AN INVESTIGATION INTO SHIFTS IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH EXISTENTIAL PROCESSES IN ‘WUTHERING HEIGHTS’ BY EMILY BRONTE

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN LÊ THANH NHÃ AN INVESTIGATION INTO SHIFTS IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH EXISTENTIAL PROCESSES IN ‘WUTHERING HEIGHTS’ BY EMILY BRONTE Field: English Language Code: 80 22 02 01 Supervisor: LÊ THỊ GIAO CHI, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN LÊ THANH NHÃ NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ SỰ CHUYỂN DỊCH TRONG VIỆC DỊCH THUẬT TIẾNG VIỆT CÁC DIỄN TRÌNH HIỆN HỮU TIẾNG ANH VỚI TÁC PHẨM ‘WUTHERING HEIGHTS’ TÁC GIẢ EMILY BRONTE Chuyên ngành: Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã số: 80 22 02 01 Người hướng dẫn: TS LÊ THỊ GIAO CHI i ABSTRACT This thesis attempts to investigate the shift in the Vietnamese translation of English existential processes as represented in a literary work Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronté It particularly looks at ‘existential’ clauses as representation embodied in this piece of literary writing and examines the shifts that occur in the rendering of existential meaning in these clauses into Vietnamese Based on Halliday’s functional approach to clauses as representation, clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents were analyzed in both lexicogrammar and semantic meaning, and then Catford’s model of translation shift was adopted to the interpretation of different types of shifts that have occurred via translation The research data include a sample of 140 ‘existential’ clauses extracted from the literary work entitled Wuthering Heights of Emily Bronté and 140 Vietnamese translational equivalents in Doi Gio Hu translated by Duong Tuong The result shows that there are three types of translation shifts that have occurred in the process of translation, namely the structure shift, the class shift, and the unit shift These changes in the lexico-grammar via translation has necessitated shifts in the representation of experiential meaning, turning existential process into other types: material, relational, mental, and verbal Finally, the correlation between shifts in translation and shifts in processes has thus established This piece of research is hoped to shed further light into the use of translation as a heuristic tool to analyze aspects of language in communication across English and Vietnamese (Lê, 2014) It also draws out some implications for the teaching and learning of English, for research in language and translation studies ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people helped me when this thesis was on its ways My grateful thanks in particular are to Dr Le Thi Giao Chi, my supervisor, who has supported me a lot during the time I work on my thesis Her kind encouragements, her endless patience, her critical comments and valuable materials, her invaluable reading of the drafts as well as her useful feedback have contributed to the final shape of this thesis My special thanks next go to my family for their love and kind support to me during the time working on this study I am also grateful to my friends and classmates for their warm encouragements, help and valuable materials; I will not name here for fear I might inadvertently leave someone out This thesis would not be possible without their contributions Thank you all! iii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP This thesis represents my own work and due acknowledgment is given whenever information is derived from other sources No part of this thesis has been or is being concurrently submitted for any other qualification at any university except where due reference has been made in the text Quy Nhon, 2019 NGUYEN LE THANH NHA iv TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES 2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.2.1 Translation and Equivalence 2.2.2 Systemic Functional Grammar 2.2.2.1 Overview 2.2.2.2 Metafunction 12 2.2.2.3 Ideational Metafunction 12 2.2.2.4 Transitivity system 12 2.2.2.4.1 Material process 14 2.2.2.4.2 Mental process 16 