Tiểu luận Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh 9 điểm Based on what you know about the development of English from its earliest inception, can you speculate on how the English language might develop in the future? What kinds of changes might we expect to see and what factors affect the extent to which you can make such predictions? What were the major external causes of the development of American English?
HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT ON THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Supervisor: MA VŨ TUẤN ANH Hà Nội, 2020 MỤC LỤC A Question 1: What were the major external causes of the development of American English? I Introduction II The main individualisms of American English 2.1 The creativity of American English 2.2 American English is open and inclusive 2.3.Resources of American vocablulary reflects the individualism of American people 2.4 The wide usage of slangs III The origination and development of American English IV Conclusion V References B Question 2: Based on what you know about the development of English from its earliest inception, can you speculate on how the English language might develop in the future? What kinds of changes might we expect to see and what factors affect the extent to which you can make such predictions? I Introduction II English in the furure 2.1.English as a lingua franca 2.2 Some issues which need to be considered about the future of English 2.3 Why english should be changed 10 III Conclusion 12 IV.References 12 A Question 1: What were the major external causes of the development of American English? I Introduction Based on the lasting prossperity of American in aspects of politics, economy, and culture, together with its deep effects on international society, American English is punching the whole world with different kinds of methods In our country, for a long time English education has been taking Britain English as the learning standard, students learnthe Britain English standard pronunciation However, in recent years, American English is affecting more and more, large quantities of files anddocuments from American teachers or schools have proved this Many scientific, economical books are also written in English To research a language, we should know its origination, because history molds and regulates language This thesis tries to analyze the external reasons for American English to be developed based on the mainindividualisms of it II The main individualisms of American English 2.1 The creativity of American English American English maintained large quantities of special language that does now not exist in Britain English Compared to present standard Britain English, American English can be ancient; its ancient property can be reflected in the usage of characters It maintained and refreshed some words that are not used in the present Britain English Some words are now not used in present standard Britain English, but only limited to the local language, but in American English, they are still common words The sailor Columbus discovered this “new land”, with wide range and sufficient material, the local people obey the racial traditions and culture, the free and opened living environment molded American people as open minded and smart, thus American English can als be imaginative At that time, some Americans thought that a new world can be craeated by combining the phonotactics with new forms or just reform the letters Thus they created many words that originally didn‟t exist As well, they also use prefixes and suffixes to create new words freely, which to great extent completed the American English vocabulary 2.2 American English is open and inclusive The sufficient new words that exist in American English mainly appear in the taking of western boatmen, city entrepreneurs, salesmen and expedition members In the whole colony period, the newly increased American English words can be mainly distributed into below categories: The words that absorbed from the Indian language; The words of English compounded words and the foreign words America is an opened country, English itself is also maintaining great opening property in its process of being developed and American English has bravely and actively absorbed the words from other races based on inheriting Britain English vocabulary while creating its own vocabulary The foreign words melted into the American peoples‟ oral language and written language, greatly amplified the English language culture and prompted the cultural combination From the fact that American English wifely absorbs foreign words, we can see that American people are always open-minded and dealing with concrete issues while compensating ther weakness with th advantage from the exterior words The members from emigrating country would maintain less exclusive thoughts, they‟re worry to refuse outer culture, this may be their strategies for actual development The French colonist have owned wide range of lands in North America; there are 27% in the most common 5000 words in American English from their own races, 17% of them from Latin language, 47% from French, and 9% from other languages Thus we can see that Freanch is also one of the main sources for American English vocabulary During the long-term communication of American English and Germany, many Germany words are also absorbed Every of American people there would be Germany generation Not less Germany culture individualisms have become the common individualisms of American culture In recent years, China, have developed in aspects of economy, military, science and education, its synthetic country power has also been developed a lot , that means China is affecting greater and greater to each of the ares in the world, just like America, become a big country that is enough to affect the whole world The position of Chinese