Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry www.ajlobby.com Related titles Dental implant prostheses (ISBN 978-0-323-07845-0) Bone substitute biomaterials (ISBN 978-0-85709-497-1) Non-metallic biomaterials for tooth repair and replacement (ISBN 978-0-85709-244-1) www.ajlobby.com Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials Clinical Guide to Principles of FiberReinforced Composites in Dentistry Edited by Pekka Vallittu University of Turku and City of Turku, Turku, Finland; University of Turku and City of Turku, Welfare Division, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Turku, Finland; City of Turku Welfare Division, Turku, Finland Mutlu Oăzcan University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland www.ajlobby.com Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier The Officers’ Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-100607-8 (print) ISBN: 978-0-08-100608-5 (online) For information on all Woodhead Publishing publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Joe Hayton Acquisition Editor: Laura Overend Editorial Project Manager: Natasha Welford Production Project Manager: Debasish Ghosh Cover Designer: Victoria Pearson Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India www.ajlobby.com Contents List of Contributors Preface Rationale Introduction ix xi xiii xv Part I Fundamentals of fiber-reinforced composites in dentistry Key requirements for dental FRCs Pekka Vallittu 1.1 Introduction: The Oral Environment 1.2 Mechanical Loads Faced by FRCs 1.3 Requirements for Minimally Invasive and Adhesive Restorations 1.4 Summary: Key Requirements for FRC Materials References 3 9 Types of FRCs used in dentistry Pekka Vallittu and Jukka Matinlinna 2.1 Introduction: What are FRCs? 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Continuous FRC 2.3 Reinforcing Effect of Discontinuous Fibers 2.4 Glasses Used in Reinforcing Fibers 2.5 Resins Used in FRC 2.6 Impregnation of Fibers With Resin 2.7 Interfacial Adhesion of Fiber to Polymer Matrix 2.8 Summary: Key Factors Affecting the Properties of FRC References 11 16 19 21 23 26 28 32 32 Structural properties of dental FRC structures Pekka Vallittu and Akikazu Shinya 3.1 Introduction: Multiphase Composite Structures 3.2 Secondary IPN Bonding 3.3 Free Radical Polymerization Bonding 3.4 Bonding of Aged Polymers and Resin Composites 3.5 Structural Features of FRC Removable Dentures 3.6 Structural Features of FRC Fixed Dental Prostheses 35 36 38 39 41 42 www.ajlobby.com vi Contents 3.7 Structural Features of Root Canal Post Systems 3.8 Structural Features of FRC Fillings 3.9 Findings by Finite Element Analysis of FRC Structures 3.10 Future Trends 3.11 Summary: Key Factors of Dental FRC Structures References 45 47 47 51 53 53 Part II Applications of fibre-reinforced composites in dentistry An overview of fixed dental prostheses and the dynamic treatment approach Pekka Vallittu and Mutlu Oăzcan 4.1 Prosthodontic Treatment Concept With FRC 4.2 Dynamic Nature and Longevity of Fixed Prosthodontic Treatment 4.3 Conclusions References 59 59 61 63 63 Fabrication of indirect fiber reinforced resin composite (FRC) dental devices Mutlu Oăzcan, Leila Perea-Lowery and Pekka Vallittu 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fiber Framework Design 5.3 Surface Conditioning of Denture Teeth 5.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends References 65 71 74 75 76 Tooth as an adhesive substrate for fiber-reinforced composites Arzu Tezvergil-Mutluay’s 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Adhesion 6.3 Tooth as a Bonding Substrate 6.4 Enamel Adhesion 6.5 Effect of Enamel Preparation on Bonding 6.6 Dentin Adhesion 6.7 Adhesive Systems 6.8 Etch-and-Rinse Adhesive System 6.9 Self-Etch Adhesive Systems 6.10 Bonding Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 6.11 Clinical Recommendations References 79 80 81 81 82 84 86 87 89 91 93 93 www.ajlobby.com Contents 10 vii Root canal anchoring systems Johanna Tanner, Anna-Maria Le Bell-Roănnloăf and Pekka Vallittu 7.1 Introduction: Key Requirements 7.2 Prefabricated FRC Posts 7.3 Individually Formed FRC Posts 7.4 Radiopacity of FRC Posts 7.5 Thick or Thin Post and Long or Short Post? 7.6 How to Make an Individually Formed FRC Post: A Step-by-Step Clinical Protocol (Semi-IPN Post Material: EverStick Post, Stick Tech-GC), Illustration of the Procedure is Seen in Fig 7.10AÀJ 7.7 Summary: What Can We Learn? 7.8 Future Trends References 97 98 101 103 103 105 107 107 108 Periodontal and trauma splints using fiber reinforced resin composites Mutlu Oăzcan and Ovul Kumbuloglu 8.1 IntroductionÀWhat Is Splinting? 