Study on the state of st development in asian

STUDY ON THE STATE OF S&T DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN TABLE OF CONTENTS STUDYONTHESTATEOFS&TDEVELOPMENTINASEAN  TABLEOFCONTENTS    EXECUTIVESUMMARY S&TR&D:HUMANRESOURCES,EXPENDITURES,ANDOUTPUTS HumanResourcesInvolvedinS&T FundingforS&T S&TR&DOutputs:ScientificPublications S&TR&DOutputs:Patents NichesandPotentialsofS&TinSocioͲEconomicSectors S&TUTILIZATIONPROGRAMANDINDICATORS OBSERVATIONSANDIDEASFORASEANMEMBERSTATES SUMMARYOFRECOMMENDATIONSTOWARDBUILDINGASEANCOMMUNITY2015 ASEANVisionandKeyStrategiesforS&T R&DCooperation HRDCollaboration TechnologyTransferandCommercialization Information/KnowledgeSharing CHAPTERI PROJECTRATIONALE,BACKGROUND,ANDOBJECTIVES CharacteristicsandelementsoftheASCC AccesstoScienceandTechnology(S&T) CHAPTERII METHODOLOGY GuideforSituationers CHAPTERIII COUNTRYSITUATIONERS BRUNEIDARUSSALAM CAMBODIA INDONESIA LAOPEOPLE’SDEMOCRATICREPUBLIC MALAYSIA MYANMAR PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE THAILAND VIETNAM CHAPTERIV ANALYSISOFFACTORSANDINDICATORS S&TStrategiesandPolicies InfrastructureforS&T Synthesis HumanResourcesInvolvedinS&T FundingforS&T S&TR&DOutputs:ScientificPublications Page 1 3 3 4 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 13  16 16 17  19 20  23 23 30 34 45 53 62 69 82 96 106  111 111 115 120 122 122 124 S&TR&DOutputs:Patents S&TUtilizationProgramandIndicators STRENGTHS/NICHES/POTENTIALSINS&T CapacityforS&THumanResourceDevelopmentinHigherEducationInstitutions UniversityͲBasedResearchInstitutes MajorEconomicIndicators CHAPTERV OBSERVATIONSANDIDEASFORMEMBERSTATES CHAPTERVI RECOMMENDATIONSTOWARDANASEANCOMMUNITY2015 ASEANVisionandKeyStrategiesforS&T R&DCooperation HRDCollaboration Information/KnowledgeSharing  TABLES   Table1 NumberofResearchers(Headcount)PerMillionPopulation BySectorofEmploymentAmongASEANCountries,LatestyearAvailable Table2 GrossExpenditureonR&D(GERD),R&DIntensity,andPerCapitaGERDamongASEAN Countries,LatestAvailableData Table3 GERDbySectorofPerformanceinASEANCountries LatestYearAvailable Table4 GERDbySourceofFundsinASEANCountries LatestYearAvailable Table5 ScientificPublicationsofASEANMemberStates Table6 RegisteredPatentsinASEANMemberStates Table7 Niches/PotentialsinSocioͲEconomicSectors Table8 FocusofS&TUtilizationProgramamongASEANMEMBERSTATES Table9 IndonesiaNationalHeadcountofR&DPersonnel2009 Table10 LaoPDRCompositionofAgriculturalResearchExpenditureandTotalResearchers2003 Table11 Malaysia’smajorexports Table12 Philippines R&DExpendituresas%ofGDP,2007and2009 125 125 134 137 142 143  145  151 151 151 151 152 Page 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 43 50 61 73 Table13 Philippines NationalR&DExpendituresbySector003,2005,2007,and2009 Table14 Philippines R&DExpendituresinthePrivateIndustrySectorbyTypeofIndustry Table15 PhilippinesSectorofPerformanceinS&T03,2005,2006,2008(inthousandpesos) Table16 PhilippinesGERDSectorofPerformanceinS&TR&DSpending Table17 NumberofCoͲpublicationsbyFilipinoswithCitizensfromOtherAMS Table18 Singapore’sGrossDomesticProductbyIndustry(S$MIL) Table19 Singapore’sTotalOutputofManufacturingbyIndustryCluster(S$mil) Table20 Singapore’sExportsbyMajorCommodityatCurrentPrices(S$mil) Table21 Singapore’sTotalTradebySelectedCountryatCurrentPrices(S$mil) Table22 Thailand:PersonsInvolvedinS&TR&D(Headcount) Table23 Thailand:PersonsInvolvedinS&TR&D(FTE) Table24 Thailand:HumanResourcesinS&T Table25 Thailand:ExpendituresforS&TR&D Table26 Thailand:PatentApplicationsandPatentsGranted Table27 Top10ThaiExports2011 Table28 Top5ThaiImports2011 Table29 Thailand’sMajorTradingPartnersinASEAN