Clinical applications of digital dental technology

Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology Edited by Radi Masri, DDS, MS, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics, and Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Carl F Driscoll, DMD Professor and Director, Prosthodontic Residency, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics, and Operative Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Editorial offices: 1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-1-1186-5579-5 / 2015 Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clinical applications of digital dental technology / editors, Radi Masri, Carl F Driscoll p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-118-65579-5 (pbk.) I Masri, Radi, 1975- , editor II Driscoll, Carl F., editor [DNLM: Radiography, Dental, Digital–methods Computer-Aided Design Radiation Dosage Technology, Dental WN 230] RK309 617.6′ 07572–dc23 2015007790 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Cover image: [Production Editor to insert] Cover design by [Production Editor to insert] Typeset in 9.5/11.5pt Palatino by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India 2015 To family, near, and far Contents Contributors Foreword Preface Digital Imaging Jeffery B Price and Marcel E Noujeim ix xi xiii Digital Impressions Gary D Hack, Ira T Bloom, and Sebastian B M Patzelt 27 Direct Digital Manufacturing Gerald T Grant 41 Digital Application in Operative Dentistry Dennis J Fasbinder and Gisele F Neiva Digital Fixed Prosthodontics Julie Holloway 57 75 Digital Design and Manufacture of Implant Abutments Radi Masri, Joanna Kempler, and Carl F Driscoll Digital Applications in Endodontics Ashraf F Fouad 10 From Traditional to Contemporary: Imaging Techniques for Orthodontic Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Outcome Assessment Georgios Kanavakis and Carroll Ann Trotman 167 177 193 11 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 207 Jason Jamali, Antonia Kolokythas, and Michael Miloro CAD/CAM Removable Prosthodontics Nadim Z Baba, Charles J Goodacre, and Mathew Kattadiyil 107 12 The Virtual Patient 231 Alexandra Patzelt and Sebastian B M Patzelt Digital Implant Surgery Hans-Peter Weber, Jacinto Cano, and Francesca Bonino 139 Index 241 Index damaged, 38 dark, 14, 101, 107, 179, 208 data, 2, 28–38, 49, 54–55, 58–60, 62–63, 67–71, 76, 79, 83, 97–98, 104, 107–110, 115–116, 118, 121, 128, 132, 137–138, 139–144, 146–147, 150–154, 159, 162–164, 171, 175, 178, 194, 201–202, 204, 207, 212–217, 219–222, 224, 226–227, 231–232, 236–239 database, 10, 24, 232, 238–239 dataset, 67, 144, 148, 155, 165, 236, 238 deal, 2, 6, 20, 177 debridement, 179, 186 debris, 183, 185 decade, 9, 33, 41, 54, 139, 149, 167, 177, 179, 181–185, 187 decalcified, 10 decay, 10 decision, 4, 12, 15, 201, 233 decrease, 16, 69, 97, 99, 102, 114, 130, 197, 214, 216, 218, 222, 226 defect, 15, 41–42, 54, 90, 97, 157, 188, 206, 207, 217, 220, 222 deficiency, 159, 220 deficient, 111 definition, 9, 28, 30–33, 44, 60–62, 168, 225, 231 definitive, 66, 76–77, 79, 84–86, 88, 103, 110–112, 116, 118–120, 122, 127–128, 131–133, 135, 140, 151, 173 deformation, 90, 113, 188, 221 degenerative, 198 degree, 12, 15, 29, 44, 65–67, 102, 162, 179, 183, 194, 197, 202, 225 delamination, 87 deliver, 5, 15, 24, 30, 41, 57, 70, 182 delivered, 5, 65, 70, 99, 156–158 delivering, delivery, 54, 60, 65, 70–71, 84–85, 97, 150, 160, 182, 207, 231 demand, 18, 43, 101–102, 154, 159, 222, 226 demineralization, 8–9, 11, 24 demineralized, 9–11, 23 demonstrate, 204, 208, 211, 213, 220 dense, 14, 49, 65, 83 densely, 79 density, 4, 10, 12–15, 49–51, 80, 132, 187, 208 dental, 1–10, 12–16, 18–30, 32–39, 41–44, 46, 48–52, 54–55, 57–58, 60, 62–66, 68, 70–73, 75–80, 82–88, 90, 92, 94, 96–98, 100–102, 104–105, 107–110, 112, 114–116, 118, 120–122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132–138, 139–144, 146–148, 150–154, 156, 158–165, 167–176, 177–178, 180–182, 184, 186–190, 193–194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204–206, 207–229, 231–240 dentin, 7, 9, 11, 88, 101, 178, 181, 185, 235 dentinal, 7, 11, 24, 86, 185, 190 dentist, 1–10, 12, 20–21, 24–25, 27–30, 37, 39, 63, 75, 86–88, 96, 108–110, 139, 145, 167–168, 170, 172–173, 178, 182, 185, 204, 208 dentistry, 1–2, 5–7, 11–12, 14, 16, 21–25, 27–30, 37–39, 41, 44, 48, 54–55, 58–59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71–73, 80, 102, 104–105, 107, 132, 137–138, 139, 142–143, 162–165, 167, 175–176, 179, 181, 188–189, 198, 205–206, 207, 231, 233–234, 236–237, 239–240 dentition, 57–60, 63, 65, 97, 100, 104, 108, 158, 196–197, 212, 219 dentoalveolar, 16, 204, 207–208, 228 dentofacial, 22, 24, 204–206 dentomaxillofacial, 24–25, 164, 188 Dentsply, 141, 169–171, 185, 187 denture, 34–35, 37, 42, 48, 63, 66, 105, 107–111, 114–116, 118, 120–133, 135, 137–138, 161 depend, 42, 44, 51, 153 depending, 4, 45–46, 65, 83, 88, 109, 141, 207–208, 235 deposit, 48, 51 deposited, 44, 46–48 deposition, 43, 47–48, 55, 190 depth, 4, 12, 25, 33, 93–95, 150, 183, 187, 204, 220, 235 derangement, 211 describe, 1, 6, 10, 14, 42–43, 109, 175, 177, 237 description, 50, 122, 163, 175 desensitizer, 67 design, 12, 28, 30–31, 32–38, 41–49, 54, 57–59, 62–63, 65, 67–68, 72–73, 75, 83, 87, 92–93, 95–96, 103, 108–109, 120, 128, 130, 132–135, 137–138, 139, 145, 163–164, 167–175, 185, 199, 216 designated, designed, 33–35, 42–43, 46, 50, 53, 57, 65–66, 69, 75–77, 83, 85, 88, 109, 118, 124, 132–135, 140, 142, 149, 163, 164, 168–174, 176, 185, 218, 231, 235, 237 desire, 63, 76, 120, 161 desktop, 55, 168, 171 despite, 88, 97, 184, 198, 208, 212, 220 detachable, 110, 118 detached, 118 detail, 13–15, 18, 29, 42, 49, 57, 139, 146, 151, 167, 171, 181, 195, 211, 231 detection, 7–12, 15, 20, 22–25, 67, 179, 182, 188–191, 196, 204, 210, 231 detector, 5, 10, 13–14, 23, 140, 142, 194 determination, 7, 16, 133, 164, 177, 179, 183 determine, 4, 15–16, 33, 60, 92, 94–95, 100, 111, 113–114, 140, 177–179, 194, 196, 213, 222 develop, 2, 9, 18, 32, 67, 91, 137, 233, 236 developer, 2, 19, 234 development, 1, 14–16, 18, 24, 28, 37–38, 41–42, 44, 46, 54, 71, 75, 108, 139–141, 146, 153, 189, 193, 204, 218, 224, 226, 233, 237 deviation, 108, 142, 145, 147–153, 162 device, 6, 10–11, 27, 37, 39, 42–48, 54–55, 94, 110, 112, 116, 124, 126–127, 129, 131, 139, 142, 145, 151, 155, 164–165, 178–179, 182–183, 187, 190, 197–198, 202, 205–206, 212, 216–217, 222, 227, 231–232, 234–237 diagnose, 2–4, 7, 9–11, 14–16, 18–19, 22–25, 104, 142, 162, 177–179, 187–188, 190, 193–197, 199, 201, 203–206, 207, 216 diagnosed, 9–10 diagnosing, 7, 10, 182, 188, 229 diagnostic, 1–2, 4–7, 10–14, 18–19, 21–23, 26, 86–87, 140, 142, 144, 153, 155, 159–160, 162–163, 177, 188–190, 193, 196, 198, 201, 206, 208, 211, 216, 228, 232–233, 236–237, 239 diameter, 49, 94–95, 132, 137, 147, 156, 181, 202 diamond, 63, 66, 80, 183 245 DICOM, 23, 42–44, 54, 143–144, 146, 148, 155, 165, 214–215, 219, 232 dictate, 58, 220 die, 28–29, 76–77, 80, 82, 171, 205 differ, 109, 116, 141, 169, 197, 208, 233 difference, 4, 10–11, 13–14, 18–19, 36, 59–60, 62–63, 65, 68–69, 83, 90, 93–94, 97, 101, 103, 143–144, 149–152, 154, 173, 178–179, 181–184, 187, 204, 208, 212–213, 216, 226 different, 5–6, 20, 22, 24, 35, 37–38, 42–46, 53, 58, 62, 65, 68, 75, 114–116, 140, 142–145, 148–151, 164, 169, 175, 179, 181, 183–186, 201–202, 212–213, 231–233, 235–236, 238 difficulty, 109, 132, 178, 212, 214 diffuse, 198 diffusion, 1, 25, 39 diffusivity, 90 digital, 1–26, 27–39, 41–55, 57–73, 75–105, 107–108, 110, 112–114, 116–118, 120–122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132–136, 138, 139–165, 167–176, 177–191, 193–194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204–206, 207–229, 231–234, 236–240 digitalized, 143, 146 digitally, 3, 18, 28, 41, 46, 58–59, 76, 82–83, 98, 109, 118, 132–133, 143, 147–149, 152, 157, 159, 161, 168, 170–171, 175, 212, 232 digitization, 155, 176, 207, 220, 226, 