2.2.2.4.3 Relational process 17 2.2.2.4.4 Behavioural process 19 2.2.2.4.5 Verbal process 19 2.2.2.4.6 Existential process 20 2.2.2.5 Classes and Function 21 2.2.2.6 Groups and Phrases 22 v 2.2.2.6.1 Nominal Group 22 2.2.2.6.2 Verbal Group 23 2.2.2.6.3 Adverbial Group 24 2.2.2.6.4 Prepositional Phrase 24 2.2.2.7 Embedded Expasions 24 2.2.2.8 Metaphorical Modes of Expression 26 2.2.2.8.1 Ideational Metaphor 26 2.2.3 Translation Shifts 27 2.2.3.1 Category Shifts 28 2.2.3.1.1 Structure Shifts 28 2.2.3.1.2 Class Shifts 28 2.2.3.1.3 Unit Shifts or Rank Shifts 29 2.2.3.1.4 Intra-System Shifts 29 2.3 SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER 29 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 30 3.1 RESEARCH APPROACHES 30 3.2 DATA COLLECTION 31 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS 32 3.4 SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER 33 CHAPTER DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 34 4.1 PREAMBLE OF ENGLISH EXISTENTIAL CLAUSES 34 4.1.1 The Structure of ‘Existential’ Clause 34 4.1.1.1 Circumstance at the Beginning of the Clause 35 4.1.1.2 Circumstance at the End of the Clause 36 4.1.2 The Structure of Nominal Group 37 4.1.2.1 Pre-modifier 37 vi 4.1.2.1.1 Deictic 37 4.1.2.1.2 Numerative 37 4.1.2.1.3 Epithet 38 4.1.2.1.4 Classifier 38 4.1.2.2 Post-modifier 38 4.1.2.2.1 Prepositional phrase 38 4.1.2.2.2 Non-finite clause 38 4.1.2.2.3 Finite-clause 38 4.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 39 4.2.1 The Translation Shifts 39 4.2.1.1 Structure Shift 40 4.2.1.2 Class Shift 43 4.2.1.3 Unit Shifts 46 4.2.2 Process Shifts from Perspective of Translation shifts 50 4.2.2.1 Structure Shift 52 4.2.2.1.1 Existential Process 52 4.2.2.1.2 Material Process 53 4.2.2.1.3 Relational Process 54 4.2.2.1.4 Discussion 54 4.2.2.2 Unit Shift 56 4.2.2.2.1 Relation Process 56 4.2.2.2.2 Nominal Groups 58 4.2.2.2.3 Discussion 58 4.2.2.3 Class shift 59 4.2.2.3.1 Material Process 59 4.2.2.3.2 Mental Process 60 4.2.2.4 Class and Unit shift 61 vii 4.2.2.4.1 Nominalized nominal groups 61 4.2.2.4.2 Nominal groups with embedded clauses 64 4.2.2.5 Non Lexicogrammar Shifts 67 4.3 SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER 69 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 70 5.1 CONCLUSION 70 5.2 IMPLICATIONS 73 5.3 LIMITATIONS 73 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 74 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1.The structure of an ordinary ‘existential’ clause 34 Table 4.2 The structure of ‘existential’ clause with circumstance as theme 35 Table 4.3 The structure of ‘existential’ clause with circumstance at initial position 35 Table 4.4 The structure of an ‘existential’ clause with circumstance at end position 36 Table 4.5 The experiential structure of a nominal group 37 Table 4.6.Structure shifts in the translation of English clauses 40 Table 4.7 Class shifts in the translation of English clauses 44 Table 4.8 Unit shifts in the translation of English clauses 47 Table 4.9 Occurrences of shift in process via translation shifts 51 Table 4.10 Analysis of the sample numbered 35 53 Table 4.11 Analysis of the sample numbered 10 53 Table 4.12 Analysis of the sample numbered 122 54 Table 4.13 Analysis of the sample numbered 88 56 Table 4.14 Analysis of the sample numbered 19 57 Table 4.15 Analysis of the sample numbered 32 58 Table 4.16 Analysis of the sample numbered 101 59 Table 4.17 Analysis of the sample numbered 69 60 Table 4.18 Analysis of the sample numbered 62 Table 4.19 Analysis of the sample numbered 117 62 Table 4.20: Analysis of the sample numbered 100 65 Table 4.21 Analysis of the sample numbered 11 66 Table 4.22 Analysis of the sample numbered 20 66 Table 4.23 Analysis of the sample numbered 137 68 81 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 there was a grace in his manner [[that mitigated these defects, and rendered him not unpleasing]] There’s nothing the matter but laziness there’d never be an end of it there was Miss [[standing at the table with a bit of blank paper before her and a pencil in her hand]] She went sadly on: there was no running or bounding now there