The life history and management of phyllotreta cruciferae and phyllotreta striolata

University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2004 The life history and management of Phyllotreta cruciferae and Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pests of brassicas in the northeastern United States Caryn L Andersen University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Andersen, Caryn L., "The life history and management of Phyllotreta cruciferae and Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pests of brassicas in the northeastern United States." (2004) Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 3091 Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3091 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst For more information, please contact scholarworks@library.umass.edu THE LIFE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), PESTS OF BRASSICAS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES A Thesis Presented by CARYN L ANDERSEN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE September 2004 Entomology © Copyright by Caryn L Andersen 2004 All Rights Reserved THE LIFE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), PESTS OF BRASSICAS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES A Thesis Presented by CARYN L ANDERSEN Approved as to style and content by: Tt, Francis X Mangan, Member Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences DEDICATION To my family and friends ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisors, Roy Van Driesche and Ruth Hazzard, for their continual support, encouragement and thoughtful advice Even when unexpected problems arose or experiments failed, they were always there to help find a solution I / would also like to thank Ron Prokopy, Dave Ferro, Joe Elkinton, and Frank Mangan, whose questions and advice helped me to clarify my research questions and experiments, and also for their thoughtful reviews of my thesis And, I would like to thank John Buonnacorsi and Wes Autio, who provided advice on experimental design and statistics for my project Many thanks to all the people who helped with both farm work and lab experiments: Matthew Verson, Neal Woodard, Tim Andenmatten, Elizabeth Saviteer, Amanda Duphily, and Caroline Nunn I would especially like to thank Emi Okuda for spending many hours pouring over yellow sticky cards, and Sorrel Hatch, for never complaining as we counted damage holes on thousands of brassicas on hot summer days in a room without air-conditioning Alan Taylor, of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, kindly provided treated seeds for use in some of the pesticide trials Finally, I would like to thank all of the graduate students at UMass, but especially Tim, Sara Nikki, and Aaron, for providing help in so many different ways while I was working on my thesis Funding for this research was provided by a USD A SARE grant and by a USD A Risk Management Assessment grant ABSTRACT THE LIFE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), PESTS OF BRASSICAS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES SEPTEMBER 2004 CARYN L ANDERSEN, B.S., WHEATON COLLEGE, IL M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Roy Van Driesche The flea beetle species Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) and Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricus) are significant economic pests of plants in the family Brassicaceae The life history of P cruciferae was investigated in Massachusetts from 2001 to 2003 Samples of leaf litter and soil were collected from a variety of habitats to determine the location of flea beetle overwintering sites surrounding agricultural fields Significantly more P cruciferae were found in the leaf litter beneath shrubs and brush, or in wooded areas, than in grass, within field debris, or in soil samples taken within each habitat Dissections of field-collected adult beetles suggested the occurrence of a partial second generation by P cruciferae in 2003 Changes in the feeding and response to yellow sticky traps in P cruciferae were monitored in caged experiments in the laboratory in 2002 and 2003 The propensity of P cruciferae to feed on collard plants peaked in June and August, as did beetle response to yellow sticky traps A significant correlation was found between feeding and attraction to the traps VI From 2001 to 2003, the efficacy of both new and commonly used treatments for the control of flea beetles in Asian brassicas {Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated in four small plot, randomized complete block design trials In all trials, row cover and carbaryl (applied as a weekly foliar spray) were found to be the most consistent at reducing damage in comparison to untreated controls Two new products that may provide adequate flea beetle control are spinosad (in either conventional or organic formulations) and thiamethoxam The organic compounds azidiractin and pyrethrin did not protect treated plants from flea beetle feeding The level of damage at harvest was found to be correlated with population size of flea beetles in each plot, as determined by captures on yellow sticky cards and direct visual counts Surveys of bok choi (B rapa L var Chinensis) available from different market venues found that the threshold level of damage varied significantly, with the highest levels of damage being found in locally grown organic produce vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.v ABSTRACT vi LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES.xii CHAPTER THE HISTORY, BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (FABRICUS) IN NORTH AMERICA.1 Introduction.1 History of Flea Beetle Invasions.3 Flea Beetle Biology Morphology.4 Life History.5 Emergence and Reproduction.5 Development Rate.6 The Egg Stage.6 The Larval Stages The Pre-Pupa and Pupa Seasonal Phenology and Voltinism Laboratory Rearing.10 Overwintering.10 Host Plants and Host Plant Location.11 Management 14 Damage Caused by Feeding 14 Flea Beetle Monitoring.15 Management with Pesticides 16 Non-Chemical Management Options.19 Conclusion.20 References 22 Vlll Several organic pesticides were not effective at reducing flea beetle damage to komatsuna leaves in these trials Pyrethrin, which is commonly used by organic growers of brassica greens in Massachusetts, did not reduce plant damage in any of my trials Kaolin, tested in the first three trials, also failed to reduce plant damage Furthermore, kaolin was difficult to work with, frequently clogging the sprayers, and leaving a white residue on the leaves of the plants even after harvest Similarly, azidirachtin did not control flea beetles in this study, nor did spinosad when applied as a seed treatment Carbaryl is an effective product available to conventional growers for flea beetle control However, carbaryl has a 14 days-to-harvest interval, which would preclude its use on crops that are being harvested frequently or at a young age, as are many brassicas (especially those grown for salad mixtures) Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid, is not yet labeled for use on brassica greens, but has been effective in protecting young canola plants from flea beetle damage (Doyle et al 2001) Thiamethoxam also controls other species of flea beetles in crops such as com and eggplant (Kuhar et al 2002, McLeod et al 2002) Thiamethoxam is systemic and can be applied as a furrow drench or a seed treatment, reducing exposure of non-target animals and plants In these trials, thiamethoxam, applied either as a seed treatment or as a furrow drench, was effective for two to three weeks in controlling damage from flea beetle feeding In large fields, this may be sufficient to prevent damage, as almost all beetles would be killed in the first few weeks following application, and recolonization would be more limited than was the case in my small-plot studies Monitoring could be done three to four weeks post seeding to see if late season applications of other pesticides were needed 82 Captures of flea beetles on yellow sticky cards correlated positively with the number of holes at harvest and correlated negatively with plant weight at harvest The same correlations existed between direct visual counts in the plots and either the number of holes or plant weight, although the strength of the correlation was weaker Based on the data collected in trials 1, and 3, it seems that komatsuna plants from plots in which the average number of beetles per card was less than two had significantly less holes and higher plant weight at harvest than plants from plots with more than two beetles per card For the counts of beetles per plant per 30 cm row section, plots with less than 0.03 beetles per plant tended to have fewer holes and higher plant weights More detailed research in this area could lead to the development of spray thresholds based on either card captures or direct counts, which currently not exist for flea beetles on leafy brassica crops 83 References Blatchley, W S 1910 An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles known to occur in Indiana The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Burgess, L 1977 Flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) attacking rape crops in the Canadian prairie provinces The Canadian Entomologist 109: 21-32 Bracken, G K 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H G 1979 Observations on distribution, seasonal life history, and abundance of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) that infest rape crops in Manitoba The Canadian Entomologist 111: 1345-1353 95 ... THE LIFE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), PESTS OF BRASSICAS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES A Thesis Presented... Caryn L Andersen 2004 All Rights Reserved THE LIFE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), PESTS OF BRASSICAS IN THE NORTHEASTERN... SARE grant and by a USD A Risk Management Assessment grant ABSTRACT THE LIFE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), PESTS OF BRASSICAS