231–232 digitize, 109, 175 digitized, 138, 139, 176 digitizing, 109, 138, 175 dimension, 21, 51, 59–60, 72, 85, 90, 96, 110, 112, 140, 152, 155, 173, 194, 198, 200, 206, 212–214, 216, 234 dimensional, 12, 22–23, 25, 27, 29, 37, 39, 42, 46, 52, 107–108, 140, 142, 149, 162–165, 175–176, 181, 189, 193, 204–206, 207–216, 218–221, 228–229, 231, 240 diode, 11, 28, 36, 59 dioxide, 60, 104 direct, 3–5, 18, 38–39, 41–45, 47, 49–51, 53–55, 58, 72, 86–87, 143, 145, 147–149, 154, 164, 178–179, 189, 205, 239 directed, 44, 47, 99, 164 direction, 20, 28, 46, 58, 132, 137, 140, 179, 183, 201–202, 224 disadvantage, 46, 78–79, 86, 88, 108, 110, 132–133, 141, 143, 147 discoloration, 11, 67–68, 71, 97, 101, 138 discolored, 101–103 discrepancies, 98, 116, 120, 196–197 discs, 87 Discus, 187 discussion, 3, 204 disease, 7, 9–10, 177–178, 181, 210, 232–233 disilicate, 34, 66, 71–72, 81–82, 86, 89–90, 97, 103–104 disinfect, 30, 190 disinfectants, 38 disinfected, 30, 115–116, 118 disinfecting, 183, 189 disinfection, 30, 35 disk, 21, 211 disorder, 7, 85, 102, 198, 218 displacement, 16, 36, 140, 152, 164 display, 3, 222, 232, 234–236 246 Index displayed, 29, 142–143 distance, 45, 52, 90, 114, 142, 153, 162, 173, 198, 208, 213, 220, 222 distinct, 9, 41 distort, 29, 59 distorted, 60 distortion, 12, 29, 49, 57–58, 76, 110, 131, 142, 149, 194, 208 distraction, 18, 198, 216, 222 document, 16, 23, 53, 96 Dolder, 172 donor, 233 doppler, 178, 181, 188–190 dose, 2–3, 5–8, 12, 15–16, 18–19, 21–22, 24–25, 142, 164, 194, 198, 206, 207, 231 dosimetry, 6, 24, 205 dots, 51, 99, 204 dotted, 91, 134, 181 double, 10, 102, 143–146, 152, 155, 239 download, 33, 62 drawback, 11, 21, 132, 154, 207, 211, 226 dressings, 188 drifted, 59 drill, 147, 150–151, 155–157, 164, 235 drilling, 143, 147, 151, 155–157 drive, 97, 157 driven, 140, 145, 149, 153–154 drivers, 183 driving, 2, 83 droplets, 46, 148 drops, 53 drug, drum, 190 dry, 36–37 duct, 211 ductile, 132 dull, 46 duplicate, 15, 19, 121, 124, 171 dye, 11 dyeing, 83 dynamic, 3–5, 21, 23, 25, 86, 98, 140, 143, 163, 193, 202, 204, 214 dynamically, 2, 204 dysmorphology, 193, 195, 197–198 dysplasia, 215 ear, 137, 184, 226 earlier, 6–7, 12, 14–16, 44, 57, 67, 79, 142, 171, 173, 181, 185, 198 early, 1, 4, 7, 9–12, 15, 19, 27–28, 54, 67, 69, 80, 108, 139, 162, 196, 204 ease, 45–46, 58, 75, 187 easy, 7, 38, 51, 59, 66, 76, 78–79, 85, 91, 120–121, 128, 141–142, 144, 154, 170, 218 echo, 22 economic, 38, 54, 109 edentulism, 130, 137, 164 edentulous, 30, 90–91, 108–110, 113, 118, 124, 127, 129, 138, 144–145, 151, 155, 160, 162, 165, 167 edentulousness, 162 edge, 93–95, 102, 112, 162, 179, 185 effect, 5–6, 16, 21–22, 24–25, 85, 97, 100, 104, 132, 137–138, 152, 163, 182, 188, 190, 197, 204–206, 207, 226, 239 effective, 6–8, 18–19, 162, 164, 182–183, 186–187, 206, 233 effectiveness, 22, 25, 39, 139, 149, 177, 185, 187, 189, 205 efficacy, 4–5, 23, 72, 104, 177, 182, 184, 188, 190 efficiency, 2–3, 21, 30, 39, 57, 75, 85–86, 177, 184–185, 187 effort, 108, 132, 152–153, 179, 226 elastic, 90 elasticity, 66, 131–132 elastomer, 51 elastomeric, 76, 96, 169 elderly, 130 electric, 80, 188 electrical, 11–12, 24, 43–44, 178, 188–190 electro, 234 electroforming, 164 electrolyte, 11 electromagnetic, 222 electron, 3, 47, 49, 72, 183, 188, 190 electronic, 3, 11, 27, 57, 182–183, 190, 232 electronically, 62 element, 12, 28, 59, 144, 187, 233 eliminate, 14, 29, 38, 109, 208, 210 eManufacturing, 46 eMax, 32, 66 emergency, 179, 188, 234 emit, 3, 183 emitted, 11 emitting, 28 Empress, 65, 66 enable, 29, 36–37, 44, 71, 140, 153, 162, 235–236 enamel, 7, 9–11, 68, 73, 79, 88, 94, 101, 104, 179, 189, 196, 235 enameled, 107 Enamic, 66 encode, 169, 173, 175 endo, 37, 68, 178, 187 endodontic, 7, 14–16, 21–22, 25, 68, 85–86, 163, 177–183, 185, 187–191, 206 endodontically, 37, 71, 159, 178 endodontists, 15, 21, 182 endoscopes, 182, 211, 216 endoscopic, 216–217, 224 endoscopy, 182, 190, 211 endosseous, 167 energetic, 3, 14 energy, 3, 12, 14, 20, 44, 47, 50–51, 183 engage, 1, 115–116 engineered, 47 engineering, 55, 137, 220, 239 engineers, 137 engraved, 173 enmesh, 231 ensure, 4, 15, 38, 58–60, 101, 113, 115–116, 143–144, 155, 164, 210, 221, 223 environment, 24, 59, 97–98, 100, 103, 138, 149, 151–152, 155, 233–234, 236 environmental, epidemiology, 23, 137 Epperndorf, 234 EPT, 178 equal, 7, 49, 52 equivalency, 7–8 erosion, 80, 162, 211 error, 3, 15, 20, 72, 96, 98, 142–143, 147, 150, 152–153, 194, 205, 212, 222, 232, 239 especially, 3, 5, 16, 18, 47, 63, 95, 109, 130, 139–140, 142, 149–150, 153, 172, 182, 195, 198, 208, 218–219, 223, 232 essential, 22, 30, 36–37, 41, 57, 59, 84, 104, 140, 150, 177–178, 195 esthetic, 38, 44–46, 65–66, 75, 81–86, 88–89, 91, 93, 101–102, 104, 107–109, 114–116, 120, 140, 152–153, 158–159, 164, 167–169, 207, 216, 222, 226 estimate, 7, 184, 188, 233 etch, 66, 68–69 etchable, 90 etched, 65, 79, 88 etching, 68–70, 73, 97 ethics, 9, 22 eutectic, 48, 54 evaluation, 7–8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 38–39, 60, 63, 67–69, 71–73, 85–87, 91, 96, 104, 116, 128, 137, 153, 159, 175, 182–183, 188–191, 193, 196, 198, 206, 208, 210, 219, 228, 236–237, 239 evidence, 9–10, 16, 67, 70–71, 143, 151, 153–154, 175, 181, 188, 201, 238–239 evidenced, 11, 15 evident, 14, 29, 69, 226 evolution, 28, 38–39, 72, 138, 139–140, 168 examination, 5–8, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 65, 71, 79, 147, 154–156, 198, 206, 216, 219, 226 example, 2, 5, 9, 12, 14, 18–21, 30, 43–44, 58, 79, 90, 142–143, 146, 155, 167, 169, 172, 185, 187, 196, 202, 204, 213, 216, 222, 226, 231–234, 237, 239 excess, 6–8, 46, 50, 52, 113, 127, 187 expand, 71, 186 expanding, 107 expansion, 13, 29, 132, 197–198, 205–206, 210, 215 expedite, 187 expense, 80, 133 expensive, 47, 142–143, 198 experience, 3, 5, 7, 38, 54, 68, 85, 98, 104, 109, 152, 162–163, 234–235, 239 expert, 7, 164 explanation, 7, 12, 151 exploration, 19, 21, 179 explore, 2–3, 7, 14, 132, 139 explorer, 58 exponential, exponentially, 4, 38 exported, 133 exporting, 132 expose, 6, 53, 126, 130, 208 exposure, 2–3, 5, 7, 14–16, 18–20, 22, 24, 42, 49, 67, 86–87, 101, 141–142, 153, 179, 198, 201, 205, 207 extension, 69, 104 extensive, 9, 67–68, 82, 102, 193, 222 external, 16, 18, 75, 79, 86–87, 94–95, 168, 188–189, 204–205 extracted, 158, 179 extraction, 156, 158, 160, 208, 211 extraoral, 7, 205, 220 extruded, 47–48 extruding, 48 extrusion, 47–48, 185, 190 eye, 4, 14, 21, 213, 237 eyeglasses, 220 eyewear, 234 fabricate, 28, 30, 37, 42–43, 48, 58, 63, 84, 86, 98, 108–110, 118, 120–121, 132, 135, 138, 146–147, 167–172 fabricated, 15, 29, 32, 34, 43, 46, 48–51, 53, 62–63, 65, 67–68, 71, 73, 75–77, 79, 82, 84, 86, 88, 92, 98, 100–101, 104, 108–109, 121–122, 140, 143, 145, 147–148, 156, 159–161, 167–168, 170–173, 198, 214, 223, 225–226 Index fabricating, 48, 87, 90, 108–109, 132, 137–138 fabrication, 23, 29–30, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43–51, 54, 57–58, 63, 66, 75–78, 83–85, 87, 90, 95, 97–98, 104, 107–110, 116, 120–122, 124, 128, 131–133, 135, 137–138, 139, 142–148, 155, 160, 168–169, 172, 175, 185, 199, 210, 212, 216, 218–220 face, 103, 109, 113, 137, 202, 204, 206, 212–214, 228, 231, 233, 236, 239 facebow, 219 faced, 15, 41, 62, 102–103 facet, 2, 44 facial, 22–23, 31, 58, 60–61, 63, 92, 94, 99, 101–102, 109, 113, 121, 138, 163–164, 193, 196, 198, 201–206, 207, 212, 216, 219–220, 222, 228–229, 232–233, 236–238, 240 facially, 94 facilitate, 37, 51, 58, 108–110, 121, 141, 179, 185, 231 facility, 2, 41, 109, 145, 239 factor, 2, 4, 7, 29, 57–59, 69, 83, 96–100, 102, 104, 131, 150–152, 155, 179, 189, 194, 205–206, 208, 233, 239 faculty, 234–235, 239 failed, 208 failing, 68, 149 failure, 45, 67–71, 80, 89–91, 96, 98–100, 103, 154, 222, 226 fall, 29, 43, 47 faster, 5, 30, 44, 49, 108, 153, 207, 224 fatal, 6, fatigue, 97–98, 100, 103 FDA, 5–6, 12, 20, 22–23, 225 feasibility, 22, 109, 138, 140 feature, 5, 9, 12–13, 15, 20–21, 32, 44–45, 58, 60, 65, 154, 195, 233 fee, 109 