Table30 Vietnam:NumberofScientificPublications(2000–2008) Table31 NumberofResearchers(Headcount)PerMillionPopulationbySectorofEmployment amongASEANMemberStates,LatestAvailableData Table32 GrossExpenditureonR&D(GERD),R&DIntensity,andPerCapitaGERD AmongASEANMemberStates;LatestAvailableData Table33 GERDBySectorofPerformanceinASEANMemberStates,LatestAvailableData Table34 GERDBySourceofFundsinASEANMemberStates,LatestAvailableData 74 75 79 80 81 92 93 94 95 99 100 101 101 102 104 104 105 109 122 123 123 124 Table35 NumberofScientificPublicationsamongAMS Table36 PatentsGrantedamongAMS Table37 ProjectsandProgramsRelatedtoS&TUtilizationintheAMS Table38 SummaryofUtilizationIndicatorsamongAMS Table39 ArticulationofS&TPoliciesandStrategies,S&TandInnovationInfrastructure,and UtilizationPrograms Table40 S&THumanResources,Investments,andOutputs Table41 HEIcapacityforHRDinS&TandUniversityͲbasedResearchCapability Table42 AreasofStrengthinMajorS&TDisciplines Table43 Strengths/Niches/PotentialsinSocioEconomicSectorsWhereS&THasSignificantRole Table44 NichesinProducts/Commodities–BasedonMajorExports Table45 MajorEconomicIndicatorsofASEANMEMBERSTATES  FIGURES Figure1 Recommendedschemesandfundingmechanismforcollaborationandcooperation amongASEANmemberstatesforS&TutilizationtowardsbuildingASEANCommunity 2015 Figure2 ConformityoftheStudy’sRecommendationswiththeKrabiInitiative2010   125 125 126 128Ͳ133 134 135 135 136 136 137 144   14 15 EXECUTIVESUMMARY  COUNTRY REPORTS STUDYONTHESTATEOFS&TDEVELOPMENTINASEAN  ToreachtheASEANCommunity’sbuildinggoalsof2015,thisSTUDYONTHESTATEOFS&T DEVELOPMENTINASEANwascommissionedbytheAdvisoryBodyonASEANPlanofAction onScienceandTechnology(ABAPAST)in2011.  The objectives of the study are to determine and assess S&T capacities (both human and infrastructure)ofmemberstates;toidentifypossibletechnologyniches(strengths)ineach ASEANMemberState(AMS);andtodevelopasetofstrategiesthatcanaddresstwoburning questions:  HowcouldASEANsynergizeeachother’sstrengthstoensurerapid,consistent,and harmonious S&T developments in each Member State without duplicating but complementing these developments, thus avoiding competition among the ASEAN MemberStates? How could S&T development in ASEAN, both at national and regional levels, be relevanttotherealizationoftheASEANCommunityby2015?  ThisstudythuscoversawiderangeofinformationfromeachASEANMemberState(AMS).It covers S&T Policy and Development Strategies, Infrastructure for S&T, Funding for S&T, HumanresourcesinvolvedinS&T,S&TOutputs,S&TUtilizationprograms,AreasofStrength inS&T/R&D,MajorContributorstoGDP,MajorExports,MajorTrading/EconomicPartnersin ASEAN.  The strategies and policies on S&T in each AMS are influenced by political, historical, economic, and social conditions as well as the leadership’s level of aspirations. Therefore, the focus of S&T development in ASEAN member countries though exhibiting many similarities, show varying emphases or priorities. All members have strategies involving development of information, strong linkages with relevant partners and involvement of various stakeholders to spur the development. The level of integration or cohesiveness of S&TpoliciesineachAMSalsodiffersfromcountrytocountry.Inaddition,theroleofthetop leadershipinthecountryvariesinmanyways.ThecommonthreadsonS&T,whichmaybe woven among ASEAN member states, are collaboration on sustainability, human capital development, and S&T fields like agriculture, aquaculture, biodiversity, energy, environment,health,andICT.  