8.2 Splint Materials and Types 8.3 Fiber-Reinforced Composite Splints 8.4 Perio-Prosthetic and Ortho-Prosthetic Splint Combinations 8.5 Clinical Cases With FRC Splints 8.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends References 111 115 116 117 120 124 124 Fillings and core build-ups Filip Keulemans, Sufyan Garoushi and Lippo Lassila 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Case Studies 9.3 Conclusion and Future Trends References 131 135 157 159 Removable devices and facial epithesis prostheses Rosita Kantola, Hemmo Kurunmaăki and Pekka Vallittu 10.1 Introduction to Removable Dentures: Key Requirements 10.2 Removable Denture Failures 10.3 Repair of Denture Failures: Treatment of Fracture Surface and Denture Teeth 10.4 Reinforcing Denture Bases With Metal Wires 10.5 Reinforcement of Dentures With FRC 10.6 Technical Use of FRC Reinforcement in Removable Dentures 10.7 Introduction to Facial Prostheses: Key Requirements 10.8 Components of Facial Prostheses 10.9 Manual Fabrication of a Fiber-Reinforced Composite Framework for a Silicone Elastomer Facial Prosthesis www.ajlobby.com 165 166 167 168 169 171 173 176 177 viii 11 12 13 Contents 10.10 Manual Fabrication of Facial Prostheses on Plaster Model 10.11 Future Trends References 178 181 183 Orthodontic retainers Andrea Scribante and Maria Francesca Sfondrini 11.1 Introduction to the Retainers 11.2 Materials Used in the Retainers 11.3 Longevity of the Retainers 11.4 Specific Features of the FRC Retainers 11.5 Chemical and Mechanical Properties of FRCs Retainers 11.6 Clinical Studies About FRC Retainers 11.7 Clinical Instructions for Using FRC Retainers 11.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of FRC Retainers 11.9 Future Trends References 187 188 191 191 193 194 196 197 198 199 Longevity of fiber-reinforced resin composite (FRC) fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) and fabrication of direct FRC FDPs Mutlu Oăzcan 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Longevity of Indirect FRC RBFDPs 12.3 Longevity of Direct FRC RBFDPs 12.4 Fabrication Method for Direct FRC RBFDPs 12.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends References 203 204 207 207 209 209 Maintenance care and repair of dental restorations using fiber-reinforced resin composites Mutlu Oăzcan 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Surface Conditioning Methods 13.3 Amalgam Failures and Repair Protocol With and Without FRC 13.4 Metal Ceramic Fixed Dental Prosthesis Failures and Repair Protocol 13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends References Index 211 212 216 218 221 222 225 www.ajlobby.com List of Contributors Sufyan Garoushi University of Turku, Turku, Finland Rosita Kantola Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland Filip Keulemans University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Ovul Kumbuloglu Ege University, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Izmir, Turkey Hemmo Kurunmaăki CDT, Dental Laboratory Vaasan Hammas, Vaasa, Finland Lippo Lassila University of Turku, Turku, Finland Anna-Maria Le Bell-Roănnloăf University of Turku, Turku, Finland Jukka Matinlinna University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ¨ zcan University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Mutlu O Leila Perea-Lowery University of Turku and City of Turku, Welfare Division, Turku, Finland Andrea Scribante University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Maria Francesca Sfondrini University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Akikazu Shinya Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; University of Turku, Turku, Finland Johanna Tanner University of Turku, Turku, Finland; City of Turku Welfare Division, Turku, Finland Arzu Tezvergil-Mutluay Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Pekka Vallittu University of Turku and City of Turku, Welfare Division, Turku, Finland www.ajlobby.com 218 Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry Figures 13.1 (A) Amalgam exposure associated with cusp fracture on a premolar, (B) intraoral air abrasion of amalgam, (C) after silanization, opaque resin application with the tip of a probe, (D) adhesive resin application, (E) repair of the cusp with resin composite 13.4 Metal Ceramic Fixed Dental Prosthesis Failures and Repair Protocol Despite the increased effort to improve the bond between ceramic materials and metal substrate, fractures of ceramic-fused-to-metal FDPs still occur The reasons for failures cover a wide spectrum from thermal mismatch between the veneering ceramic and the metal framework, lack of calibration of the ceramic oven, laboratory mistakes, to iatrogenic causes, or that they are merely related to the