was no necessity for [[descending]] There’s a little flower up yonder there are years and years [[to come]] There were eavesdroppers there’s a darling There are only a few red ashes now there is nobody by [[to care for his nonsense]] ||I expected ||there would be sad work [[persuading you [[to let me keep my word to Linton]]|| there was no pleasure in it or is there a prospect of improvement, as he grows a man?’ only there are cloud there was less of the peevish temper of a child … there was nothing else [[to produce such humiliation]] There’s law in the land There was a talk of two or three minutes there is a talk about you at Gimmerton There was the will, however, [[to hinder that]] There was the same man The day she was buried, there came a fall of snow There was another sigh, close at my ear cung cách có nét duyên dáng làm giảm nhược điểm khiến cậu khơng đáng ngán chẳng có vấn đề ngoại trừ lười biếng dây dưa không dứt Cô bé đứng bên bàn với mảnh giấy trắng trước mặt bút chì tay Cơ buồn bã dấn bước không chạy nhảy không cần phải xuống Kia có bơng hoa nhỏ năm qua có kẻ đứng nghe trộm bé thân u cịn than đỏ thơi khơng có bên để quan tâm đến trò vớ vẩn em dự kiến phải thuyết phục u em giữ lời hứa với Linton làm chẳng thú vị có triển vọng trưởng thành khơng ? khác có mây bớt tính dằn dỗi đứa trẻ cố tình ngầy ngà khơng có khác để gây thái độ hèn hạ đất có pháp luật Có tiếng nói chuyện độ hai, ba phút mà Gimmerton họ đặt chuyện bà Nhưng để ngăn chặn điều này, có chúc thư Vẫn người đàn ông Hôm an táng nàng có trận mưa tuyết lại tiếng thở dài bên tai 82 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 I took care there should be no further scorning at my good nature There was a restless, anxious expression in his countenance Are there any rooms [[to lodge me in]], I wonder? There was unobstructed admittance on that side also there’s norther law nor justice among wer rullers there’s nobody else there won’t be a happier woman than myself in England there was never a pleasanter or more harmless sight there is a strange change [[approaching]] there is scarcely a black hair on my head Is there some new reason for this banishment ? there were any footmarks under his window There were none there is ONE [[who won’t shrink from my company]] there are those [[who speak to having met him near the church, and on the moor, and even within this house]] There’s Heathcliff and a woman yonder, under t’ nab Above the chimney were sundry villainous old guns, and a couple of horse-pistols for the whole hill-back was one billowy, white ocean On one side of the road rose a high, rough bank tơi thận trọng ||khơng tính xởi lởi bị bẽ lần nữa|| Có vẻ bồn chồn, lo âu mặt ơng khơng biết có buồng cho không ? Ở mé đằng này, vào thơng thống, khơng có ngáng trở chả cịn có nuật pháp cơng ní lữa đời lày chẳng có khác khơng có người đàn bà hạnh phúc tơi nước anh khơng thể có cảnh êm đềm vơ hại thay đổi kì lạ lại gần đầu bới không sợi tóc đen Có lý để trục xuất họ khơng ? Có vết chân cửa sổ ơng ta khơng chẳng có có người khơng tránh giao tiếp với tơi có người nói gặp ơng ta gần nhà thờ, đồng hoang, chí nhà Có ơng Heathcliff với người đàn bà ngồi kìa, mỏm đồi Trên ống khói súng cổ linh tinh trông gớm chết cặp súng lục kỵ mã Vì mé lưng đồi đại dương trắng xóa nhấp nhơ Ở bên đường, nhô lên bờ cao, gồ ghề 83 APPENDIX 2: THE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE SHIFTS AND PROCESS TYPE IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION 10 13 14 15 16 Wuthering Heights Doi Gio Hu Is there nobody inside Trong nhà khơng có [[to open the door]]? [[để mở cửa]] ư? (Existential) There’s nobbut t’ Chả có ngồi mợ trủ missis (Existential) there were some mortal feud [[unavenged]] between us Are there no boys at the farm? Analysis of shifts Structure shift (VG+AG+NG+PPPP+ VG+NG Structure shift (AG+VG+NGC  VG+ NGC) chúng tơi có mối Structure shift tư thù [[chưa tốn (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]+P xong]] PPP+VG+NG[[ECL]]) (Existential) Thế khơng có thằng nhỏ Structure shift trại ư? (VG+AG+NG+PP  (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) Nếu khơng có người Structure