In the area of human resources involved in S&T, the main information considered is the statisticsonR&Dpersonnel,measuredintermsof numberofresearchers (headcount)per million population, obtained from UNESCO Institute of Statistics. The year when the latest statistics is available varies, ranging from 2002 to 2009. The statistics obtained are as follows:Brunei 673(2009),Cambodia56(2002),Indonesia179(2009),LaoPDR37(2002), Malaysia729(2006) ,Myanmar100(2002),Philippines130(2007),Singapore7,230(2008), Thailand582(2007)andVietnam508(2002).   DatafromtheNationalSurveyofR&DbyMOSTIMalaysiain2008givesafigureof1,135permillion ofTotalHeadcountofR&DPersonnel. COUNTRY REPORTS IntermsoffundingforS&T,themainindicatoravailableisR&Dintensitymeasuredinterms of the Percentage of Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) to GDP, also obtained from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics. The figures show the following: Brunei 0.04% (2004), Cambodia 0.05% (2002), Indonesia 0.04% (2009), Lao PDR 0.04% (2002), Malaysia 0.63% (2006) ,Myanmar0.16%(2002),Philippines0.11%(2007),Singapore2.26%(2009),Thailand 0.21%(2009),andVietnam0.19%(2002).  In 2000, the S&T R&D Scientific Publications produced per country were the following: Brunei–31;Cambodia–14;Indonesia–429;LaoPDR–9;Malaysia–805;Myanmar–19; Philippines – 353; Singapore – 3,465; Thailand – 1,182; and Vietnam – 315. In 2008, the figures increased: Brunei – 40; Cambodia – 75;Indonesia – 650; Lao PDR– 52; Malaysia – 2,712;Myanmar–37;PhilippinesͲ624;Singapore–6,813;Thailand–4,134;andVietnam– 875.  ThestatisticsonthenumberofregisteredpatentsshowedSingaporehaving274patentsin 2000and481in2007,followedbyMalaysia,whichhad63patentsin2000and212in2007. TheotherAMSproducedlessthan50patentsperyearintheyearscovered.  TheS&TutilizationprogramsinAMSarecategorizedintothree:(1)thosethatsupportbasic needs in agriculture and rural development (all AMS except Singapore); (2) those that support government functions for public services and national security (Indonesia and Malaysia); and (3) those that support the economic sector (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, VietnamandPhilippines).  Finally,recommendationsareproposedinthisstudyaimedatattainingthegoalofbuilding theS&TsectorintheASEANCommunity.Theserecommendationscoverthefollowing:  y Setting an ASEAN Vision for S&T that will contribute positively to the building processforASEANCommunity2015.  y CreatinganactiveR&DNetworkthatwillbeusefulforASEANMemberStates.This collaboration will include ways to utilize knowhow and knowledge accumulated in universitiesandresearchinstitutionsineverymemberstate.Areasofcollaboration will include socioͲculture development and regional development. ASEAN Member Stateswillcomeupwithasecuritynetworkintheareasoffoodandenergy,water management, biodiversity, climate change, disaster management, and environmental preservation. This will evolve through a scheme called “Open Innovation” that will provide researchers and scientists access to shared R&D facilities and information across ASEAN. Other segments of the R&D Network will sharemodelsofresearchconsortiaamonguniversities,publicresearchinstitutions, andcorporatebusinessunits.PublicͲprivatepartnershipsarerecommendedforS&T utilizationprojectsthattargetregionaldevelopmentandpublicservicesacrossthe regionsuchasfoodandenergysecurity,disastermanagement,andenvironmental preservationandrehabilitation.   