inherent ă zcan, 2003a) The reasons for such failures are usubrittleness of the ceramics (O ally, due to lack of slow cooling of the furnace, lack of anatomical support of the framework, inadequate framework-veneer proportion, inadequate firing procedures, lack of compatibility in thermal expansion coefficients of framework While early fractures are due to technical problems, the late fractures are frequently due to www.ajlobby.com Maintenance care and repair of dental restorations using fiber-reinforced resin composites 219 Figures 13.2 (A) Large amalgam exposure associated with cusp fracture on a maxillary molar, (B) intra-oral air abrasion of amalgam, (C) silane coupling agent application, (D) opaque resin application and the addition of E-glass woven fiber (0.6 mm) for interfacial reinforcement, (E) adhesive resin application, (F) repair of the cusp with resin composite (buccal view), (G) repair of the cusp and refurbishment of the old amalgam in an attempt to prolong service life of a defect restoration (occlusal view) ă zcan, 2003a) Repairing repeated stresses and strains during chewing or trauma (O FDPs in vivo can increase the clinical longevity of the failed restorations, thereby offering the patient and the dentist a cost-effective alternative to replacement However, the repair of fractured metal-ceramic FDPs represents a potential clinical challenge, particularly when the metal substructure has been exposed, and when ă zcan and Niedermeier, 2002) bonding of resin to metal alloy is required (O (Fig 13.3) The use of E-glass fiber weaves impregnated with polymer-monomer gel resin in case of large metal exposure was shown to increase repair strength and cause excluă zcan et al., 2006b) (Fig 13.4) sively cohesive failure between in the FRC itself (O This indicates that FRC provides a strong bond of the veneering repair resin on the metal/ceramic surface Polymethylmethacrylate enrichment on the fiber weave surface needs to be treated with a resin having a dissolving parameter of PMMA, or extensive resin treatment times are needed which may be in some cases not possible for direct repairs The higher results obtained with the use of FRC weaves in metalceramic repairs imply the following: the stress concentrations in the repaired crowns cause initiation of a crack, and it propagates through the resin until it meets the FRC layer with continuous fibers that stop the crack or deviate the direction ă zcan et al., 2006b) (O Repair actions could be performed multiple times One could expect that after each repair cycle, the repair surface area changes Nevertheless, air-abrasion of the metal surface, HF etching the ceramic margins, and application of 0.6 mm E-glass ă zcan woven fiber increases the adhesion of the repair composite to metal-ceramic (O et al., 2006b) www.ajlobby.com 220 Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry Fracture strength (final failure) 1400 1200 Original crowns 885 SiOx 1000 Load (N) 872 Al2O3 800 582 9.5% HF acid 432 600 378 Everstick net fiber 400 200 Fracture strength per repair cycle Figure 13.3 Mean fracture strength (N) of repaired metal-ceramic crowns using different surface condition methods Note that the use of E-glass woven fibers at the metal-repair resin interface restored the fracture strength to the original fracture strength of the metal-ceramic crown Figures 13.4 (A) Adhesive failure type with metal exposure when metal surface was only air-abraded, silanized and with opaque resin coated, (B) Cohesive failure type in the fiber when two layers of E-glass woven fibers of 0.6 mm were used to increase the interfacial strength Both metal and ceramic substrates require different conditioning methods with etching gels, adhesive promoters, and/or abrasives Thus, the sequence of repair protocol may affect durable adhesion of repair composite to these substrates Chippings or fractures of veneering ceramic are multifactorial, one of which is the presence of premature contacts This could be the underlying cause for failure and should be eliminated prior to repair procedures The color match between www.ajlobby.com Maintenance care and repair of dental restorations using fiber-reinforced resin composites 221 ceramic and resin composites, especially in the visible anterior areas, is crucial as the two materials have different surface properties and color stability Rubberdam will protect the soft tissues from hazardous hydrofluoric acid (HF) that will be used later for conditioning the veneering ceramic Ceramic and metal surface should be cleaned using fluoride-free paste or pumice Glaze of the veneering ceramic surface at the margins to be repaired should be removed using fine grit diamond