feedback, 29, 85, 143, 234–235 feldspar, 79, 90 feldspathic, 34, 65–67, 69, 97 female, ferromagnetic, 21 fewer, 3, 51, 69, 204 fiber, 11, 49, 132 Fibrous, 215 fibula, 55, 217, 223 fiducial, 142–144, 147, 151, 160, 219, 224 fiduciary, 121 field, 8, 12, 15–16, 18–19, 21, 23, 33, 37, 58, 108, 139, 141–143, 165, 179, 196, 198, 207–208, 234 filament, 47–49 file, 4, 23, 28, 32, 33–35, 42–47, 54, 57, 59, 62, 132, 135, 139, 143–144, 146, 172, 183–186, 189–190, 216, 219, 232 filler, 49, 66, 78–79, 88 filling, 9, 16, 182, 187 film, 1–6, 8, 16, 23, 27, 39, 42, 179, 204, 207–213, 222, 234 filter, 11, 208 filtration, 24 final, 10, 29–30, 33, 49, 57, 59–61, 63, 66, 75–76, 78–80, 82, 84–85, 101, 111–113, 115–116, 118, 124, 126, 128, 134, 139, 150–151, 157–159, 169, 171–174, 194, 205, 220 finally, 3, 6, 8, 20–21, 30, 139, 142, 144, 151, 154, 178, 219, 226 finding, 8, 67–68, 71, 142, 149, 152, 183, 188, 228, 231–232, 237–238 fine, 2, 4, 48–49, 65–66, 79 finer, 22, 65 finger, 126, 225 finish, 45, 47, 58, 62, 65–67, 76, 134–135, 167 finished, 49–52, 122, 168 fired, 100 firing, 66, 85 first, 1–2, 6–8, 11, 15, 20–22, 27–29, 32, 41, 48, 57, 60, 68, 70, 75, 86, 96–97, 107–108, 110, 120, 132–133, 138, 139–140, 151, 158–159, 161, 167–168, 170, 177–178, 180, 183, 193–194, 207, 217, 220, 231, 235–236 fissure, 11, 111 fit, 30, 38, 59, 62–63, 65, 72–73, 76, 86, 95–96, 104, 108–110, 118, 124, 146–147, 151, 167, 169, 173, 175, 185–186, 198, 218 fitting, 42, 46, 58–59, 73, 133, 136–137, 147–148 fixation, 42, 54, 145, 147, 149, 151, 208, 216, 223 fixed, 11, 28, 34–35, 37, 48, 54, 63, 66, 75–81, 83–85, 87, 89–91, 93, 95, 97–99, 101, 103–105, 108–110, 120–122, 124, 126–128, 131–132, 137–138, 154, 160–161, 164–165, 171–172, 197 flange, 112, 114–115 flap, 153, 159–160, 217–218, 223 flapless, 140, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 162–165 flasks, 109–110, 120 flat, 3, 111–112, 116 flaw, 79–80, 91, 95–98 flexibility, 43, 46, 49, 185 flexural, 65–66 flexure, 131 flowable, 124, 128 flowing, 122, 126 flowmetry, 178, 188 fluid, 184 fluorescence, 10–11, 22, 24 fluorescent, 11 fluoride, 9, 22, 24 focal, 198 focus, 2, 16, 28, 33, 36–37, 53, 57, 67, 133, 140, 151, 177, 193 fold, 59, 182 follow, 5, 8, 36, 68–69, 93, 95, 103, 140, 144, 152, 158, 160–161, 167, 175, 178–179, 190, 207 food, 5, 96, 100 foramen, 183–184, 188 force, 18, 21, 44, 46–47, 90, 99–100, 102–104, 131, 167, 179, 185 forced, 21 forensic, 238 form, 12–13, 33, 43, 49–50, 52, 61, 65, 67–68, 78, 82, 86–87, 107–109, 111, 113, 115–116, 118, 140, 155, 168, 172–173, 178 formaldehyde, 107 format, 10, 28, 32, 35, 42–44, 143, 216, 232 formulation, 89, 91, 97 fossa, 198, 201 fossae, 15 fractographic, 91 fracture, 15–16, 57, 66–69, 71, 79, 86, 88–90, 92–94, 96–100, 103–104, 154, 179, 183, 188, 190, 216, 227 fractured, 15, 68–69, 97–98 247 frame, 12, 80, 134, 155 framework, 48–49, 51, 54, 76–77, 82–83, 89, 91–92, 96–98, 131–138, 139 free, 10–11, 25, 28, 35, 37, 49–50, 55, 59, 76, 87, 131–132, 172–173, 223 freedom, 44, 46–47 frequency, 11–12, 23, 154, 179, 183–184, 190 frequent, 15, 101 frequently, 154, 177–179 Friadent, 141 friction, 186 fringe, 38 frontal, 117, 123, 126–127, 132, 169–170, 172–174, 216 function, 33, 60, 63, 71, 85, 97, 121, 124, 135, 162, 168–169, 177, 202 functional, 21, 28, 60, 67, 75, 97, 102–104, 107, 116, 140, 152–153, 162, 167, 171, 193, 202, 226, 232, 238 fundamental, 26, 177 furcation, 20 furnace, 83, 85 further, 2, 14, 19, 21, 28, 30, 78, 85, 108, 146, 151, 208, 231, 237 furthermore, 2, 6, 18, 49, 139, 142, 196–197, 207–208, 226 fuse, 49–51, 132, 236 fused, 44, 47–49, 55, 62, 142, 148, 219 fusing, 43, 50, 82 fusion, 47–49, 147, 196, 212–213, 224, 228, 236 future, 1, 4, 19, 22, 27, 37–39, 43–44, 54–55, 60, 75, 98, 105, 109, 132, 137, 160, 164–165, 177, 201, 205, 224, 231–232, 237, 239–240 gadolinium, gagging, 30 gain, 3, 23 Galileos, 8, 17, 22, 32, 141–142, 148 gamma, gap, 38, 63, 65, 68, 96, 149, 156 general, 7, 10, 16, 22, 25, 28, 49, 51, 57, 68, 72, 105, 216 generally, 3, 15, 42–50, 58–59, 67, 71, 78–80, 87, 95–96, 101, 167, 178–179, 181, 187, 196, 207 generate, 2, 4, 12, 42, 67, 146, 154, 235–236 generation, 19–20, 23, 27, 38, 139–140, 142, 188, 226 genetic, genial, 216 genioplasty, 221 geometric, 43, 142 geometry, 15, 44–46, 50–51, 53, 57, 75–76, 86, 94, 96, 100, 103 gingiva, 59 gingival, 30, 36, 85–87, 100–101, 178, 236 gingivitis, 86 gland, 6, 141, 210–211, 217 glass, 1, 50, 65–67, 77, 79, 81–82, 90, 97, 235–236 glassy, 79, 83, 88, 100 glaze, 89, 100 glazed, 78, 97, 101, 104 glazing, 45, 78–79, 98 global, 110, 115, 121, 124, 128 gloss, 65, 88 glue, 47, 51 glued, 51 goal, 6, 177–178, 212, 214, 217, 222, 232 248 Index gold, 14, 62, 68, 72, 80, 107, 131, 141, 168–169, 171, 188, 208 gonial, 99 gothic, 112, 114–116, 119 GPS, 27, 29, 227 grade, 144, 169 graft, 157 grafting, 15, 154 grain, 49, 66 granuloma, 181 graph, 7, 140, 236 graphed, 10 graphic, 3, 10, 22, 29, 62, 121, 147, 163–164, 170, 189–190, 233 graphical, 24 graphically, 62 graphite, 80 gravity, 46, 52 gray, 4, 6, 15, 20, 23, 107, 143 grey, 9, 24–25 grimace, 204 grinding, 65 groove, 93 group, 1, 5–7, 10, 15–16, 18, 25, 68–70, 79, 81, 140, 150–152, 178, 212, 233–234 growth, 1, 14, 16, 18, 41, 97, 141, 198, 204 guidance, 5, 36, 48, 55, 163, 221–222 guide, 15–16, 23, 25, 31, 38, 42, 54, 100, 110, 114, 124, 138, 139–155, 159–165, 210, 216, 218, 223 guided, 18, 25, 60, 114–116, 120, 124, 140, 142–143, 147, 149–165, 221–222, 227 guidelines, 5–6, 23–24, 58–59, 68, 71, 90, 94–96, 100, 197, 205 gun, 47 gypsum, 76, 86 hand, 13, 27, 53, 63, 76–77, 88, 107, 183, 188, 232–233 handheld, 28 handle, 5, 45, 155–157, 235–236 handled, 53 handling, 3, 45, 65–66, 76, 88, 107 handpiece, 58, 143, 183, 185–186, 235 haptic, 234–236, 239 hard, 14, 18–19, 35, 46, 58, 78–80, 88, 90, 99–101, 107, 193–194, 208, 211, 219, 231, 236 hardening, 14, 49, 185 hardens, 53 harder, 187 hardness, 78 hardware, 42, 44, 142 having, 29, 60, 63, 65, 171 hazardous, 179 hazards, 20, 179 head, 3, 6, 14, 37, 48, 50, 55, 141–142, 163, 167–168, 183, 185–186, 198, 204, 208, 219, 225, 228, 232–235, 237 heal, 175 healing, 85, 122, 154, 157, 173, 175, 179, 181, 183–184, 187, 189–190 health, 22, 24, 39, 67, 84–85, 96, 102, 130, 165, 179, 198, 206, 226, 232–233, 239 healthy, 11 hear, 234 heart, 190 heat, 45, 49–50, 78–81, 86, 90, 107, 178, 186–187 heated, 35, 47, 49, 51, 111, 187 heating, 49, 51, 187 heavy, 58, 111–113, 126, 129 help, 24, 29, 36, 114, 116, 155–156, 160, 221–222, 228, 233–234 hemodynamics, 233, 239 hemostasis, 36 hereditary, 25 high, 5, 11–13, 15, 19, 21–22, 25, 28–30, 35, 44, 49–51, 53, 55, 60, 65–66, 75–76, 79–83, 85–86, 88, 90, 97, 99, 101, 103–104, 108–109, 130–133, 141, 143, 146, 154–155, 158–159, 162, 173, 178, 183, 187–188, 194, 198, 201, 232–233, 236 highly, 12, 14, 66, 79, 88, 101, 107, 138, 162, 202, 233 histologically, 10 histopathological, 188 historical, 22, 28, 80, 162 historically, 90, 182 history, 1, 16, 26, 27, 89, 107, 138, 161, 226, 232 hole, 128, 156, 158, 218 holography, 171–172, 175 home, 23, 48, 53, 109 homogeneity, 77 homogeneous, 44, 65 Hounsfield, 12, 14–15, 24–25, 140, 163 hour, 8, 19, 33, 49, 68, 83, 109, 239 human, 4–5, 7, 10, 23–25, 99, 102, 107, 142, 188–189, 206, 228, 231–232, 236 hybrid, 66, 77–78, 110 hydrofluoric, 65 hydrogen, 179 hydrophobic, 110 hygiene, 85, 100, 168 hygienic, 110, 187 hyperalgesia, 178 hyperplasia, 211 hypoplasia, 222 hypoplastic, 220 idea, 28, 185, 232 ideal, 48, 65, 96, 108, 149, 151, 196, 220 identification, 16, 22, 179, 183, 204–205, 211–212, 219–220, 228 identify, 15, 63–64, 114, 116, 145, 183, 193–194, 198, 221, 227 illuminated, 193 illumination, 182 illusion, 235 illustration, 232, 235, 238 image, 1–5, 10–16, 18–19, 21–25, 29, 32–33, 36–37, 41–44, 60, 71, 87, 108–109, 139–145, 147, 151–153, 162–165, 175, 179–181, 193–202, 204–206, 207–208, 211–214, 216–217, 219–223, 225, 227–229, 234–235, 238 imaged, 65, 181 imagery, 43 imaging, 1–3, 5–7, 9, 11–19, 28, 30, 32–33, 36–38, 41–44, 