DatafromtheNationalSurveyofR&DbyMOSTIMalaysiain2008givesanR&Dintensityof.82% measuredintermsofthePercentageofGrossExpenditureonR&D(GERD)toGDP. y Ensuring human resource development among ASEAN Member States through the AUNͲSEED Program in collaboration with the Committee on Social Development. ThismeansanExpandedAUNͲSEEDProgramforadvancededucationinengineering andscience.Includedhereistheadoptionofa“sandwich”programandinternship forresearchersandtechnicalpersonnelinR&D/S&TinstitutesASEANͲwide. y Strengtheningregionalcompetitivenessthroughthedevelopmentofinnovativeand cooperativestrategiesthatwillsupportSMEsintechnologicalupgrading.Thiswillbe accomplishedby settingupSMEtechnologyhelpdeskcentersandnetworksacross ASEAN and promoting highͲtech firm startͲups through programs of crossͲASEAN technopreneurships that combine ideas, socioͲcultural uniqueness, highly skilled humanresources,andcapitalutilizationacrossASEAN. y Establishment of the ASEAN Fund for Innovation organized under ABAPAST/ABASF andS&TutilizationprojectfundingorganizedunderCOSTͲSubcommitteeaswellas venture capital fund to support technologyͲbased SMEs and techͲfirms startͲups across ASEAN. ASEAN should take advantage of international cooperation and the schemeofpublicͲprivatepartnershiptoestablishsuchfunding.   COUNTRY REPORTS  S&TR&D:HUMANRESOURCES,EXPENDITURES,ANDOUTPUTS  HumanResourcesInvolvedinS&T  In terms of total R&D personnel per million population, Singapore has the highest headcount at 7,230 R&D personnel while Lao PDR has the lowest at 37 R&D personnelpermillionpopulation.ThedistributionofR&Dpersonnelamongsectors of performance shows that more than half of Singapore’s R&D personnel are employed in private business while in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, the bulk of R&D personnel is employed in the higher education sector. More than half of the R&D personnel in Cambodia and Lao PDR are employed by the government sector. In this regard, it should be noted that SingaporehastheleastportionofR&Dpersonnelworkinginthegovernmentsector (Table1).  Table1 NumberofResearchers(Headcount)PerMillionPopulation BySectorofEmploymentamongASEANMemberStates,LatestAvailableData  DistributionbySectorofEmployment(as%tototal) Total MemberCountry Headcount Private Business Higher Not Government (yearavailable) PerMillion NonͲ Enterprise Education Specified Population Profit Brunei(2004) 673 11.0 21.2 67.8 Ͳ Ͳ Cambodia(2002) 56 15.2 53.0 11.8 20.0 Ͳ Indonesia(2009) 179 1.9 31.3 66.8 Ͳ Ͳ LaoPDR(2002) 37 28.2 52.2 19.6 Ͳ Ͳ Malaysia(2006)* 729 21.9 14.2 63.9 Ͳ Ͳ Myanmar(2002) 100 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Ͳ Philippines(2007) 130 28.0 21.6 48.9 1.5 Ͳ Singapore(2008) 7,230 54.4 7.2 38.4 Ͳ Ͳ Thailand(2007) 582 17.7 16.3 64.5 0.2 1.3 Vietnam(2002) 508 23.5 27.0 49.0 0.5 Ͳ COUNTRY REPORTS Source:UNESCOInstituteforStatistics * DatafromtheNationalSurveyofR&DofMOSTIMalaysiain2008givesafigureof1,135permillion forTotalHeadcount,11.7%ofwhichareemployedintheBusinessEnterpriseSector,11.6%inthe governmentsectorand76.7%intheHigherEducationSector.    FundingforS&T  AsshowninTable2,allASEANMemberStatesexceptSingaporeinvestlessinR&D relative to their GDP. They have R&D intensities of less than 1%, the level recommendedbyUNESCOfordevelopingcountriestoachieve. ...  In the areas of STI, focus is on (i) strengthening the STI institutional setup and arrangement, (ii) strengthening the existing STI infrastructure, (iii) financing STI... y y y Ministry of InternalAffairs Ministry of Defense Ministry of LawandHumanRights Ministry of EnergyandMineralResources Ministry of Industry,Ministry of Trade Ministry of Agriculture... Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Forestry Ministry of Transportation Ministry of MarineAffairsandFisheries Ministry of ManpowerandTransmigration Ministry of PublicWorks Ministry of health Ministry of NationalEducation