bur under water-cooling and bevel should be created Undisturbed glaze layer with concentrated glass particles will not react with HF and subsequent application of silane coupling agents Removal of the glaze layer would also increase the surface area on ceramic for mechanical retention and allow for the reaction of silane with the glassy matrix Accidental deposition of particles during conditioning the exposed metal by air-abrasion may remove the glaze on the veneering ceramic Thus, the veneering ceramic, except the bevelled area, should be coated using glycerin gel The metal surface should be air-abraded using a chairside air-abrasion device, preferably with alumina particles coated with silica or silica only (particle size range: 30À50 µm; blasting pressure: 2.5 bar), for approximately seconds until the metal surface turns matte, from a distance of approximately 10 mm in circling motion, rotating the nozzle After washing and rinsing under copious water and drying, the ceramic margins where the repair composite will be adhered to should be etched with 5% or 9.6% HF for 20 or 90 seconds depending on the ceramic type After rinsing and neutralizing the surface, silane coupling agent should be applied on both the metal and the ceramic surface, one layer, and a minute wait for its reaction The metal surface would be then masked with opaque resin based on the powder-liquid system as described above At this stage, in case of largely exposed metal surfaces, one or two sheets of 0.6 mm woven E-glass fiber could be applied to increase interfacial strength Then, adhesive resin should be applied and photo-polymerized for 20 seconds After completion of incremental repair resin application, and polymerization, premature contacts should be eliminated and finishing and polishing should be performed accordingly 13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends Repair of failed restorations due to technical reasons or fatigue could prolong the survival of functioning restorations However, it has to be made sure that the underlying reason for the failure does not constitute the fundamental reason for failure If this is the case, restoration needs to be replaced Nevertheless, in addition to the use of physical, chemical, and physicochemical conditioning methods, the use of woven E-glass fiber sheets increases interfacial strength and thereby contributes to more durable repair actions Although interfacial strength is increased in repairs, degradation of repair resin surface may again require additional repairs during the whole course of service life of a direct or indirect restoration www.ajlobby.com 222 Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry References Barkmeier, W.W., Latta, M.A., 2000 Laboratory evaluation of a metal-priming agent for adhesive bonding Quintessence Int 31, 749À752 Blum, I.R., Mjoăr, I.A., Schriever, A., Heidemann, D., Wilson, N.H., 2003 Defective direct composite restorations replace or repair? A survey of teaching in Scandinavian dental schools Swed Dent J 27, 99À104 Chai, H., Babcock, C.D., Knauss, W.G., 1991 One dimensional modelling of failure in laminated plates by delamination buckling Int J Solids Struct 17, 1069À1083 Dyer, S.R., Lassila, L.V.J., Jokinen, M., Vallittu, P.K., 2004 Effect of fiber position and orientation on fracture load of fiber-reinforced composite Dent Mater 20, 947À955 Elderton, R.J., 1990 Clinical studies concerning re-restoration of teeth Adv Dent Res 4, 4À9 Fennis, W.M., Kuijs, R.H., Kreulen, C.M., Roeters, F.J., Creugers, N.H., Burgersdijk, R.C., 2002 A survey of cusp fractures in a population of general dental practices Int J Prosthodont 15, 559À563 Fennis, W.M., Kuijs, R.H., Kreulen, C.M., Verdonschot, N., Creugers, N.H., 2004 Fatigue resistance of teeth restored with cuspal-coverage composite restorations Int J Prosthodont 17, 313À317 Gordan, V.V., Riley III, J.L., Blaser, P.K., Mondragon, E., Garvan, C.W., Mjoăr, I.A., 2011 Alternative treatments to replacement of defective amalgam restorations: results of a seven-year J Am Dent Assoc 142, 842849 ă zcan, M., 2007 Fracture strength of direct versus indirect laminates with Gresnigt, M.M., O and without fiber application at the cementation interface Dent Mater 23, 927933 ă zcan, M., Valandro, L.F., Moreira, C., Amaral, R., Bottino, M.A., et al., 2014 Leite, F.P., O Effect of the etching duration and ultrasonic cleaning on microtensile bond strength between feldspathic ceramic and resin cement J Adhes 89, 159173 ă zcan, M., 2016 Intraoral repair of direct and indirect restorations: procedures Loomans, B., O and guidelines Oper Dent 41, 6878 ă zcan, M., Yli-Urpo, A., Vallittu, P.K., 2004 An Matinlinna, J.P., Lassila, L.V., O