75, 140–143, 149, 162, 164, 179, 181, 183, 188–189, 193–197, 199, 201–206, 207–208, 210–221, 226, 228–229, 232, 239 immediate, 29, 70–71, 110, 120–122, 126, 140, 150, 153–155, 157–162, 165, 201, 235 immediately, 53, 98, 120, 146, 156, 160–165, 213 impact, 24, 54, 94, 107, 147, 201, 205, 220 impacted, 14, 16–18, 20, 27, 195, 201, 204–205, 208–211, 213, 229 impacting, 29 impaction, 96, 204, 208, 213 impairment, 193, 202, 204 impart, 79, 82, 101 impedance, 11, 24, 183 implant, 14–15, 18, 20–25, 28, 32, 35, 38–39, 41, 54–55, 57, 63, 68, 71, 80, 85, 98, 108–110, 118, 120–124, 127, 129, 131, 138, 139–145, 147–165, 167–176, 204, 208, 210, 216, 218, 220, 226–228, 231, 236–237 implantation, 149, 165 implantologists, 14 implantology, 14, 25, 143, 149, 162–163, 164, 175 impression, 7, 19, 27–39, 41–42, 54, 57–63, 71–73, 76, 85–86, 94–96, 98, 109–116, 118–119, 124, 126–130, 132–133, 135, 137–138, 148, 154–155, 162, 164, 167–169, 172–173, 175–176, 212, 219–220, 239 improper, 86, 161, 220 improve, 13, 30, 38, 42, 79, 91, 94, 107–108, 139, 177, 187, 198, 218, 224, 232–233, 236 improved, 2–3, 5, 13, 21, 29, 33, 47, 62, 89, 154, 163, 167, 187, 193, 196–197, 204, 207–209, 212–213, 216, 218, 225 improvement, 1, 21, 30, 38, 57, 104, 107–108, 130, 182, 212, 219–220, 237 inaccuracy, 29, 67, 109, 151, 162, 198 Inceram, 82 incidence, 11, 67, 71, 83, 90, 99, 182, 189, 191 incisal, 92–93, 95, 102, 112, 116 incisally, 93 incision, 153, 216, 224 incisive, 15 incisogingivally, 95 incisor, 16, 18, 94–95, 99, 102, 155, 157, 161, 196, 204, 206, 211 inclination, 147, 162 inclined, 99, 175 increase, 2–4, 7, 10–11, 14–15, 29, 46, 58, 66, 68, 71, 77, 79, 88–89, 91, 96–97, 99–100, 114, 130, 161, 234 increased, 2–4, 10–11, 14–15, 41, 67–69, 75, 82, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99, 101, 110, 131, 133, 149, 197–198, 207, 226 increasing, 1, 8, 25, 80, 94, 99, 194, 201, 233 incrementally, 187 increments, 187 index, 121, 168, 172, 239 indicator, 116, 119, 137, 205 indirect, 3–5, 8, 38, 57, 86–87, 96, 138, 208, 228 indirectly, 75, 173 individual, 1, 29–30, 33, 103, 153, 204, 234, 237, 239 inductive, 55 industry, 28, 37, 54–55, 132, 137, 226 infection, 110, 158, 177 infectious, 177 inferior, 13, 51, 116, 124, 208, 210, 212, 229 infiltration, 82, 90, 182 inflamed, 178 inflammation, 85, 179, 190, 211 inflammatory, 181, 188, 210 influence, 57–58, 65, 68–69, 94, 137, 151, 189, 196, 206, 233 influencing, 150–151 informatics, 164, 231–232, 234 Index information, 4–5, 12–14, 16, 21, 30, 44, 86–87, 109, 124, 128, 132–133, 139–140, 142, 145, 151, 155, 177, 196, 198, 201, 211, 213, 231–232, 236–239 informative, 232 infrared, 12, 19, 23, 28, 222 inhibit, 86 inhibited, 66 initial, 8–9, 16, 19–20, 46, 63–64, 67, 75, 80, 160, 177, 183, 193, 202, 211, 216, 226 initially, 3–4, 27, 71, 110, 183, 225 injected, 115–116, 125, 187 injecting, 124, 211 injection, 115, 182, 188, 190 injured, 223 injury, 15, 178, 229, 237 ink, 53, 148 inlay, 28, 30–31, 35–37, 39, 58, 63–64, 67–69, 72–73, 75, 88, 139, 164, 239 innovation, 1, 25, 37, 39, 179, 184–185, 205, 207 insight, 2, 198 insipient, 68 instance, 6, 13, 29, 46, 210, 218, 220, 222, 226 instead, 2, 9–10, 27, 50, 53, 60, 101, 144, 151, 154–155, 173, 194, 220, 224 institute, 24, 233 institution, 137, 233 instruction, 2, 43, 68, 122, 128, 155, 159 instrument, 15–16, 23, 59, 63, 97, 110, 143, 155, 157, 180, 183–187, 189–191, 222, 225 instrumentation, 151, 177, 183–184, 186–188, 190, 211, 216, 218, 228 instrumenting, 184 intaglio, 78, 84, 86, 94–95, 108, 111–113, 116, 125, 130–131 integrated, 23, 109, 163, 219, 234, 236–237, 239 intensity, 63–64, 183 inter, 29, 138, 162–165, 166, 208, 213, 232 interaction, 7, 138 intercuspation, 60, 63 interdigitation, 127 interface, 2, 32, 72, 184 interfere, 11, 127, 177 interference, 21, 38, 98, 171, 183, 219 interim, 90, 120, 207 intermediate, 49, 51, 81, 152 intermittent, 116 internal, 6, 16, 27, 42, 49–50, 59, 62–63, 65, 72, 75, 86–87, 93–94, 104, 134–135, 137, 210–211, 239 international, 5–6, 9, 14, 22–25, 38–39, 46, 55, 71–73, 105, 116, 137–138, 141, 162–165, 175, 187–191, 205, 228–229, 236, 239–240 internationally, 5, internet, 21, 27, 30, 33, 37, 62 interocclusal, 90–91, 96, 109, 111, 115–116, 128, 131 interoperability, 43–44 interpretation, 15, 25, 206, 208, 228 interproximal, 9–10, 23, 157, 181, 197 interpupillary, 113 interradicular, 205 interrelationships, 208 interval, 18, 217 intervention, 10, 18, 25, 214 intracanal, 183 intracoronal, 99, 101 intraductally, 211 intraobserver, 212 intraoperative, 140, 149, 161, 216–217, 233 intraoperatively, 221 intraoral, 1–3, 5–8, 10, 21, 23, 25, 27–28, 33–39, 42, 44, 57–60, 62, 73, 75, 99, 102, 104, 114, 116, 120, 138, 140, 143, 158, 169, 172–173, 188, 212, 220, 231, 236–238 intraorally, 63, 121, 126, 147 intraorbital, 222 intraosseous, 182, 190 intrasurgical, 142 invention, 27, 139, 231 inventor, 234 invest, 132 invested, 37, 133 investigation, 23, 69, 71–73, 104, 137, 228 investment, 65, 133 iodide, 2–3 ionization, ionizing, 5, 7, 16, 18, 20–21, 24, 179, 181, 213 ionomer, 66 iontophoresis, 182 irrespective, 67, 143 irreversible, 19, 67, 177–179, 189, 197 irrigant, 183–184, 188–190 irrigation, 183, 186, 189–190 irritants, 187 irritation, 86 ischemia, 86 ischemic, 217 isostatically, 82 isotropic, 181 issue, 5, 7, 15, 18, 20, 29, 71, 80, 96, 99–100, 232 item, 46, 63, 167 Itero, 30–32, 38, 62, 169 Ivoclar, 37, 65–66, 81 ivory, 107 jaw, 8, 18, 30, 37, 108–112, 114, 116, 119, 138, 141, 205, 229, 233, 239 jawbone, 162 jet, 47, 51, 53, 148 jetting, 47, 51, 53–54 jewelry, 48 jig, 110, 124, 127–130, 219, 224 joint, 21, 25, 198, 206, 207, 211, 218, 224, 228–229 just, 1, 21, 27, 29, 37–38, 58, 155, 169, 179 keep, 5, 8, 11, 14, 36, 68, 96, 114, 146–147, 151 keyboard, 232 kind, 144, 148, 154, 232 knife, 51, 94 knowledge, 41, 83, 96, 99, 102, 162, 231, 238–239 Kodak, 1–2 lab, 28, 80, 141, 240 labor, 41, 46, 55, 133, 148 laboratory, 12, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35–39, 41, 54–55, 57, 60, 62–63, 65, 71, 75–78, 80–81, 83–85, 87–88, 90, 96–98, 100–101, 108–110, 113, 115, 118, 128, 131–137, 139, 145–148, 151–152, 154–155, 157, 159, 162, 170, 172, 226, 234, 239 lack, 11–12, 37, 42, 67, 85, 88–89, 101, 103–104, 107–108, 110, 142, 147, 152, 181–182 249 laminated, 47, 51 laminates, 51 lamination, 47, 51–52 land, 11, 105, 111, 163, 185, 212, 239 landmark, 1, 118, 140, 155, 158, 194, 202, 204–205, 208, 212–213, 219, 221–223, 227–228 laptop, 35 Laryngoscope, 229 laser, 3, 11–12, 24, 27–28, 32, 35–36, 41–42, 47, 49–52, 55, 59, 108, 115, 118, 132, 138, 146, 171–172, 178, 188–191, 202, 212–213, 219, 224 lateral, 18–19, 52, 59–60, 100, 111, 117, 123, 155, 157, 171, 173, 187, 196, 201, 204, 209, 219 laterally, 58–59, 214 laterotrusive, 113–114 lattice, 4, 186 lava, 61–64, 66, 72, 104 law, 5, 90 layer, 29, 44, 46–53, 65–66, 101, 112, 138, 144, 148, 183, 217 layered, 46, 63, 87, 92, 96–98, 103 layering, 46, 62, 78, 90, 92, 96, 100–101 lead, 2, 29, 38, 49, 51, 85, 90, 93, 95, 98, 100, 110, 130, 142, 179, 193–194, 232, 237 leak, 137 leakage, 87 LeFort, 219 length, 66, 69, 90, 94, 116, 118, 120, 147, 179, 183–189, 196, 198 lens, 47, 58 lesion, 7–11, 13, 16, 20–23, 25–26, 179–181, 187–190, 208, 210, 228–229 leucite, 34, 65–66, 69–70, 79, 86, 90, 96–97, 102 level, 5–11, 20, 22, 24–25, 35, 42, 101, 109, 142, 147, 149, 151, 153, 157, 159–160, 173, 178, 181–182, 188, 232, 240 life, 7, 18, 21, 24, 29, 39, 46, 109, 130, 202, 228, 231, 233 lifetime, 6, 18 ligament, 15, 21, 182 ligation, 217 light, 3, 10–12, 19, 22, 27–28, 32–33, 35–36, 41, 45–46, 52–53, 86, 97, 111, 113, 126, 128–129, 138, 147, 154, 171, 178–179 like, 2–3, 6–7, 27, 33, 38, 50–53, 98, 107, 137, 167, 169, 190, 232–233 limbs, 232 limit, 5, 16, 44–45, 63, 90, 209, 222, 239 limitation, 5, 12, 14, 37, 46–47, 49, 51, 96, 101–103, 108, 142, 164, 178, 184, 186, 194, 210, 212–213, 222, 226 limited, 7, 9, 15–16, 37, 43–44, 46, 50, 65, 79, 81–82, 85–86, 90–91, 100, 143, 153, 160, 