language is also elecated obiviuosly, during the complicated communication between America and China, their languages are also affecting each other, and American English again has absorbed large quantities of words from Chinese 2.3.Resources of American vocablulary reflects the individualism of American people Rapidly developing American society tries to lead the people to search new words about new things, new views and new minds with different kinds of modes If there aren‟t existing words, they would just create it If there are existing words, they would expand its sense New words, new senses of American language are the consequence of the development of the American society and the combination of multi-culture, and this is the doomed consequent The apperance and common usage of new words also reflect the quality of being good at innovation also shows that Americans are in favor of expedition They are used to creating, In their eyes, nothing is impossible Only if you can it hard, you would succeed There is a concept of “American dream”, a kind of proud lead all the American people think that they can succeed once they canpay a great effort This individualism gives the American people the habit to exaggerate in speaking, opposite to British people, who are always controlling themselves and being gentle 2.4 The wide usage of slangs Slangs are from the common lives of people, which refect the actual life, it comes from life but its conten is higher than life Slangs are existing everywhere in the social lives of American society, thus, we won‟t feel strange to list the slangs as one of the individualisms of American English Slangs aren‟t formal, not regulated usually used oral language, limited only in special people group and occasions, which is full of rhetoric, intelligence, humor, concise, vivid, new and fashion Slangs are from the low level of the society, to speak slangs can be a method to release the presure of the mood The present American society is giving great pressure to the citizens; the present words are no longer enough for people to express their new minds and new feelings Slangs are usually used by the young people, who are the representatives of new culture and the main body to use language American common people like to use phrases that are combined of or words, which can accurately and rapidly express their thoughts while being understood Although sometimes people may think it as the reflection of being lack of senior education, and slangs have been considered as patent for the common people, actually, the super statum American people would also use slang sometimes just in order to add elements like humor,concise and strengthen their Scenes III The origination and development of American English In ancient times, English was brought in by the England colonists from Britain to American mainland The history of American English is close relationship with the history of American colony history In the erly 16th- 17th century, the Britain puritans started a fierce religiuos deforming and innovation action Following it was persecuted cruelly by the Englan establishmentarian religion, thus part of the puritans decided to move to North America In September 1620, the famous puritan leader Leland Bradford recruited 102 people and landed a wooden sailing which was 180 tons in weight and 27 meters in length “ May-Flower” and stared their “Columbus typed” long adventure After longer than months, “ May -Flower” reached the Cod Cape, English was thus brought in to such a “ new plain” which is wide and rich in materials However, as the early contact with the local Indian people, the emigrants felt more and more that they didn‟t have enough vocabulary to express the new things that they have seen, the consequent is that they searched and created many kinds of new vocabulary to describe the new and strange things in the communication with the local Indian Thus, to borrow words from the local Indians became their best method to create new words In the whole colonists period, the emigrants mainly absorbed the new words about the nature, such as mountains, rivers, lakes and so on In more than 50 states in present American, there are at least 27 of them whose name came from the Indian language Ever since the beginning of the 17th century that the Britain puritans landed on the American plain, in a long time, there weren‟t obivious difference from the American English inherited the basic vocabulary and grammar structure from the Britain English Before the indepence, American was once the colony for England, France, Span and so on The foreign vocabulary that has entered American English couldn‟t be to much After the independence of America, especially in the expanding period, large quantities of language of other races were absorbed in American English After the year 1776 in which America independent, some American scholars began to xonsider the location of American English, they thought that America should maintain the language of its own In the year 1806, Webster formally pointed out the name of American English, this was considered as the important symbol for the fornation ò American English In the year 1828, Webster edited the America English big dictionary, which formally and systematically fixed American English vocabulary‟s fornation, senses and usages Since then, in the world, there was the real concept of American English After the second World War, American fixed its relative top position in the world in military, economy and science areas, American English, as a kind of cultural output product in America, its efect and spreading range have also deeply entered each angle of the whole world IV Conclusion Here, we can conclude that the external causes of the development of American English can be classified into many aspects; the first is the Indian local environment of