introduction to silanes and their clinical applications in dentistry Int J Prosthodont 17, 155164 Mjoăr, I.A., 1993 Repair versus replacement of failed restorations Int Dent J 43, 466472 ă zcan, M., 2003a Fracture reasons in ceramic-fused-to-metal restorations J Oral Rehabil O 30, 265269 ă zcan, M., 2003b Evaluation of alternative intra-oral repair techniques for fractured O ceramic-fused-to-metal restorations J Oral Rehabil 30, 194203 ă zcan, M., 2014 Airborne particle abrasion of zirconia fixed dental prostheses J Esthet O Restor Dent 26, 359362 ă zcan, M., Kumbuloglu, O., 2009 Effect of composition, viscosity and thickness of the opaO quer on the adhesion of resin composite to titanium Dent Mater 25, 1248À1255 ¨ zcan, M., Niedermeier, W., 2002 Clinical study on the reasons for and location of failures O of metal-ceramic restorations and survival of repairs Int J Prosthodont 15, 299302 ă zcan, M., Vallittu, P.K., 2003 Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength O of luting cement to ceramics Dent Mater 19, 725731 ă zcan, M., Volpato, C.A., 2015 Surface conditioning protocol for the adhesion of resinO based materials to glassy matrix ceramics: how to condition and why? J Adhes Dent 17, 292À293 www.ajlobby.com Maintenance care and repair of dental restorations using fiber-reinforced resin composites 223 ă zcan, M., Pfeiffer, P., Nergiz, I., 1998 A brief history and current status of metal-and O ceramic surface-conditioning concepts for resin bonding in dentistry Quintessence Int 29, 713724 ă zcan, M., Vallittu, P.K., Huysmans, M.C., Kalk, W., Vahlberg, T., 2006a Bond strength of O resin composite to differently conditionied amalgam J Mater Sci Mater Med 17, 713 ă zcan, M., van der Sleen, J.M., Kurunmaăki, H., Vallittu, P.K., 2006b Comparison of repair O methods for ceramic-fused-to-metal crowns J Prosthodont 15, 283288 ă zcan, M., Allahbeickaraghi, A., Duăndar, M., 2012 Possible hazardous effects of hydrofluoO ric acid and recommendations for treatment approach: a review Clin Oral Investig 16, 15À23 Wang, J., Crouch, S.L., Mogilevskaya, S.G., 2006 Numerical modelling of the elastic behaviour of fiber-reinforced composites with inhomogeneous interphases Compos Sci Technol 66, 1À18 Watts, D.C., Devlin, H., Fletcher, J.E., 1992 Bonding characteristics of a phosphonated anaerobic adhesive to amalgam J Dent 20, 245À249 www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively A Acid etching methods, 81À82, 212À213 Acrylic polyester resins, 25 denture teeth, 74 Acrylic polymers, 23À24 Acrylic resin denture teeth, 68À70, 69f load-bearing capacities and fracture behavior of, 68À69 Adhesion, 80À81, 211À214, 216À217, 219À220 adhesive failure type with metal exposure, 220f adhesive resins, 88À89 classification by generations, 86À87 defined, 79À80 dentin, 84À86 enamel, 81À82 etch-and-rinse adhesive systems, 87À89 of repair composite, 220 self-etch adhesive systems, 89À91 solvent-free adhesives, 88À89 Ageing of restorations, Air abrasion, 83 Air-borne particle abrasion methods, 213À214 Amalgam failures and repair protocol with and without FRC, 216À217, 218f, 219f Angle, Edward, 187 Anterior FDPs, 48 Autologous bone grafting, 182 B Bilayered composite restorations, 135 Bioactive glass modified FRC, 51À53 Biomimetic endocrown, 153À157, 154f Biomimetic post-and-core restorations, 152À153, 153f Bisphenol glycidylmethacrylate (Bis-GMA), 25, 118À119 Bonding, 46À47, 80À82, 88À89 of aged polymers and resin composites, 39À41 dentin, 84À86, 85f, 86f effect of enamel preparation on, 82À84 free radical polymerization, 38, 39f poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 36À38 of prefabricated FRC, 39À40 resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), 195 secondary IPN, 36À38, 40À41, 168, 170À171 technical, 36 technical-biological, 36 of veneering resin composite, 36 C Candida albicans, Ceramic pontics, 69À71, 72f, 73f, 75, 75f Chemical bonding theory, 30 Clearfil AP-X, 136À138 Clearfil Ceramic primer, 155À157 Clearfil DC core automix, 146À149 Clearfil Majesty ES-2, 154À155 Clearfil S3 bond plus, 155À157 Clearfil SE Bond, 154À155 Clearfil SE Bond1DC activator, 146À149 Collagen-hydroxyapatite fiber composite, 59À60 Composite primers, 39À40 Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies, 69, 79À80, 181À182 indirect pontic fabrication using, 70À71 in production of FRC restorations, 159 reconstructions using, 70 Core build-up composite dual-cure, 155À157 www.ajlobby.com 226 Index Core build-up composite (Continued) flowable, 146À149, 150f, 152À153, 154f SFRC, 136À138, 152À153, 155f Critical fiber length, 19À21, 20f strength of, 21f Cured silane coupling agents, 31 D DADD (dimer