169, 178, 185, 189, 196, 206, 211–214, 216, 226, 232 limiting, 22, 58, 93, 201, 208 line, 14, 36, 58, 61, 76, 91, 93–94, 111–114, 134–135, 157, 167, 181, 204 lingual, 31, 58, 65, 93–94, 99, 116, 131, 209–210, 215 lingually, 93 link, 155, 170, 222 lip, 94, 112–116, 118, 120, 202–206, 214 liquefied, 47 liquid, 47–48, 51–53, 83, 146, 148, 217 lithium, 34, 66, 71–72, 79–82, 86, 89–90, 97, 103–104 250 Index load, 23, 66, 79, 95–97, 99–100, 103 local, 59, 144–146, 149, 178, 182, 188–189 localization, 14, 16, 142–143, 160, 208–213, 222, 224 localizing, 18, 178 location, 16, 48, 58, 63, 86, 91, 98, 112, 114, 121, 123, 133, 141, 144, 148, 153, 167–170, 172–173, 175, 179–180, 198, 201, 213–214, 225, 227 locator, 172, 175, 183, 188, 190 logic, 10, 141 logical, 231 logically, 99 long, 5, 11, 32, 37, 46, 60, 66–69, 72, 78, 88, 95–96, 100, 103–105, 109, 146, 153–155, 161, 178, 181, 186, 189, 204, 218 longevity, 67, 72, 84, 96–97, 175 longitudinal, 68–70 longstanding, 59 loop, 239 lose, 109, 226 lost, 41, 178, 222 loupes, 182 low, 5, 7, 12–13, 18–19, 21, 23, 25, 45, 52, 67, 69, 78–82, 86, 88, 90, 96, 99–101, 130–132, 142, 149, 167, 178, 181, 190 lower, 5, 11, 14, 16, 18, 38, 88, 109, 113, 142, 149, 151–152, 154, 183, 198, 202, 204 lumen, 229 luminescence, 12, 23 lung, 10 luted, 79, 100 luting, 65, 69, 71, 79, 88 Lux, 206 luxation, 16 lymph, 13 machine, 3, 5–6, 13, 15, 24, 27, 31, 32, 35–36, 38, 43–48, 51–52, 55, 75, 78, 80–81, 87, 108, 118, 132, 139, 142, 162, 175, 179, 205–206, 239 machined, 82, 97, 148, 175 machining, 28, 57, 76, 80, 101, 108, 167 macrodontia, 196 magnesium, 81–83 magnetic, 14, 20–23, 25, 179, 189, 229 magnification, 12, 60, 177, 182, 187–188, 190, 194, 208, 212 magnified, 18, 29, 60, 99 magnifying, 182 magnitude, 49, 51, 99, 102, 179 maintain, 3, 16, 45, 114, 128, 183 major, 10–11, 28, 37, 131–132, 134, 147, 153, 169, 220 make, 2, 4, 9, 15, 27–30, 38, 48–49, 51, 58, 60, 79, 86, 103, 108, 111, 114, 116, 149, 168–169, 172, 208, 211, 236–237 malar, 222 malformation, 18, 202 malformed, 194 malignant, 210 malleable, 111 malocclusion, 103, 204 malpositioned, 223 man, 3, 15, 42, 109, 186, 190, 234 management, 3, 7–8, 16, 22–24, 28, 196, 229 mandible, 13, 46, 114, 142, 152, 160, 215, 219, 223, 237 mandibular, 6, 8, 15, 18, 20–22, 55, 60, 95, 111–122, 128, 131–132, 142, 162–163, 170, 188–190, 198–199, 201, 206, 211–212, 219, 222–223, 229 mandrel, 65 manikin, 233 manipulation, 42, 45, 57, 83, 96, 104, 195, 198, 208, 226 manual, 20, 47, 54, 147, 234 manually, 28, 52, 108, 167, 193 manufacture, 41–42, 49, 139, 169, 171, 173, 175, 216–217, 231 manufactured, 44–45, 63, 140, 148, 155, 167 manufacturer, 1–2, 12, 15, 18, 24, 33, 36–37, 43–44, 65–66, 79, 81, 88–90, 96, 103, 110, 121, 140, 159–160, 220 manufacturing, 2, 28–29, 35, 41–47, 49–51, 53–55, 72, 75, 108, 110, 144, 163–164, 167, 228 margin, 20, 29–30, 36, 58–60, 62–65, 67–69, 71, 73, 76, 79–80, 87, 93–98, 101, 168, 170, 217 marginal, 29, 38, 62, 65, 68, 72–73, 78, 80, 86, 94–96, 104, 197 mark, 15, 65–69, 99, 114, 116, 137, 212 marked, 103, 114 marker, 114, 121, 142–144, 147, 151, 160, 202, 219, 224 market, 2, 15, 28, 33, 38, 41, 86, 96–97, 141, 143, 147, 235, 239 marking, 114–116, 119 markup, 232 mask, 102, 145, 221, 227 masseter, 102 master, 60, 62, 108, 133–137, 141, 144–145, 148, 155, 159, 168–175, 187 mastication, 99–100, 102 masticatory, 99, 167 material, 10–11, 16, 25, 27–30, 34, 36–37, 39, 43–55, 57–59, 62–63, 65–69, 71–72, 75–84, 87–92, 95–97, 99–104, 107–108, 110–116, 118–119, 126–127, 129, 131–132, 137–138, 139–140, 144, 147–148, 163–164, 167, 169, 174, 176, 182, 187, 217, 220, 235 Materialise, 54 matrix, 23, 66, 79, 86, 88 maxilla, 19, 152, 160–162, 164–165, 196–197, 219 maxillary, 15–18, 60, 68, 103, 111–120, 122, 127–128, 131, 158, 163, 170, 180–182, 188, 190, 195–197, 204–206, 208–209, 211–212, 216, 228 maxillofacial, 6–8, 12, 14–16, 18–19, 22–25, 54–55, 141, 162–165, 175–176, 190, 205–206, 207–211, 213, 215–217, 219–221, 223–225, 227–229 maxillomandibular, 98, 214 maximize, 65–66 maximum, 58, 60, 99, 102, 147, 149, 151–153, 203–204 mean, 5–6, 9, 14–15, 58, 62–63, 65, 67, 88, 103, 139–140, 143, 146–147, 150–152, 154, 160, 163, 165, 171, 178, 197, 203–204, 212 measure, 6, 11, 14, 62–63, 112, 114, 120, 142, 164, 178–179, 184, 189, 196, 201–202, 204, 206 measured, 6, 11, 15, 62–63, 65, 104, 108, 111, 142, 178, 188, 198 measurement, 2, 11–12, 15, 24, 38, 54, 104, 116, 118, 142, 171, 175, 178–179, 189, 193–194, 196–198, 200, 204–205, 208, 219, 228 measuring, 15, 23, 38, 110, 112, 137, 178, 198 mechanical, 44, 50–51, 78–79, 85, 88, 96, 104, 132, 137–138, 142, 144–145, 164, 175, 179, 185–186, 189 mechanically, 50, 86 mechanics, 102, 195, 197 mechanisms, 7, 96 media, 25, 141 medial, 216, 227 medical, 6, 10, 14–16, 18, 21–22, 24, 41–44, 46, 48–49, 51, 54–55, 141–143, 162, 164–165, 175, 190, 194, 213, 231–234, 239 medically, medications, 122 medicine, 12, 18, 22–23, 25–26, 39, 41–42, 54, 137–138, 164, 189, 198, 206, 228–229, 231–234, 236–237, 239 mediolateral, 112 medium, 15, 79, 208 Medtronic, 143 medullary, 180 meet, 68, 116, 164 melt, 47, 49 melted, 49, 51 melting, 47, 49–51, 55, 132, 138 memory, 27, 185 mesh, 44, 134 mesial, 20, 90, 190 mesio, 31, 211 mesiodens, 211 mesiodistal, 155, 195 metabolic, 211 metal, 3, 12, 14, 21, 42, 44, 46–51, 54–55, 58, 62, 80, 86, 89, 91, 93–94, 96, 100–102, 107, 135, 137–138, 139, 142–143, 151, 168, 172, 185, 187 metallic, 58, 108, 132, 147, 155, 157, 181, 184, 208 metalloceramics, 104 metallurgical, 80, 132, 185 metasilicate, 81 methacrylate, 66, 107–108 method, 3, 6–7, 10, 15, 18, 22, 24–25, 28, 36–38, 41, 44, 46–47, 49–52, 54, 67, 75–76, 80, 82–83, 86–87, 96–98, 101, 104, 109, 111, 113, 132, 135, 137–138, 144–145, 148–149, 151, 153, 163–164, 172, 178, 185, 187, 202, 207–208, 211, 217, 226 methyl, 107–108 methylmethacrylate, 87 metric, 138, 206 microbial, 185, 187 microbiological, 190 microchip, 27 microcracks, 183 microfilled, 66 microfine, 63 micrograph, 79–80, 82, 96–98 microleakage, 78 microorganisms, 110 microscope, 72, 182–183, 187 microscopic, 190 microscopy, 19, 182–183, 190 microstructural, 78 microsurgical, 182, 190 microvascular, 217, 220, 224 midface, 222 midline, 112–114 Index midpalatal, 197 military, 41, 54 mill, 28, 30, 32, 34–35, 37–38, 44, 46, 57, 65, 75, 78–80, 87–88, 94–95, 108, 173 millable, 66 milled, 29, 31–32, 36–37, 63–66, 69, 75–84, 87–88, 93–98, 100–101, 108–110, 116, 120–121, 128, 131, 139, 155, 164, 167–168, 171–173, 176 milling, 27–29, 31, 32–38, 43–45, 47, 50, 54–55, 63–65, 75–83, 87–88, 90, 94–98, 101, 110, 139, 144–145, 162, 168, 175 million, 6–8, 21, 29–30, 37 mimic, 54, 96, 101 mimicking, 234, 237 mineral, 7, 19, 182 mineralization, 11, 178 mineralized, 12 mini, 93, 204 miniature, 211 miniaturized, 27 minimally, 149, 153, 159, 175, 216, 224 minimize, 16, 38, 51, 65, 67, 132, 143, 182, 185, 187, 194, 220 minimum, 4, 37, 45, 49–50, 84, 92–93, 95–96, 162 minute, 21, 33, 37, 75, 79, 153 mirror, 35, 223, 235 misfit, 154, 160, 169 mismatch, 161 mix, 145 mixed, 11, 13, 110, 145, 149 mixing, 46, 76 mobile, 21 modality, 14, 19–21, 153, 179, 194, 201, 208, 210–213, 218, 224, 226 mode, 67, 96, 142 model, 7, 12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 35, 41–43, 46, 49–50, 52–55, 57, 61, 64, 72, 145–149, 151, 155, 159, 163, 184, 198–199, 204, 213, 215, 220, 223–224, 232–233, 236–237, 239 modeled, 15, 204 modeling, 18, 41, 47–48, 55, 108, 126, 129, 204–205, 220 moderate, 8–9, 65 modification, 60, 101, 120, 140, 181, 220 modulus, 90, 131–132 moisture, 59–60, 63, 71, 178 molar, 18, 20, 22, 38, 69–71, 81, 88–89, 93, 95, 97, 99–100, 102, 162, 170, 180, 182, 185, 188–190, 196, 208, 210, 212 mold, 86, 110–111, 114–115, 186 molded, 110–111, 220 molding, 111 molten, 187 monitor, 11, 29, 36, 60, 141, 181 monitoring, 24, 183, 189–190 monochromatic, 33, 88–89, 101 monocolor, 87–88, 101 monolithic, 65, 86, 92, 95, 101–102, 104, 110 monomer, 87, 108, 110, 217 monophase, 62 month, 22, 68, 184, 188, 