the Indian language This is the first element that affected the American English The second is the language from other countries, just like German, France, and China American people are always ready to imitate, learn from others and create based on their present foundations, All these elements caused the great development of the present American English V References Appel, R & Muysken Language Contact and Bilingualism [M] London: Ed ward Arnold Publishers Ltd, 1987 Baker,C Key Issues in Bilingualism and Bilingual Education [M].England: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1998 Abe H., Wiseman (1983) A crosscultural confirmation of the dimension of intercultural effectiveness, Internati onal Journal of Intercultural Relations Arthur W.,Bennett M(1995), The International Assignee:The Relative Import ance of Factors Perceived to Contribute to Success Personnel Psychology David S.Jackson (2004) Popular American English https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English B Question 2: Based on what you know about the development of English from its earliest inception, can you speculate on how the English language might develop in the future? What kinds of changes might we expect to see and what factors affect the extent to which you can make such predictions? I Introduction In the ongoing state of modern globalization, language has become a barrier that cannot be ignored At a point in recent history, some believed that Chinese might become the language of the future, but today China exists as the world‟s largest speaking English population English communication is thriving with some of the world‟s largest and most disruptive companies based in English-speaking countries, so it is no surprise that international communication is highly dependent on English being a common ground The aim of this paper is to attempt to predict what the English language will be like in the future, discussing lexical, morphological, syntactical and phonological change and to consider whether English will still be a global language by then II English in the furure 2.1.English as a lingua franca One way of predicting the future is to look back at the past The global role English plays today as a lingua franca – used as a means of communication by speakers of different languages – has parallels in the Latin of pre-modern Europe Having been spread by the success of the Roman Empire, Classical Latin was kept alive as a standard written medium throughout Europe long after the fall of Rome But the Vulgar Latin used in speech continued to change, forming new dialects, which in time gave rise to the modern Romance languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and Italian Similar developments may be traced today in the use of English around the globe, especially in countries where it functions as a second language New “interlanguages” are emerging, in which features of English are mingled with those of other native tongues and their pronunciations Despite the Singaporean government‟s attempts to promote the use of Standard British English through the Speak Good English Movement, the mixed language known as “Singlish” remains the variety spoken on the street and in the home Spanglish, a mixture of English and Spanish, is the native tongue of millions of speakers in the United States, suggesting that this variety is emerging as a language in its own right Meanwhile, the development of automatic translation software, such as Google Translate, will come to replace English as the preferred means of communication employed in the boardrooms of international corporations and government agencies So the future for English is one of multiple Englishes 2.2 Some issues which need to be considered about the future of English 2.2.1 What is being lost? In the 20th century, it was feared that English dialects were dying out with their speakers Projects such as the Survey of English Dialects (1950-61) were launched at the time to collect and preserve endangered words before they were lost forever A similar study undertaken by the BBC‟s Voices Project in 2004 turned up a rich range of local accents and regional terms which are available online, demonstrating the vibrancy and longevity of dialect vocabulary But while numerous dialect words were collected for “young person in cheap trendy clothes and jewellery” – pikey, charva, ned, scally – the word chav was found throughout England, demonstrating how features of the Estuary English spoken in the Greater London area are displacing local dialects, especially among younger generations The turn of the 20th century was a period of regulation and fixity – the rules of Standard English were established and codified in grammar books and in the New (Oxford) English Dictionary on Historical Principles, published as a series of volumes from 1884-1928 Today we are witnessing a process of de-standardisation, and the emergence of competing norms of usage In the online world, attitudes to consistency and correctness are considerably more relaxed: variant spellings are accepted and punctuation marks omitted, or repurposed to convey a range of attitudes Research has shown that in electronic discourse exclamation marks can carry a range of exclamatory functions, including apologising, challenging, thanking, agreeing, and showing solidarity Capital letters are used to show anger, misspellings convey humour and establish group identity, and smiley-faces or emoticons express a range of reactions 2.2.2 Getting shorter Some have questioned whether the increasing development and adoption of emoji pictograms, which allow speakers to communicate without the need for language, mean that we will cease to communicate in English at all? The fast-changing world of social media is also responsible for the coining and spreading of neologisms, or “new words” Recent updates to