aciddiurethanedimethacrylate) monomer, 193 Dental biomaterials and dental devices, adsorption of S mutans on the surfaces of, 5f stress affecting, 6À8, 6f, 8f toughness, 8À9 Dental dam, 138À141 Dentin adhesion, 84À86, 84f, 85f, 86f Dentin collagen, 87À88, 87f Dentine-enamel junction (DEJ), 135 Dentition, Denture base polymers, 4, 27 Denture base polymethylmethacrylate, 36À38 Dentures, 41À42 Dimethacrylate monomers, 24, 26 curing process of, 39À40 Direct biomimetic composite restoration clinical case, 138À141 core build-up, 136À138 step-by-step procedure, 136À138, 136f, 137f, 138f Discontinuous short fibers, 19À21 failure types of, 21f Dual-cure core build-up composite, 155À157 E E-glass, 12, 21À22, 120, 191À192, 219 Fiber-Kor, 123 FRC materials, 103 resistance of, 23f Enamel adhesion, 81À82 Enamel etching, 87À88 Endocrown, fabrication of, 153À155, 158f biomimetic resin composite, 153À157, 157f Epoxy resins, 25 Etch-and-rinse adhesive systems, 87À89 problems related to, 89 Ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), 24 EverStick and everStickNet, 171 EverX Posterior, 138À141 F Facial prostheses, 180f components of, 176À177 magnets, 177, 180 precision attachments, 177 key requirements, 173À176 silicone elastomer, 177À178 Fiber-controlled polymerization contraction, 47 Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs), 4, 11À16 amalgam failures and repair protocol with and without, 216À217, 218f bonding properties of resin-impregnated, 91À92, 92f anisotropic properties, 91À92 clinical recommendations, 93 continuous unidirectional, 12f, 16À18 continuous vs discontinuous, 16À18 cross-linked polymer matrices of, 39À40 dehydration of, 18 durability of, 65 failure types of, 16À18, 17f fillings, 47 finite element analysis of structures, 47À51, 48f, 49f, 50f, 51f fixed dental prostheses, structural features of, 42À45, 44f flexible prefabricated, 103À104 framework design, 71À74 future development of, 51À53 high quality dental, 31 high quality glass, 18 implants, 51À53 key factors affecting, 32, 53 key requirements for, manual fabrication on plastic model, 178À181 in silicone facial prosthesis, 177À178 mechanical loads of, 5À9 mechanical properties of, 14f, 16À19 nonmetallic nature of, 51À53 physical properties of dental, 13t polymer matrix of, www.ajlobby.com Index 227 removable dentures, structural features of, 41À42 resins used in, 23À26 semi-IPN polymer matrix of, 26 splints, 116À117 strength and modulus of, 12À14, 18À19, 18f, 19f tensile, 16 ultimate flexural, 17f surface coverage of, synthetic fiber types and their applications, 13t thermosetting, 24À25 volume fraction of fibers in the polymer matrix, 15f water sorption of polyamide (nylon) matrix, 18 woven sheets, 215 Fiber(s) continuous unidirectional, 14, 42À43, 45 defined, 11 discontinuous short, 19À21 G/F, 12 glass, 12 impregnation of, 14À16 with resin, 26À27 interfacial adhesion, 28À31 of the PFR, 42 properties of, 12À14 protrusion of, 16À18 reinforcing, 11À14, 15f surface chemistry of, 14À16 Filling composites, 47 fillings, FRC, 47 Filtek Supreme XTE, 138À141 Fixed dental prostheses, 7, 42À45, 44f inlay/onlay retained, 43À45 Fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), 35À36, 59À60 anterior, 48, 205 definitive, 60 designs of FRC framework for, 48 direct and indirect FRC, 60 durability of, 65 implants, 61À63 pontic materials and relevant parameters, 67À70 posterior, 48À50, 205 provisional, 60 surface retained, 43 surface-retained, 205 Flowable bulk fill composite (Surfill SDR), 136À138 Fracture surface and denture teeth, treatment of, 167À168 Free radical polymerization bonding, 38, 39f G G-aenial Universal Flow, 154À155 G/F fibers, 12 Glass fibers, 4, 12, 20À23, 40À41 adhesion to resin matrix, 30f capillary effect of, 31 chemical composition of, 22 commercial, 29 continuous and discontinuous, 22À23 nominal composition of, 22t physical properties of, 23t process of production of, 22 radiopacity (X-ray opacity) of, 22À23 Glass fillers, 12 Glass FRCs, 51À53, 52f continuous unidirectional, 177, 178f, 179f Glassy matrix ceramics, 70 Gold Platinum Primer A-330-G, 181 H Hydrofluoric acid (HF), 220À221 I Immediate dentine sealing (IDS) concept, 141À149 Impregnation of fibers, 14À16 Impregum Penta, 141À146, 154À155 Indirect biomimetic composite restoration clinical case, 150À151, 151f, 152f step-by-step procedure, 141À149, 142f, 143f, 144f, 145f, 146f application of adhesive system, 149f conditioning of the preparation, 148f, 149f finished hand-layered resin composite, 148f luting of the overlay, 150f pretreatment of the indirect composite overlay, 150f refinishing of the enamel margins, 147f www.ajlobby.com 228 Index Indirect biomimetic composite restoration (Continued) removal of the oxygen inhibition layer, 147f Indirect pontic fabrication using CAD/CAM technologies, 70À71 Individually formed FRC posts, 101À102 bonding properties, 102 bond strength and fatigue resistance, 101 with semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) polymer matrix, 101À102 step-by-step clinical protocol, 105À107, 106f Inlay-retained FRC FDPs, 69 Inner-ferrule effect, 101À102, 102f Interfacial adhesion, effect of, 16À18 Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) systems, 26, 26f, 68 secondary IPN bonding, 36À38 Interproximal walls, 143f K Krenchel’s factor, 14, 16, 170 L Lactobacillus, Laser treatment, 84 Lithium disilicate ceramics, 70 Luting procedure, 150f, 155À157 M Maxillary premolars, 101f Metal-ceramic crowns, 220f Metal ceramic fixed dental prosthesis failures and repair protocol, 216À217 Metal wires, 168À169 Methacrylate groups, 24 Methyl methacrylate (MMA), 14À16, 36À38, 74, 167À168 Microbial biofilm, adsorption-desorption of, 3À4 Monofunctional monomer systems, 25f monomers of, 31 polymerization shrinkage of, 27 Multiphase composite structures, 35À36 N Nano fibers, 51À53 Net-poly(methyl methacrylate)-inter-netcopoly(bis-glysidyl-Adimethacrylate)-triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, 26 Nose prosthesis, 173À176, 178f, 180f, 182f O Optibond FL, 138À141 OptiDisc, 136À138 Oral biomechanics, 5À6 Oral environment, 3À5 dentition, oral cavity, loading conditions, 5À6 Oral microbes, 3À4 Orthodontic FRCs, 117 Orthodontic splinting, 114 Overlay preparation, 135, 146À151, 152f luting of, 150f pretreatment of the indirect composite, 150f P Partial fiber reinforcement (PFR), 41, 42f, 173f, 174f, 175f Partial removable dental prostheses (PRDPs), 117À118 Particulate filler composite (PFC), 36 restorations, 131À132 hybrid, 132À133 Periodontal disease, 111À112 occlusal forces, 113À114 treatment occlusal adjustments in, 112 teeth stabilization of periodontally mobile teeth, 112À113 of tooth mobility in, 112 Periodontal splinting, 111À114 Peritubular dentin, 84À85 Phosphoric acid treatment, 82À83 Polyethylene fibers, 191À192 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 14À16, 23À24, 68, 74, 118À119, 165À171, 193, 219 bonding, 36À38 denture base resin from, 28f www.ajlobby.com Index 229 in impregnation of the fibers, 27 porous, 41 powder beads, 27 preimpregnated fibers, 170À171 Posterior FDPs, 48À50 Powder-liquid acrylates, 27 Prefabricated FRC posts, 45À46, 98À100, 100f advantages of, 98 benefits of glass FRC, 98 catastrophic failure of crown-tooth systems, 98À99, 100f failure mechanisms of teeth restored with, 98À99 in heavily loaded teeth, 98À99 Prefabricated pontics, 67À70 Prefabricated solid FRC posts, 45À46 Primers, 88 composite, 39À40 Prosthesis(es), 5À6 fixed dental prostheses, Prosthodontic treatment concept, 59À61 dynamic nature and longevity of fixed, 61À63, 62f Protemp Garant, 141À146 Provisional bis-acryl resin composite restoration, 141À149 R Radiopacity of FRC posts, 103 Radiopaque fillers, 22À23 Reinforcing denture bases with FRCs, 169À171 technical use of, 171À172 with metal wires, 168À169 Reinforcing fibers, 11 Removable dentures damage to, 167 failures, 166À167, 167f repair process of, 167À168 key requirements, 165À166 age-related changes of the masticatory system, 165À166 reinforcing denture bases with FRCs, 169À172 with metal wires, 168À169 shape, 166 Repeated stress cycles, 46 Residual monomers, 24 Resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses (RBFDP), 117, 120, 131À132, 203À204 direct FRC, 208f, 209f fabrication method for, 207À209 longevity of, 207 future trends, 209 longevity of indirect FRC, 204À207, 205f possible factors affecting, 206À207 Resin composite veneers, 60À61, 131À132 Resin impregnation, 14À16 of resin, 26À27 Resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), 195 Resins, 23À26 Resin veneer, 124 Restorations, 221 ageing of, biomimetic or bilayered composite, 135 biomimetic post-and-core, 152À153, 153f complete replacement of failed, 211 direct biomimetic composite clinical case, 138À141 core build-up, 136À138 step-by-step procedure, 136À138, 136f, 137f, 138f full-coverage cast, 115 indirect biomimetic composite clinical case, 150À151, 151f, 152f step-by-step procedure, 141À149, 142f, 143f, 144f, 145f, 146f intraoral repair of failed direct or indirect, 211À212 particulate filler composite (PFC), 131À132 hybrid, 132À133 provisional bis-acryl resin composite, 141À149 teeth and dental, 5À6 key requirements for, in molar region, 7À8 requirements for minimally invasive and adhesive, Restrained layer theory, 30 Retainers, 114, 187À188 failure of, 191 FRC, specific features of, 191À193, 192f advantages