214 morbidity, 153–154, 222 motion, 12, 14, 116, 142, 204, 237–239 motor, 48, 185, 202 mounted, 61, 64 mounting, 60 mouse, 32, 35, 147 mouth, 12, 30, 36, 59, 68, 87–88, 96, 99–100, 107, 111, 113, 115–116, 121–122, 142–143, 148–149, 160, 163, 171–172, 185, 204, 234–235 move, 3, 14, 21, 45, 51, 75, 104, 114, 142, 152, 193, 237 movement, 14, 18, 29, 37, 43–45, 60, 85–86, 98, 113–114, 152–153, 196–197, 202–206, 218–219, 222, 225, 235, 237 movie, 12, 234 moving, 3, 21, 28, 32, 38, 45, 114, 181 mucosa, 111, 116, 124, 140, 144, 149–151 mucosal, 108, 145, 149, 211 mucous, 211 multidimensional, 232 multidisciplinary, 236 multiplanar, 17 multiple, 11, 19, 37, 44, 48, 66, 71, 80, 84, 109, 133, 140, 151, 172–173, 194, 210–211, 213, 218 multiunit, 34, 75, 87–91, 96, 100–101, 103 muscle, 102 nano, 66, 79, 104 nanoceramic, 66 narrow, 155, 183, 214 nasal, 15 nasopalatine, 15 nasopharyngeal, 206 national, 24, 43, 137–138, 162–164, 175 nations, 5, natural, 10, 36, 63, 100–102, 107, 158, 167, 219 navigation, 140, 143, 165, 216, 221, 223, 227–228, 233–234, 236, 240 necessity, 27, 36 neck, 55, 112, 114, 142, 151, 198, 225, 228, 232 necrosis, 178 necrotic, 177–178, 188 need, 3, 6–9, 11, 18, 21, 30, 33, 37–38, 42, 45–47, 50, 54, 57–59, 63, 67, 78, 83, 87–88, 93, 101–102, 108–110, 116, 130–131, 133, 137, 140, 143, 145–147, 149, 153–156, 158, 168–169, 172–173, 175, 178–179, 186–187, 196, 201–202, 207–208, 210, 213, 225, 231, 235 negative, 5, 29, 178 negatively, 57 neovascularization, 55 nerve, 6, 208, 210, 222, 229, 237 network, 32, 44, 63, 66 neurons, 178 neuroradiologists, 228 neurosurgery, 54 new, 3, 8–9, 20, 24–25, 27–29, 37–39, 42, 44, 49–50, 52, 60, 73, 79–80, 100–101, 104, 109, 128, 137–138, 139, 143, 146, 160, 163–165, 187–189, 198, 204, 206, 207, 223, 231, 233–234, 239 newer, 43, 70, 78, 88, 101, 185, 188, 193 nickel, 21, 49, 131, 137, 184–185, 189 NiTi, 185 nitride, 169 NobelBiocare, 147, 168 NobelClinician, 121 NobelGuide, 121, 123–124, 146–147 NobelPro, 173 NobelProcera, 169, 171–174 NobelReplace, 121 normal, 20, 99, 103, 178–179, 182, 193, 196, 200, 204 251 nose, 114 note, 13, 29, 79, 82–83, 88, 91–92, 160, 168, 180–181 novel, 24, 32, 55, 139, 164, 185, 202 nozzle, 47–48 numerical, 43, 108, 219 object, 13–14, 44, 51–53, 100, 139–140, 142, 144, 148, 151, 194, 208, 212–213, 217, 237 objective, 177, 179, 182 obscure, 59 observation, 67–69, 98, 191 obstetric, 225 obstruction, 183, 198, 211, 214 obstructive, 198, 201, 214, 228–229 obtain, 25, 31, 50, 143, 159, 168, 172 obturation, 16, 177, 186–187, 189 obviously, 18, 30, 204, 232 occlude, 14, 116, 118 occlusal, 8, 11, 21–22, 24, 29, 38, 58, 60–61, 63–65, 68–69, 78, 84–87, 93–95, 97–100, 104, 108–113, 115–116, 118–120, 123–127, 130–131, 144, 146, 169–174, 179, 196, 198, 211, 219 occlusion, 60, 85, 98, 103, 120, 122, 125–126 occur, 1, 59, 87, 96–97, 113, 132, 144, 150, 152, 154, 194, 214 odontoblast, 190 odontogenic, 18 office, 2–3, 5, 12, 23, 28, 30, 34, 37–39, 41, 57, 63, 79–80, 87–88, 109, 146 OmniCam, 28, 30, 32, 34, 63–64, 169 oncologic, 207 onlay, 30–31, 35–37, 58, 63–64, 67–70, 72, 75, 88, 97, 239 online, 21, 23, 25, 139, 170, 172–173, 207, 239–240 opacity, 9, 81, 89, 92, 103 opaque, 33, 46, 82–83, 89, 96, 101, 103 open, 28, 31–32, 35, 37, 43, 47, 49, 58, 94, 126, 153, 164, 204, 226 operate, 27, 49 operative, 8, 10, 38, 57, 59, 61, 63–65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 122, 147, 153, 216, 220–221, 223, 226, 239 operator, 3, 5, 12, 19, 68, 150, 152–153, 187, 194 opinion, 10, 163 opportunity, 3, 60, 63, 110, 160, 196, 233–234 opposing, 37, 60–61, 63–65, 85–86, 92, 97, 100, 126, 128–129, 131, 170 optic, 22–23, 222 optical, 4, 11–12, 19, 24, 28, 36–38, 42, 96, 144, 189, 191, 235 optically, option, 8, 43, 53, 60, 62, 75, 104, 130–131, 143, 154, 162, 167, 208, 211, 220, 236, 240 oral, 1, 3, 7, 12, 14–16, 18–19, 22–26, 29, 35, 38–39, 42, 54–55, 71–73, 97, 99, 103–104, 109, 130, 137–138, 141, 153, 162–165, 169, 175–176, 177, 183, 189–190, 202, 205–206, 207–209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219–221, 223, 225, 227–229, 240 orbit, 222 orbital, 216, 227 organ, 6, 48, 232 organic, 43, 46 organization, 14, 140 252 Index orientation, 15, 110–112, 113, 114–116, 118, 121, 143, 211, 214 oriented, 46, 114, 126, 133, 219 orifice, 211 original, 11–12, 28, 51, 69, 90, 147, 152, 169, 171, 175 orofacial, 39, 140, 206, 232 oromaxillofacial, 234 oropharyngeal, 226 orthodontic, 16, 18–19, 22, 155, 164–165, 193–199, 201, 203–206, 228, 237–239 orthodontically, 205 orthodontist, 3, 16, 193–197, 201, 204 orthognathic, 18–19, 22–23, 25, 198, 212–213, 218, 225–226, 228, 240 orthognatic, 236 orthogonal, 194 orthopedic, 22, 24, 54, 198, 204–206, 216 osseointegrated, 130, 175, 220 osseous, 19, 163, 211 osteogenesis, 18, 198 osteomyelitis, 210, 215 osteonecrosis, 229 osteophytes, 211 osteoporosis, 10 osteotomy, 18, 147, 150–151, 155–157, 182–183, 216–219, 223 outcome, 13, 16, 18–19, 39, 57, 65, 110, 140, 150–151, 155, 164, 167, 177, 182, 187, 189–190, 193, 196, 202, 204, 206, 207, 216, 220, 222, 226, 228–229, 233, 236 outline, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 89, 91, 134, 160, 235 outlook, 41, 55 outweigh, 5, 13, 97 OVD, 112–114, 116, 119, 129 oven, 34, 52, 66, 187 overdentures, 110 overhang, 44, 46, 48, 51, 53 overhanging, 48 overlapping, 36, 60–61, 145–146 overlays, 71 overmilled, 95 oximeter, 178, 188–189 oximetry, 189–190 oxygen, 49–50, 178, 233, 239 oxygenation, 190 package, 15, 45, 137 packing, 29, 109, 187 pain, 25, 85, 102, 163, 178, 182, 187–188, 190, 224 painful, 182 palatal, 89, 94, 103, 109, 154, 182, 194, 197–198, 204, 211, 216 palatally, 195, 204–205 palate, 111, 113, 133, 144, 202, 206 Panavia, 82 pandemic, 233 panoramic, 3, 6–8, 12–13, 15, 18–19, 21, 140, 145, 160, 188, 193, 205, 207–211, 228–229 panorex, 214, 219 paper, 18, 27–28, 47, 51–53, 67–68, 193, 232 papilla, 116, 157 paradigm, 7, 22, 41, 66, 69–70, 104, 239 parafunction, 68 parafunctional, 99 parameters, 49, 51, 140, 150, 152, 188, 233 paresthesia, 208 part, 1, 6, 10–11, 24, 28, 37, 41, 44–46, 48–52, 55, 66, 85, 95, 104, 112, 116, 118, 137–138, 140, 142, 178, 189–190, 201, 206, 232–233, 237 partial, 31, 34–35, 37, 63, 66, 72, 73, 84, 98, 104–105, 107, 112, 130–133, 135, 137–138, 145, 161, 164 partially, 66–67, 80–82, 84, 145, 149, 151, 155–156, 161–162 particle, 6, 49–51, 65–66, 78, 88, 97–98 particularly, 10, 59, 97, 146, 149, 182, 185–186, 194, 198, 207, 216–217, 219, 222, 224, 226 passive, 183, 189–190 paste, 11, 48, 116, 120, 183 patency, 183, 190 patented, 46, 52, 169, 234 path, 3, 6, 29, 43, 45, 95, 133, 170 pathologic, 226 pathology, 7, 18, 22–25, 141, 163, 190, 206, 207, 210–211, 217, 224, 233 pathosis, 14–16, 18, 85, 177, 190 patient, 1–3, 5–7, 9–10, 12–14, 16–22, 24, 27–31, 35–39, 42, 44, 54, 57–58, 60, 62, 67–68, 70, 75, 84–87, 96, 98–99, 101, 104, 108–116, 120–122, 127–128, 130, 132, 139–143, 145–146, 148–155, 157–164, 167–168, 177–179, 182, 185, 187, 189, 193, 196–199, 201–206, 207–209, 211, 213–214, 216, 219–222, 224, 226–228, 231–240 pattern, 10, 14, 16, 48, 52, 75–78, 104, 132–133, 135–138, 139, 142 pediatric, 18, 21, 25, 188, 205, 210 pedicle, 217–218 pelvis, 54 pencils, 193 perception, 39, 190, 234, 239–240 percussion, 179 perforation, 16, 211 perform, 16, 20, 27, 29, 70, 115, 140, 143, 185, 187, 194, 201–202, 225–226, 236 performance, 4, 22, 24, 67–70, 72–73, 79, 89, 104–105, 151, 163, 236 perhaps, 3–4, 8–9, 12, 15–16, 38, 81, 100 periapical, 3, 16, 142, 177–181, 185, 187–190, 194–195, 210, 213 period, 10, 18, 65, 67, 72, 84–85, 97–98, 130–131, 154, 194 periodontal, 7, 15, 102, 177, 179, 182, 196–197, 205, 238, 240 periodontics, 105, 162, 164 periodontitis, 188–189 periodontium, 100 Periodontology, 162, 164, 165, 234 periosteal, 210, 215 permission, 8, 33–36, 152, 181, 237 person, 6–7, 20–21, 231, 238 perspective, 39, 155, 164, 226 photo, 11, 220, 236 photogrammetry, 213 photograph, 115, 181, 213, 219 photographic, 27, 202 photography, 213 photons, 