Oxford Dictionaries give aflavour: mansplaining, awesomesauce, rly, bants, TL;DR (too long; didn‟t read) Clipped forms, acronyms, blends and abbreviations have long been productive methods of word formation in English (think of bus, smog and scuba) but the huge increase in such coinages means that they will be far more prominent in the English of the future 2.3 Why english should be changed Language is always changing, evolving, and adapting to the needs of its users This isn't a bad thing; if English hadn't changed since, say, 1950, we wouldn't have words to refer to modems, fax machines, or cable TV As long as the needs of language users continue to change, so will the language The change is so slow that from year to year we hardly notice it, except to grumble every so often about the „poor English‟ being used by the younger generation! However, reading Shakespeare's writings from the sixteenth century can be difficult If you go back a couple more centuries, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales are very tough sledding, and if you went back another 500 years to try to read Beowulf, it would be like reading a different language Why does language change? Language changes for several reasons First, it changes because the needs of its speakers change New technologies, new products, and new experiences require new words to refer to them clearly and efficiently Consider texting: originally it was called text messaging, because it allowed one person to send another text rather than voice messages by phone As that became more common, people began using the shorter form text to refer to both the message and the process, as in I just got a text or I'll text Sylvia right now 10 Another reason for change is that no two people have had exactly the same language experience We all know a slightly different set of words and constructions, depending on our age, job, education level, region of the country, and so on We pick up new words and phrases from all the different people we talk with, and these combine to make something new and unlike any other person's particular way of speaking At the same time, various groups in society use language as a way of marking their group identity; showing who is and isn't a member of the group Many of the changes that occur in language begin with teens and young adults As young people interact with others their own age, their language grows to include words, phrases, and constructions that are different from those of the older generation Some have a short life span (heard groovy lately?), but others stick around to affect the language as a whole We get new words from many different places We borrow them from other languages (sushi, chutzpah), we create them by shortening longer words (gym from gymnasium) or by combining words (brunch from breakfast and lunch), and we make them out of proper names (Levis, fahrenheit) Sometimes we even create a new word by being wrong about the analysis of an existing word, like how the word pea was created Four hundred years ago, the word pease was used to refer to either a single pea or a bunch of them, but over time, people assumed that pease was a plural form, for which pea must be the singular Therefore, a new word, pea, was born The same thing would happen if people began to think of the word cheese as referring to more than one chee Word order also changes, though this process is much slower Old English word order was much more 'free' than that of Modern English, and even comparing the Early Modern English of the King James Bible with today's English shows differences in word order For example, the King James Bible translates Matthew 6:28 as "Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not." In a more recent translation, the last phrase is translated as "they not toil,” because English no longer places not after the verb in a sentence The sounds of a language change over time, too About 500 years ago, English began to undergo a major change in the way its vowels were pronounced Before that, geese would have rhymed with today's pronunciation of face, while mice would have rhymed with today's peace However, a 'Great Vowel Shift' began to occur, during which the ay sound (as in pay) changed to ee (as in fee) in all the words containing it, while the ee sound changed to i (as in pie) Overall, seven 11 different vowel sounds were affected If you've ever wondered why most other European languages spell the sound ay with an „e‟ (as in fiancé), and the sound ee with an „i‟ (as in aria), it's because those languages didn't undergo the Great Vowel Shift, only English did III Conclusion In conclusion, barring a colossal political upheaval, English is likely to remain the global language of the future However, English will exist as WSSE and as dialect variations Hence, diglossia may become a means of survival by the future As there will be far more SL speakers than native English speakers in the future, the latter will innovate change as a means of identity enactment For written English, „the tolerance spectrum‟ will need to be outlined and implemented by educational institutions worldwide It is worthwhile remembering that „language functions in time, space and the social dimension and changes according to its communicative roles‟ (Ureland, 1989: 243) and all of these factors change over centuries, rather than decades IV.References https://www.academia.edu/28128365/The_future_of_English_language_Will _English_retain_its_current_global_position_in_the_next_50_years https://www.quantumrun.com/article/future-english-language History of English, Dan Mclntyre, 1st edition The future of English, David Graddol https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/whats-future-english English as a global language – David Crystal https://ltc-english.com/how-the-english-language-will-evolve-over-time/ 12