shift liền tỉnh táo lý (AG+VG+NG+PP+AGC nhân từ kẻ  VG+ NG+PP+AGC) tiếp đãi (Existential) had there not been one person at hand rather more rational than myself and more benevolent than my entertainer there’s good books Có đủ sách hay sách tốt Structure shift eneugh (Existential) (AG+VG+NC  VG+ NC) there was a hubbub ầm ĩ lên Structure shift (Material) (AG+VG+NG NG+VG) there were no signs of Chả có dấu hiệu cụ Structure shift: his coming trở (AG+VG+NG  (Existential) VG+NG) Unit shift (NG:his coming  ECL: cụ trở về) there was something có điều khơng ổn Structure shift wrong (Existential) (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) There was Heathcliff Chỉ có độc Heathcliff mà Structure shift by himself (AG+VG+NG+PP  (Existential) VG+ NG) there was silence Im lặng lát Structure shift (Relational) 84 there’s a lad here thằng bé (Existential) there is no missis không mợ chủ (Existential) 17 21 22 23 there was not a soul else chẳng người khác [[that she might fashion khuyên nhủ into an adviser]]| (Existential) there was no khơng có cách thuyết [[prevailing on him [[to phục gã dấn bước take a step in the way of vương lên moving upward]] ]] (Existential) there will be [[saving him]] 25 28 29 30 31 34 35 no chả có cách cứu cậu ta (Existential) There are many things Có nhiều điều phải xét [[to be considered]] (Existential) there are several other đời cịn có nhiều handsome, rich young chàng trai trẻ khác men in the world đẹp, lại giàu có (Existential) if there be any có người (Existential) there is or should be an có oắc phải có existence of yours hữu ta bên beyond you ta (Existential) there was no mistress không cần có phụ nữ nhà (Existential) There were no mutual khơng có nhượng concessions lẫn (Existential) (AG+VG+NG NG+NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+AG  VG+ NG+AG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  VG+ NG[[ECL]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+[[VG+NG[[EC L]]]]VG+NG[[ECL]] Unit shift: (ECL:prevailing upward  NG: cách lên) Structure shift (AG+VG+[[VG+NG]]  VG+ NG[[VG+NG]]) Unit shift (ECL: saving him  NG: cách ta) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  VG + NG[[ECL]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP  PP+VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP  VG+ NG+PP) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG+PP) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) 85 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 there was something in có cách Structure shift the manner of phát âm tên (AG+VG+NG+PP [[pronouncing my (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) name]] There is no need [[to be khơng việc phải mê frantic!]] cuồng lên (Existential) there was cause Cũng có lý để ân hận (Existential) There were some Có người ngồi persons đánh [[sitting at cards]] (Existential) there is no happiness in đời khơng có the world hạnh phúc (Existential) The day after, there was ngày hơm sau có phiên a justice - meeting at the họp tòa án bên tỉnh next town (Existential) There was another lại liếc nhanh rapid glance at the phía nhà house (Existential) There’s the coachman Chỉ có bác xà ích hai and the two gardeners người làm vườn (Existential) There is nothing in the Khơng có chuyện hệ world the matter trọng hết (Existential) There’s a mess rối tinh rối mù lên (Material) there are two candles on the table [[making the black press shine like jet]] There’s no press in the room There’s nobody here! 50 there is scarcely cause 51 có hai nến bàn làm cho tủ đen lấp lánh lên hạt tuyền (Existential) Khơng có tủ buồng (Existential) Khơng có (Existential) chẳng có ngun nhân (Existential)  Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  VG+NG[[ECL]] Structure shift (AG+VG+NGVG+NG [[ECL]) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  VG+ NG[[ECL]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP  PP+VG+ NG) Structure shift (NG+AG+VG+NG+PP  NG+VG+ NG+PP) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP  VG+ NG+PP) Structure shift (AG+VG+NGC  VG+ NGC) Structure shift (AG+VG+PP+NG VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  