3, 14 photopolymer, 46, 52–53 photopolymerization, 47, 52 photosensitive, 217 photothermal, 12, 23 physical, 23–24, 29–30, 33, 37, 55, 58, 65, 75, 107, 140, 164, 216, 226, 235, 237 physics, 7, 13, 22–23, 25, 39, 55, 164, 232 physiologic, 198 physiological, 102, 233 physiology, 177 picture, 42, 137 piece, 27, 44–45, 52, 80–81, 86, 116, 157 piezoelectric, 80 pilot, 20, 164, 234, 240 pixel, placement, 15, 23, 25, 38, 54, 58, 92, 108–110, 116, 118, 120–121, 124, 126–128, 132, 135, 138, 140–164, 197–198, 204, 208, 210, 216, 218, 220 plain, 52, 207–208, 210–212, 222 plan, 32, 41–42, 140–141, 143–144, 147, 155, 162, 165, 175, 195, 197, 216–217, 219, 236 planar, 12 plane, 12, 43, 46, 48, 99, 110–112, 113, 116, 118, 132, 140, 146, 179 Planmeca, 1, 30, 35, 236 PlanMill, 35 planning, 2, 14–16, 18, 20–21, 23, 25–26, 38, 42, 44, 54–55, 58, 92, 103–104, 109, 121, 123, 139–147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 158–160, 162–166, 181, 193, 195–196, 198, 201, 204–206, 207, 210, 212–213, 216–224, 228–229, 231, 233, 236–239 plaster, 51, 72, 148 plastic, 50–51, 108, 132, 163, 168, 183, 187, 217, 228, 239 plate, 3–5, 15, 23, 54, 112–114, 116, 119, 126, 129, 138, 155, 157–158, 160, 162, 180, 197, 214, 216, 218, 223 platform, 31, 32, 37, 46–48, 50–52 play, 5, 151, 187, 208 PMMA, 66, 87, 107–108 point, 1, 8, 15, 31, 36–37, 46, 50–51, 89–90, 94, 99, 114, 116, 142–143, 147, 149–152, 198, 208, 213, 227, 232, 237 polarization, 19 polarized, 171 polish, 97 polished, 78–79, 87–88, 97, 101, 104, 108, 122, 136, 168 polishing, 47, 63, 78, 88, 99, 101, 109 polychromatic, 14 polycrystals, 169 polyethelene, 226 polyether, 62 polyjet, 53 polymer, 46–48, 53–54, 66, 88, 90 polymerization, 43, 66, 109, 126 polymerize, 122 polymerized, 86, 127 polymerizing, 86, 160 polymethyl, 66 polyurethane, 29, 31, 62 polyvinylsiloxane, 62 pontic, 85, 90, 96 population, 6–8, 18, 24, 67, 130, 210 porcelain, 34, 45, 54, 62, 65–68, 82–83, 91–92, 98, 107, 142 porosity, 11, 51, 65, 132–133, 137 porous, 11, 48, 82, 226 position, 15–16, 18–19, 21–22, 25, 51, 60, 95, 112, 114, 116, 120–122, 125, 140, 142–143, 147, 149–150, 152–157, 159–160, 162, 167–168, 172–173, 175, 184, 187, 194–195, 201, 204–205, 213, 219, 237 positive, 10–11, 14, 29, 190, 233 Posselt, 67, 72 Index possess, 42, 76, 81, 88–89 possibility, 29, 100, 132, 149, 164, 232, 239 possible, 4–5, 7, 9, 15, 18, 29, 31, 37, 48, 59, 68, 76, 83, 88, 90, 96, 98, 113, 120, 140, 149, 151–152, 154, 195–196, 208, 214, 236–237 post, 8, 14, 19, 45, 47, 52–53, 64–65, 102, 108, 116, 120, 122, 128, 153, 183–184, 187, 190, 197, 208, 214, 221, 227 postoperative, 16, 19, 67, 71, 150, 152–153, 158, 160, 184, 210, 218–219, 228 postoperatively, 150, 210, 213 postsurgical, 160, 214, 219 post treatment, 18, 196, 198 powder, 28, 32–33, 35–36, 47–51, 60, 80, 82, 132, 148 powdered, 49–50 powdering, 33, 37 power, 27, 38, 49–51, 181, 189–190 powered, 21, 132 practical, 138, 175, 204, 206, 232, 236 practice, 2–3, 5–7, 9–10, 18, 21, 23–24, 27–28, 30, 38, 60, 67–68, 72, 75, 183, 185, 193–194, 197–198, 204, 228, 236–237 practitioner, 9–10, 18, 24, 30, 36, 75, 85, 87, 95, 99–101, 103–104, 133, 142, 153–154, 177, 182, 185, 187, 207, 233, 236 preclinical, 143, 235, 239 predicting, 38, 72, 206, 208, 214, 226, 229, 233 prediction, 100, 103, 210, 213–214, 216, 226, 239 predictor, 187, 189 prefabricated, 150, 158, 167–168, 173 preformed, 55, 65, 86 preliminary, 24, 72, 137, 146, 151, 154, 190–191, 206, 239 premolar, 68, 158–160, 194 preoperative, 15, 18, 23, 54, 69–70, 86–87, 143, 149, 152–153, 184, 212, 228, 233 preparation, 15, 29–31, 39, 52, 54, 58–72, 76, 84, 86–89, 91–96, 99–104, 132–133, 137, 155, 182–183, 185–187, 189–191, 235–236, 239 prepare, 45, 58, 87, 154, 185–186 prepolymerized, 108–110 prescription, 61–62 present, 10–11, 16, 29, 42, 101, 103, 107, 110, 114, 122, 143, 147, 151, 157–158, 160, 180–181 Press, 25, 69–70, 159 pressable, 77 pressed, 76–77, 95, 110, 114 pressing, 82 presurgical, 16, 18, 23, 151, 155, 158, 219 prevent, 14, 49, 52, 58–59, 85, 100, 126 previous, 8–9, 36, 38, 52, 59, 85, 109, 144, 150, 180, 185, 216 price, 1, 7, 23–25, 80 primary, 2, 4–5, 13–14, 18, 20–21, 37, 58, 67, 96, 107, 142, 161, 179, 185, 189, 202, 206 principle, 5, 7, 9, 15–16, 22, 25, 36, 41, 54, 73, 133, 148, 167, 175, 185, 231 print, 50–51, 53, 132, 148, 164 printed, 9, 29, 42, 51, 53, 76–77, 109–110, 120, 132–133, 135, 146, 148, 155 printer, 27, 44, 47, 50–54, 133, 135–136, 148, 164 printing, 46–48, 51–53, 76, 108, 110, 132, 134–136, 144, 146 prior, 30, 59–60, 78–80, 85–88, 92, 98, 101, 116, 126, 142, 146, 196, 198, 208, 210, 220–221, 223, 227, 233 private, 67–68, 72 probability, 8, 16, 68 probably, 28, 234 probe, 11, 175, 178, 188–189 problem, 49, 57, 60, 132, 142, 152, 196 procedure, 12, 16, 19, 21, 37–38, 67, 85, 98, 108–110, 115–116, 118, 120, 133, 135, 137, 148, 150, 152–154, 156, 159, 163–164, 175, 177, 212, 225, 231, 233, 236–237, 239–240 Procera, 82, 173 process, 2, 5, 7, 9, 26, 28–29, 31, 41–52, 54–55, 57–58, 60, 62–63, 65–66, 71, 75, 77, 79–81, 83, 86, 95–96, 107–110, 113, 116, 124, 132–133, 135, 137–138, 145, 147–148, 156, 177, 182, 184, 211–212, 219, 228, 232–233, 235 processing, 2–4, 12, 21, 25, 28, 30, 33, 35, 38, 45, 47, 53, 59, 62, 66, 97, 109, 135, 139, 144–145, 151, 179, 183, 208, 219, 231–232, 234 processor, produce, 4, 15, 28, 37, 43, 46, 49, 54, 57, 63, 65, 76, 78, 80–81, 83, 96, 98, 109, 137, 142, 148, 154–155, 168–169, 175, 202 product, 19, 38, 47, 51–52, 66, 72, 89, 110, 139, 226, 234 production, 28, 32, 47, 75, 77, 82, 84, 88–89, 96, 100–101, 104, 139, 145–147, 153, 155, 165, 185 profession, 1–2, 5–6, 27, 37–38, 43, 232, 239 professional, 5–6, 14, 16, 22, 28, 36, 38, 54, 76, 198, 232 professor, 9, 28 profile, 15, 49, 51, 86, 117, 159, 167–168, 170, 185, 189 prognosis, 16, 96, 102, 182, 187, 196, 206 program, 15, 18, 24, 57, 60, 62–63, 65, 108–109, 115, 138, 139–140, 142, 213, 231, 233 programmed, 173 progress, 27, 36, 188, 190, 204 project, 198, 233 promise, 48, 178, 182 proper, 4, 11, 30, 32, 86, 96, 103, 149, 187, 196, 222 property, 11, 44, 49–51, 65, 73, 78–79, 83, 88, 90, 97, 107, 109, 132, 137–138, 185 proportion, 68, 113 proposal, 57, 63–64, 87, 98–99 proprietary, 12, 44, 66, 118, 120, 128, 185, 202 prospective, 68–69, 72, 73, 162, 164–165, 188, 229, 236 prosthesis, 33, 37, 41, 43–44, 46, 48, 54, 80, 85, 87, 98, 100, 102, 105, 108, 110, 116–117, 120–122, 128, 130, 132, 137–138, 139–140, 149–150, 154, 160–161, 164–165, 171–174, 218, 220, 224 prosthetic, 38, 54–55, 72, 104, 112, 137–138, 150, 154–155, 160, 162, 164–165, 175, 220, 226 prosthetically, 104, 156, 164 prosthodontic, 72–73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83–85, 87, 89–91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103–105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137–138, 140, 153, 164, 167, 175, 237, 239 253 prosthodontically, 140 prosthodontist, 109, 149, 161, 220 protaper, 185, 191 protection, 2, 5, 22–25, 85, 153 protocol, 18–19, 21, 36, 90, 120–121, 143–146, 151, 154–155, 162, 188, 213, 228 prototype, 51, 53, 55, 109, 140, 234 prototyping, 39, 46, 52–53, 55, 108, 137, 140, 148, 164–165 protrusive, 60 provisional, 23, 34–35, 37, 57, 63, 66, 79, 84–88, 90, 110, 120–122, 126–129, 131, 140, 156, 158, 160, 170–172 provisionalization, 29 pterygomaxillary, 111 public, 22, 67, 201 published, 1, 11, 16, 18, 20, 27, 41, 57, 65, 67–69, 75, 107–108, 132, 139–140, 147, 149–150, 152, 167, 177, 185, 193, 198, 207, 231 pulp, 25, 37, 85, 177–178, 181, 183, 188–190, 196, 235 pulpal, 84–86, 177–179, 188–190 pulpitis, 67, 86, 178–179, 189 pulpotomy, 179, 188 pulse, 12, 178, 182, 188–190 pulsed, 51 pump, 182 pure, 49, 66, 137 purpose, 10, 14, 68, 75, 85, 107, 179, 184, 187, 193, 201, 231–232, 236, 238 putty, 62, 86, 110–112, 220 quadrant, 20, 37, 61, 63 qualified, 30, 108 qualitative, 208, 233 quality, 4, 12, 18, 24–25, 29, 38, 44–45, 53–54, 65, 67, 85, 101, 138, 139, 142, 189, 193–194, 198, 201, 204, 208, 229, 233 