and disadvantages, 197À198 www.ajlobby.com 230 Index Retainers (Continued) chemical and mechanical properties of, 193À194 clinical applications, 192À193 clinical instructions for, 196À197, 197f clinical studies, 194À195 future trends, 198 long-lasting mechanical properties, 194 possible usages of, 193 longevity of, 191 materials used in, 188À190, 188f, 189f resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), 195 variety of materials, type, shape, and section, 190, 190f RONDOflex, 146À149 RONDOflex plus 360, 154À155 Root canal anchoring systems future trends, 107À108 individually formed FRC posts, 101À102 key requirements, 97À98 long vs short posts, 103À104 prefabricated FRC posts, 98À100 radiopacity of FRC posts, 103 thick vs thin posts, 103À104 Root canal post systems, 45À47 Rubber dam, 220À221 S Scanning process, 70 Secondary IPN bonding, 36À38, 40À41, 43À47, 74, 168, 170À171 Self-etch adhesive systems, 89À91 one-step, 90 problems related to simplified, 91 two-step, 89À90 water as component, 90 Semi interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN), 25À27, 28f, 46À47, 68, 101À102, 104, 171 bulk short fiber composite base, 144f S-glass, 12, 21À22 Short randomly oriented glass fibers (SFRC), 133À135, 134f advantages of, 135 benefits of, 157À159 bilayered composite structure of, 135 as bulk composite base, 134À135 case studies, 135À157 dentine replacing core build-up with, 155f, 156f effect of the thickness of, 135 future trends, 157À159 isotropic, 133À134 semi-IPN-based, 134 substructure, 135 Silane coupling agents and adhesive resins, 214À215 Silanes, 29À31 coupling agents, 29À30 functional, 29À30 Silicone elastomer, 177À178, 180, 182 Sizing, 29 Sodium bicarbonate powder spray (PROPHYflex), 136À138 Solid prefabricated FRC posts, 46À47 SONICflex with cem tip, 146À149 Splint/splinting, 190 clinical cases with, 120À124 clinical follow up protocols, 122 clinical survival of, 123À124 defined, 111 direct, 112À113, 112f, 114f fixed orthodontic retainers, 123À124 future trends, 124 indirect, 112À113 materials and types, 115À116 bridges, 117À118 FRC, 116À117 full-coverage cast restorations, 115 mandibular FRC splints, 116 provisional or permanent, 118À119 resin-impregnated FRC materials, 118À119 retainers, 115À116 selection of, 115 orthodontic, 114 periodontal, 111À114 periodontally mobile teeth, 112À113 perio-prosthetic and ortho-prosthetic splint combinations, 117À120 techniques direct, 121À122 indirect, 122 trauma, 114À115 Stick and StickNet, 171 Stick Resin, 155À157 www.ajlobby.com Index 231 Stick TechÀGC Group, 40 Streptococcus mutans, Surface conditioning methods acid etching methods, 212À213 air-borne particle abrasion methods, 213À214 using FRC woven sheets, 215 using silane coupling agents and adhesive resins, 214À215 Surface conditioning of denture teeth, 74À75 Surface wettability theory, 30 T Technical-biological bonding, 36, 37f Technical bonding, 36 Teeth and dental restorations, 5À6 key requirements for, in molar region, 7À8 requirements for minimally invasive and adhesive, Teeth splinting in periodontal patients, 112À113 Tempbond Clear, 141À146 Tensile stresses, on crown margins of abutments, location of, 8f Thermoplastic or semi-IPN polymers, 26 Thermoplastic polymer, 23À24 Thermoset polymer, 24 Thermoset resins, 46À47 Tooth as bonding substrate, 81 Tooth-core-crown system, 50À51 Tooth stabilization, 112À113, 115 Total fiber reinforcement (TFR), 41, 42f Toughened Modelling Wax, 179 Toughness, 8À9 Trauma splinting, 114À115 Treatment outcome longevity of, 3À4 Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 25À26 U Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers (UHMWP), 4, 12, 31, 118À119 Urethane dimethacrylate systems (UDMA), 25À26, 68, 118À119 Urethane tetramethacrylate (UTMA), 118À119 V Veneering ceramic, 220À221 Veneering composite, 35À36, 43À45, 65 Veneering resin fractures, 73À74 Vinyl polymerization, 23À24 Virtual models of FRCs, 70À71, 71f V3 matrix and ring, 138À141 W Wright Cottrell and Modelling Wax for epithetics, 179 Z Zirconium, 103 www.ajlobby.com www.ajlobby.com ... www.ajlobby.com Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry originate from the function of the muscles of the masticatory system and their application of force to teeth and restorations,... their adhesion to resin www.ajlobby.com 22 Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry 2.3 Nominal composition (%) of certain glass fibers (Cheremisinoff, 1990; Vallittu,... www.ajlobby.com 26 Clinical Guide to Principles of Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Dentistry Cross-linted polymer Linear polymer chain Figure 2.15 Polymer structure of interpenetrating polymer network