NG+VG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[PP]][[EC L]]VG+NG[[PP]][[EC L]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP  VG+ NG+PP) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+AG  VG+ NG+AG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) 86 There was no moon 52 53 55 56 57 60 61 63 64 65 66 67 there were such a number of things [[to occupy my reflections]] There’s somebody [[gone after ‘em]] đêm không trăng Structure shift  (Relational) (AG+VG+NG NG+NG) có nhiều điều làm tơi bận Structure shift tâm (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]] (Existential) VG+NG[[ECL]] phải có người đuổi theo Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  (Existential) VG+ NG[[ECL]]) is there not a south phải có wind, and is not the gió nam, phải snow almost gone? tuyết tan gần hết? (Existential) there was double cause có hai nguyên nhân để [[to desire it]] mong muốn điều (Existential) there’s to be fresh có thêm người nệnh ortherings (Existential) Structure shift (VG+AG+NG  VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]] VG+ NG[[ECL]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+[[ECL]]  VG+ NG[[ECL]]) Unit shift (ECL:to be fresh ortherings  NG:thêm người nệnh) If yah dunnut loike wer Lếu cô không thích ngồi Structure shift company, there’s bọn tui có ơng trủ (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) maister’s (Existential) There’s a pack o’ corn có bao ngơ gốc Structure shift i’ t’ corner  (Existential) (AG+VG+NG+PP VG+ NG+PP) there are other rooms cịn có buồn khác Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ (Existential) NG) There was a carpet - a có thảm loại tốt Structure shift good one (Existential) (AG+VG+NGC  VG+ NGC) There’s not another Chẳng nỗ lào khác Structure shift hoile [[to lig down in i’ mà lằm nhà lày (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  th’ hahse]] (Existential) VG+ NG[[ECL]]) There never was such Ngôi nhà xưa vui tưởi Structure shift a dreary, dismal scene bày cảnh (AG+VG+NG[[[ECL]]  AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]) 87 68 70 71 72 75 78 80 81 as the formerly cheerful tượng u ám, thảm đạm house presented chưa thấy (Existential) should there be danger ví có nguy xảy of such an event chuyện (Existential) there is no reason for khơng có lý để tơi lần my lingering another lữa thêm phút minute (Existential) There was a Còn lại gã đầy tớ để manservant [[left to coi nhà với keep the house with (Existential) me]] there seemed unearthly thay đổi dường beauty in lại đẹp siêu the change phàm (Existential) there was no prospect khơng có triển vọng hồi of ultimate recovery phục hẳn (Existential) there had been three trước có ba tuần lễ weeks of summer mùa hè (Existential) there are worse men cịn có kẻ xấu [than [[he is yet]] ông ta (Existential) There was no sound khắp nhà khơng có through the house tiếng động (Existential) There were scarcely six cách có sáu tháng months between them (Existential) 83 There is nothing in the đời khơng có world less yours than dính dáng đến ơng [[he is]] (Existential) 84 Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[PP]]  VG+ NG[[PP]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]] VG+NG[[ECL]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[PP]]PP +VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG[[ECL]]) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG PP+VG NG) Level shift (grammar:had  lexical: PP:trước đó) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+AG  VG+ NG+AG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP  PP+VG+ NG) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP  [[ECL]]+VG+NG) Unit shift: (PP:between them  ECL: cách nhau) Structure shift (AG+VG+NG+PP+AG PP+VG+NG[[ECL]]) Unit shift: (AG:less yours than he is  ECL: dính dáng đến ơng nó) 88 85 86 There was a labourer [[working at a fence round a plantation, on the borders of the grounds]] there was a sickly peevishness in his aspect there’s a good child 87 89 there was nothing left but to resign him There might be compensation within 90 91 96 97 98 Is there aught ails th’ victuals? There is no clause in the will [[to secure it so]] there was a grace in his manner [[that mitigated these defects, and rendered him not unpleasing]] There’s nothing the matter but laziness There’s a little flower 103 up yonder There 105 eavesdroppers were có người lao cơng Structure shift sửa hàng rào quanh (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]] đồn điền ven Ấp VG+NG[[ECL]]) (Existential) trơng dạng có vẻ Structure shift cau có bệnh hoạn (AG+VG+NG+PP  (Existential) [[ECL]]+VG+ NG) Unit shift: (PP: in his aspect  ECL: trông dạng) cháu bé ngoan Structure shift  (Relational) (AG+VG+NG NG+VG) chẳng cách khác Structure shift ngồi cam chịu nộp (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  VG+ NG[[ECL]]) bên có bù Structure shift: lại (AG+VG+NG+PP  (Existential) PP+VG+NG[[ECL]]) Class shift (NG: compensation  VG: bù lại) Có thiu thối Structure shift mon ăn lầy không ? (AG+VG+NG+PP  (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) di chúc khơng có Structure shift điều khoản bảo đảm (AG+VG+NG[[PP]][[EC L]] (Existential) PP+VG+NG[[ECL]]) cung cách có Structure shift nét duyên dáng làm (AG+VG+NG[[PP]][[EC giảm nhược điểm L]] khiến cậu không đến PP+VG+NG[[ECL]]) nỗi đáng ngán (Existential) chẳng có vấn đề ngoại Structure shift trừ lười biếng (AG+VG+NGCVG+N (Existential) GC) Kia có bơng hoa nhỏ Structure shift (Existential) (AG+VG+NG+AGAG +VG+NG) có kẻ đứng nghe trộm Structure shift (Existential) (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG[[ECL]]) 89 There are only a few red than đỏ Structure shift 107 ashes now  (Existential) (AG+VG+NG+AG AG+VG+ NG) there is nobody by [[to khơng có bên để quan Structure shift care for his nonsense]] tâm đến trò vớ vẩn (AG+VG+NG[[PP]][[EC 108 L]] (Existential) VG+NG[[PP]][[ECL]]) or is there a prospect có triển vọng Structure shift of improvement, as he trưởng thành (VG+AG+NGVG+ 111 grows a man?’ không ? NG) (Existential) only there are cloud khác có mây Structure shift  (Relational) (AG+VG+NG 112 NG+VG+[[VG+NG]]) Unit shift there was nothing else khơng có khác để gây Structure shift 114 [[to produce such thái độ hèn hạ (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]] humiliation]] (Existential) VG+NG[[ECL]]) There’s law in the land đất có pháp luật Structure shift (Existential) (AG+VG+NG+PPNG+ VG+ NG) 115 Class shift: (PP:in the land  NG: đất này) There was a talk of two Có tiếng nói chuyện độ Structure shift 116 or three minutes hai, ba phút (AG+VG+NGVG+ (Existential) NG) There was the will, Nhưng để ngăn chặn điều Structure shift (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]] 118 however, [[to hinder này, có chúc thư that]] (Existential) [[ECL]]+VG+ NG) The day she was buried, Hơm an táng nàng có Structure shift 120 there came a fall of trận mưa tuyết (NG+AG+VG+NG  snow (Existential) NG+VG+ NG) There was another sigh, lại tiếng thở dài Structure shift 121 close at my ear bên tai (AG+VG+NG+PP  (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) I took care ||there thận trọng ||không để Structure shift should be no further cho tính xởi lởi (AG+VG+NG+DCL  122 scorning at my good bị bẽ lần nữa|| VGC+NG+NG) nature|| (Relational) There was a restless, Có vẻ bồn chồn, lo âu Structure shift anxious expression in mặt ông (AG+VG+NG+PP  123 his (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) countenance 90 124 125 126 127 128 129 131 132 133 134 135 136 Are there any khơng biết có buồng Structure shift rooms [[to lodge me cho không ? (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  in]], I wonder? (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) Unit shift: (ECL: to lodge me in  PP: cho tơi khơng) There was Ở mé đằng này, có Structure shift thể vào thông thống, (AG+VG+NG+PP  unobstructed PP+VG+NG) admittance on that khơng có ngáng trở side also (Existential) there’s norther law nor chả cịn có nuật pháp Structure shift justice among wer cơng ní lữa đời (AG+VG+NGC+PP  rullers lày VG+ NGC+PP) (Existential) there’s nobody else chẳng có khác Structure shift (Existential) (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) there won’t be a happier khơng có người đàn bà Structure shift woman than myself