich nude Phdn III : Cac phuemg phdp dfnh luong Hod hoc Giao trinh Hoa li - Tap , Hoa hoc - Nam thir nhat, nam thir hai ( Giao trinh ddo tao ki su chat lucnig cao ) Hoa hoc Huu ca - Tap Bai tap Hoa hoc Hun ca Thuyet luong tu ve nguyen tu va phan tii - Tap , Dong hoa hoc va xuc tac Bai tap Hoa li Hoa hoc Dai cuang ( CDSP ) - Tap , Thuc hanh Hoa hoc Dai cuang ( CDSP ) Hoa hoc Vo ca ( CDSP ) - Tap , Hoa hoc Phan tich ( CDSP ) Ca sa hoa hoc Huu ca ( CDSP ) - Tap , , Hoang Nham Rene Didier (Vi! Dang Do , dich tubdn Tieng Phdp ) Nguyen Dinh Chi Nguyln Hanh Vfl Dang Do Nguyln Minh Thao Tran Van Nhan ( Chii bien ) Nguyen Van Tue Nguyln Van Tau (CM biin ) Nguyen Van Tue Tran Hiep Hai Nguyln Tinh Dung Nguyln Dinh Hue Andre Durupthy, ( Ddo Qm] Chieu , Tu Ngoc Anh dich tu ban tieng Phdp ) Nguyln Huu Dinh Nguyen Van Tong Nguyln Dinh Hue, Nguyln Due Chuy Nguyln Dinh Hul, Tran Kim Thanh, Nguyln Thi Thu Tran Hiep Hai Tran Thanh Hue Ha Thi Ngqc Loan Nguyen The Ngon, Tran Thj Da Nguyen Tinh Dung Tran Quoc Som, Nguyln Van Tong Dang Van Lilu 25 Phuang phap day Hoa hoc ( CDSP ) - Tdp 1, , Nguyen Cuang, Nguyln Manh Dung, Nguyln Thj Suu 26 Hoa hoc cong nghe va moi truang ( CDSP ) Phung Tien Dat ( Chit bien ) Ban doc co the mua tai cac Cong ti Sach va Thiet bj tarerng hoc a dja phuong, hoac cac Cua hang cua Nha xuat ban Giao due : 81 Tr4n Hung Dao hoac 187 Giang Vo - H 2i Noi 15 Nguyen Chi Thanh - TP Da Nlng 104 Mai Thj Luu - Quan - TP H Chi Minh 8934980 685952 Gid : 56.900d