in hạnh phúc (AG+VG+NG+AG+PP England nước anh  VG+ NG+AG+PP) (Existential) there was never a khơng thể có cảnh êm Structure shift pleasanter or more đềm vô hại (AG+VG+NGC  VG+ harmless sight (Existential) NGC) there is scarcely a black đầu bới không Structure shift hair on my head sợi tóc đen (AG+VG+NG+PP  (Existential) PP+VG+ NG) Is there some new Có lý để trục xuất họ Structure shift reason for this không? (AG+VG+NG+PP  banishment ? (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) there were any Có vết chân cửa Structure shift footmarks under his sổ ông ta không (AG+VG+NG+PP  window (Existential) VG+ NG+PP) There were none chẳng có Structure shift (Existential) (AG+VG+NG  VG+ NG) there is ONE [[who có người không Structure shift won’t shrink from my tránh giao tiếp với (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  company]] (Existential) VG+NG[[ECL]]) there are those có người nói gặp ơng Structure shift [[who speak to having ta gần nhà thờ, đồng (AG+VG+NG[[ECL]]  met him near the hoang, chí VG+ NG[[ECL]]) church, and on the nhà moor, and even within (Existential) this house]] 91 There’s Heathcliff and Có ơng Heathcliff với a woman yonder, under người đàn bà 137 t’ nab kìa, mỏm đồi (Existential) there was too great a chênh lệch tuổi tác disparity between the đôi bên lớn ages of the parties (Relational) There’s a little cake for Có bánh gato nhỏ, em 19 each of you (Existential+ Relational) there’s a joy quý 26 32 44 58 73 74 76 77 82 88 Structure shift (AG+VG+NGC+PP VG+ NG+PP+PP)  Unit shift (NG: a disparity  CL) Unit shift (PP:for each of you  CL: em đấy) Unit shift (CL  NG: quý) There was a violent Gió cuồng, sấm Unit shift wind, as well as thunder (CL  NGC:gió cng sấm dữ) There’s harm in [[being Quá mềm mỏng đâm có Unit shift too soft]]| hại (NG: harm in being too (Relational) soft  CL: mềm mỏng đâm ra) There was a great fire, and that was all the light in the huge apartment There’s a letter for you, Mrs Linton Một đống lửa to toàn Unit shift ánh sáng phòng (CL  NG: đống lửa to tướng to) Thưa mợ Linton, mợ có Unit shift thư (PP: for you  CL: mợ (Relational) có) (CL  NG: thư There was a start and a Một giật mình, Unit shift troubled gleam of ánh mắt bối rối (CL  NG) recollection, vật lộn để xếp ý and a struggle [[to nghĩ arrange her ideas]] there was mad mặt biểu lộ tâm Unit shift resolution in her face điên cuồng (NG:mad resolution in her (Relatioal) face  CL: mặt biểu lộ tâm điên cuồng) how much selfishness tình yêu Unit shift even in a cậu Linton đầy (NG  CL) love like Mr.Linton's ích kỷ (Relational) There’s this [[to do]] Thế này Unit shift (CL  NG: này) there was slight hope of hy vọng thật mong Unit shift that manh 92 92 95 there were no hopes of that there were quantities up here there’s a darling 106 there was no pleasure in 110 it There was the same 119 man there’s no [[comprehending it]] 37 (Relational) (NG: slight hope of that -> CL) điều chẳng có hy Unit shift vọng (NG: no hopes of that  (Relational) CL) nhiều Unit shift (CL  NG: nhiều lắm) cô bé thân yêu Unit shift (CL  NG: cô bé thân yêu) làm chẳng thú vị Unit shift (Relational) (NG: no pleasure in it  CL) Vẫn người đàn ông Unit shift (CL  NG: người đàn ông ấy) thật không hiểu nỗi Class shift (Mental) (ECL: comprehending it  CL) (NG: comprehending  VG: hiểu) nhìn vẻ đó, khơng cịn Class shift nghi ngờ thành (ECL: no misdoubting cơng hồn tồn chồng  CL) việc cố gắng (NG: misdoubting  VG chuốc lấy căm ghét nghi ngờ) (Mental) there was no misdoubting by their expression the 69 full success of her partner’s endeavours [[to make himself detested]]] She went sadly on: Cô buồn bã dấn bước Unit shift (NG  CL) there was no running không chạy nhảy 101 or bounding now (Material) Class shift (NG: running or bounding  VG: chảy nhảy) There was a bare may cịn kịp họ Unit shift possibility of (Material) (NG  CL) overtaking them Class shift 54 (NG:possibility  AG: may ra) (ECL:overtaking them  CL: kịp họ) there was the doleful Tiếng kêu ảo não tiếp Class shift cry [[moaning on]] tục rên rĩ (ECL  CL) 11 (Material) Unit shift (CL  NG: tiếng kêu ảo não) 93 18 20 there would be more sense in endeavouring to repair some of his wrongs than shedding tears over them cố bù đắp số thua thiệt cịn nghĩa lý bãi nước mắt thương hại (Relational) There’s the very prime Phần tốt đẹp buổi of the morning [[gone sáng qua lâu trước lúc long before that time]] (Relational) there could be no gratification in lavishing such marks of affection on him Class shift (PP: in endeavouring to his wrongs  NG: cố làm nó) Unit shift (NG  CL) Unit shift (CL  NG:phần tốt đẹp buổi sáng) Class shift (ECL  CL) Unit shift (PP:in lavishing on him  CL) (CL NG) việc ban phát hào phòng cho gã dấu hiệu quý mến 24 mang lại chút thỏa mãn (Relational) There was scarcely Chúng không Unit shift time [[to experience a kịp rùng kinh hãi (CL  AG: 27 thrill of horror]] (Mental) không kịp) Class shift (ECL  CL) there might as well be khác Đại Tây Unit shift the Atlantic [[to part Dương ngăn cách (CL  NG: đại tây 59 us]] (Material) dương) Class shift (ECL  CL) there were so many Nhưng lại tiếp tục phải Unit shift hillocks and banks [[to trèo, phải qua (CL  NG: 94 climb and pass]] gò bờ gò bờ) (Material) Class shift (ECL  CL) there was Miss Cô bé đứng bên bàn Unit shift [[standing at the table với mảnh giấy trắng (CL  NG: cô bé) 100 with a bit of blank paper trước mặt bút Class shift before her and a pencil chì tay (ECL  CL) in her hand]] (Material) there was no necessity không cần phải xuống Unit shift for [[descending]] (NG  CL) (Material) Class shift 102 (NG necessity  VG: cần PP:for descending  VG:xuống) there are years and năm qua Unit shift 104 years [[to come]] (Relational) 94 (CL  NG: năm) Class shift (ECL  CL) em dự kiến phải thuyết Unit shift phục u em giữ lời (CL  VG: phải) hứa với Linton Class shift (Verbal) (ECL  CL) ||I expected ||there would be sad work 109 [[persuading you [[to let me keep my word to Linton]]|| there is a strange thay đổi kì lạ lại Unit shift change [[approaching]] gần (CL  NG: thay đổi 130 (Relational) kì lạ) Class shift (ECL  CL) there is no chance of a thời tiết khơng có màu Unit shift change at present thay đổi đâu (NG  CL) (Material) Class Shift (NG: no chance  VG: khơng có màu) (NG: a change  VG: thay đổi) There was no reply to Không trả lời câu hỏi Unit shift my question (NG  CL) (Verbal) Class shift (NG: reply  VG:trả lời) There was such anguish Cơn sầu não trào theo Unit shift in the gush of grief luồng gió tuyết lồng lộn (NG  CL) (Material) Class shift 12 (NG: the gush  VG: trào ra) 33 79 99 there’s no use [[waiting Hồi cơng mà đợi Unit shift any longer on that thằng rồ dại làm (NG  CL) foolish boy]] (Material) Class shift (NG: no use  VG: hồi cơng) There shall be an Tơi giải thích Unit shift explanation as soon as chừng (NG  CL) [[I can give it]] (Verbal) Class shift (NG: an explaination  VG:giải thích) there’d never be an end dây dưa không bao Unit shift of it dứt (NG  CL) (Material) Class shift (NG: end  VG: dứt) 95 there was less of the peevish temper of a child which frets and teases on purpose to be soothed, and more of the self-absorbed 113 moroseness of a confirmed invalid, repelling consolation, and ready to regard the goodhumoured mirth of others as an insult there is a talk about you at Gimmerton 117 bớt tính dằn dỗi đứa trẻ cố tình ngầy ngà, vòi quấy để dỗ dành tăng thêm vẻ rầu triền mien kẻ tàn phế hẳn hoi, xua đẩy an ủi sẵn sang coi hoan hỉ vui tươi người khác lời lăng mạ (Relational) Unit shift (NG  CL) Class shift (AG: less of  VG: bớt đi) mà Gimmerton họ Structure shift: đặt chuyện bà (AG+VG+NG+PP  (Verbal) PP+NG+VG+NG) Unit shift (NG  CL) Class shift (NG: a talk  VG: đặt chuyện) ... the study entitled ? ?An Investigation into Shifts in the Vietnamese Translation of English Processes in “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Bronté” 1.2 Aims of the Study The study aims at investigating... considers translation as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text By combining the definitions above, translation could be said a process of. .. at investigating into shifts in lexicogrammar and in existential processes in the process of rendering the Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronté into the Vietnamese translation work by Duong Tuong