quantify, 11, 219 quantitative, 10–11, 22, 61, 204, 229 quantum, 12, 23 question, 2, 4–6, 10, 12–13, 29, 139, 152 radiation, 2–7, 12–13, 16, 18–21, 23–25, 37, 141–142, 149, 163, 179, 181, 194, 198, 201, 204, 206, 207–208, 213, 218, 231 radicular, 213 radio, 10, 121, 189 radiobiology, 23 radiograph, 5–7, 10, 16, 20, 142, 160, 180–181, 184, 189, 193–196, 198, 201, 205–206, 209, 211, 229, 232 radiographic, 1–2, 4–10, 14, 16, 21–24, 109, 121–122, 140, 142–147, 151, 155–160, 179, 181, 193, 206, 211, 228, 232 radiographically, 7, 145, 216 radiography, 1–6, 12, 21, 23–25, 27, 179–181, 188–190, 193, 201, 205, 207–208, 211–212, 228–229 radiologic, 22, 198 radiological, 5, 23–24, 147, 151, 154–155, 231, 236–239 radiologist, 14–16, 18, 23, 143, 152 radiology, 3, 10, 12, 18, 21–25, 140, 163–164, 188–190, 204–206, 228–229, 239 radiolucency, 159 radiolucent, 229 254 Index radiometry, 12, 23 radiopaque, 66, 140, 147, 155, 158, 162 radius, 91 random, 67 randomized, 63, 68–69, 162, 165, 182–183, 188–190, 208, 228 randomly, range, 3–5, 7, 12, 14–15, 28–29, 38, 44, 47–49, 67, 71, 83, 98–100, 102, 148, 151, 164, 183, 202, 237 rapid, 39, 46, 49, 52–53, 55, 62, 108, 137–138, 140, 144, 148, 164–165, 197, 205–206, 207 rate, 6–7, 10, 49–50, 67–70, 96–98, 130, 154, 177, 182, 188, 190, 204, 208, 233 rather, 4–5, 51, 58, 60, 65, 67, 75, 82–83, 96, 99, 151, 154, 171–172, 177, 179, 183, 208, 226, 231 ratio, 10, 13, 21 reach, 2, 10, 13–14, 90 reaction, 11, 138, 162, 210 read, 6, 49, 143–144 reader, 188, 190, 204, 231, 235 reading, 11, 234 real, 28–29, 35, 37, 59, 99, 143, 151, 181–182, 188, 202, 219, 221, 231–233, 235–240 reality, 5, 96, 162, 204, 233–234, 236–240 reason, 2, 8, 15, 59, 142–143, 158, 183 reasonably, 5, 178, 184 receive, 7, 18, 30, 51, 92, 99, 101, 144, 234, 236 recementation, 85 recent, 15, 38, 71, 79, 98, 108, 149–150, 153–154, 178–179, 181–183, 187, 207, 234 recently, 2, 12, 18, 51, 53, 65–67, 79, 89, 91, 107, 109–110, 132, 139, 142, 147, 178, 182–183, 185, 187, 193, 225 receptor, 1, 3–6, 14, 25 recess, 108, 113–116, 128 reciprocating, 184–185 reciprocation, 185 recommendation, 5–6, 15, 22–24, 89, 91–92, 104 reconstruct, 12, 108, 143, 201 reconstructed, 12–13, 194, 196, 198, 202, 206, 217 reconstruction, 12, 18, 41, 54–55, 85, 140, 142, 145, 158, 161, 194–196, 198–199, 201, 207, 216–218, 220, 223–224, 226–228, 232, 240 reconstructive, 163, 220, 226, 228, 233, 239 record, 3, 33, 57–60, 67, 98, 108–110, 112, 119, 124, 127–129, 131, 232, 239 recorded, 31, 57–60, 68–69, 99, 109, 113, 127–128, 190, 193, 201–202 recording, 58–59, 63, 71, 114, 116, 119 rectangular, 5–6, 8, 151 RedCam, 28, 33 reduce, 6, 29, 38, 77, 79, 85, 87, 91, 93, 95, 98–100, 110, 153–154, 182, 187, 201, 217, 222, 237 reduced, 2, 28, 54, 66, 68, 90, 96, 108, 133, 142, 148, 153, 179, 182–183, 185, 218 reduction, 12, 22, 25, 49, 58, 92–96, 100–101, 103, 109–110, 153, 173, 185, 196, 207–208, 216, 222, 227 refer, 1, 3–4, 78, 85, 147, 232 refine, 63, 139 reflection, 178–179 reformat, 216, 221–222 refraction, 11 refractory, 82, 133, 138 regardless, 58, 94, 96, 120 regeneration, 153–154, 234 regenerative, 153 region, 6, 10–11, 14–15, 51, 81, 83, 88–89, 91, 93, 96–97, 99–103, 142, 164, 179, 193–194, 196–198, 205, 208, 210, 212, 214, 219–222, 232 registration, 111, 115, 118, 151, 163, 170, 175, 219, 221, 223, 227 regulations, 5, 24 rehabilitated, 151 rehabilitation, 104, 137, 162–163, 165, 206 rehabilitative, 202 reinforced, 34, 65–66, 69–70, 78–80, 86, 90, 96, 102 reinforcement, 46 related, 15, 24, 29, 49, 59, 140, 142–143, 150–152, 162–165, 175–176, 179, 188, 206, 231–232 relation, 4, 14, 18, 37, 110, 112, 115, 119, 149, 207, 219, 227 relationship, 15, 24, 60, 108, 115, 162, 196, 198, 208, 210, 212–213, 219 reliability, 3, 7, 11, 24, 71, 163, 175, 178, 204, 212 relief, 134 relined, 87, 113 rely, 8–9, 11–12, 15, 57–58, 63, 66, 140, 143, 150–151, 178–179, 183, 185 RelyX, 68–69, 73 remain, 38, 44, 141, 173, 193–194, 204, 208, 211 remake, 30, 38, 60 remineralization, 24 remineralize, 10 remote, 225 remotely, 207 removable, 35, 48, 54, 85, 107–109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129–133, 135, 137–138, 161, 167 removal, 44–46, 48, 51, 59, 86, 97, 137, 179, 183, 210–211, 228–229 rent, 183, 205 repair, 85, 190, 202, 206, 216, 227 repaired, 204 replace, 37, 41, 226 replaced, 14, 27–28, 85, 128, 179 replacement, 67, 109, 226, 229 replacing, replica, 57, 59, 62–63, 65, 98, 176, 216, 237 report, 2, 5–6, 22, 24–25, 39, 41, 55, 62, 67–68, 72, 96, 104, 132–133, 137–138, 151, 155, 162, 164–165, 189, 222 reported, 20, 36, 52, 60, 63, 65, 67–70, 91, 94, 96–99, 102, 108, 133, 142, 149, 153–154, 182, 185, 208 represent, 18, 65, 79, 88, 154–155, 179, 186, 210–213, 232, 236 representation, 29, 87, 144, 195, 212 reproduce, 60, 140, 145, 178 reproduced, 33–36, 152, 181, 237 reproducibility, 24, 142 reproducible, 147, 153 require, 3–6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 21, 32, 36, 45, 50–52, 58–59, 78, 80–82, 84–86, 88, 92–95, 101, 103, 109, 144, 147, 153–155, 162, 178, 193, 197–198, 202, 216, 220, 223 research, 8–9, 11, 15, 22–26, 29, 37, 39, 62, 65, 67, 71–72, 98, 104, 109, 137–138, 162–165, 175–176, 186, 188, 193, 206, 231–233 reservoir, 48 residual, 49, 51–52, 55, 87, 108–110, 142, 187, 220 resilience, 149 resin, 31, 34, 47, 51–52, 62, 64–66, 69–71, 73, 76–79, 86–87, 104, 107–111, 114–116, 122, 124–126, 128, 131–132, 135–136, 138, 139, 144, 146, 161, 219 resistance, 2, 24, 76, 78, 86, 88, 90, 92, 104, 132, 138, 168, 214, 221 resonance, 14, 20, 22–23, 25, 179, 229 resonant, 179 resorption, 16, 18, 179, 184, 188–189, 195–196, 201, 204–206, 210 resource, 148, 239 respond, 7, 177 response, 6–7, 177–179, 190, 213, 226 rest, 27, 51, 95, 101, 115, 132, 135, 193 restoration, 10, 12, 14, 21, 28–30, 32, 33, 35–39, 41–42, 45, 54, 57–60, 62–73, 75–80, 82–105, 139, 142, 155, 157–162, 167–173, 175, 177–179, 181, 184, 187–188, 208, 212, 231, 239 restorative, 11, 38, 44, 54, 58, 63, 65–66, 68, 71, 77, 99, 105, 138, 158, 162, 164, 168, 170, 174–175, 239 restoratively, 95 restore, 36, 100, 130, 222 restored, 7, 10, 86, 88, 104, 145, 154, 173, 188 restoring, 9, 37–38, 71 result, 5, 7, 9–13, 18, 21, 24–25, 28, 49, 55, 60, 67–69, 72, 86, 95–96, 98, 103–105, 110, 120, 142, 146–147, 149–153, 178–179, 183, 186, 190, 195–197, 206, 212, 214, 222, 226, 232, 239 retain, 168, 171 retained, 160, 167–169, 172–174, 220 retaining, 168, 173 retention, 66–67, 70, 88, 130, 134, 138, 168, 220, 235 retracted, 59 retracting, 36 retraction, 36, 59, 71 retreatment, 177, 180, 183–184, 187 retrievability, retrievable, 164 retrieval, 42, 211, 216–217 retromolar, 111 revascularization, 189 reverse, 211, 220 review, 3, 5–6, 11, 20, 22–25, 38–39, 67, 72–73, 98, 104–105, 138, 143, 149–150, 162–165, 170, 189, 193, 205, 216, 228, 239 revolution, 41, 139 ridge, 14–15, 96, 109, 111–113, 118, 126–127, 129, 159 rim, 109, 116, 222 risk, 2, 5–8, 12–13, 16, 24–25, 29, 42, 137, 142–143, 177, 208, 213, 233, 239 robocast, 175 robot, 237, 240 robotic, 162, 175, 207, 224–225, 228 role, 3, 5, 24, 151, 187, 207–208, 210, 218, 224–225 roll, 14, 37, 178, 219 room, 30, 179, 207–208, 226 root, 9, 15–16, 20, 59, 70, 86, 159, 177, 179–191, 194–196, 201, 204–206, 208, 210, 236 rotary, 27, 80, 97, 184–185, 188–191 rotate, 44, 141–142 Index roughness, 49, 51, 79, 137 round, 8, 12, 114, 116, 172 rubber, 36–37, 107 run, 20, 49 safety, 5–7, 16, 18, 20–22, 100, 153, 162, 177, 239 saggar, 85 sagittal, 12, 179, 195–196, 198, 200, 209, 211, 216, 221, 227 saliva, 11, 30, 37, 59, 237 salivary, 141, 210, 217 sample, 49, 51 sampling, 32, 60, 73 satellite, 227 saturation, 178 save, 33, 83, 120 saving, 2, 18, 46, 198 scaffold, 48, 55 scale, 15, 208 scaled, 46, 225 scaling, 236 scalloped, 160 scan, 14–16, 25, 28–29, 31–32, 35–39, 41–44, 49, 59–64, 71, 75–76, 87, 96, 104, 116, 121–122, 141, 143–148, 150–153, 155, 159, 165, 168–170, 172–173, 179, 188–189, 194, 198, 205–206, 208–209, 211–214, 216, 219–221, 224, 227–228, 231–232, 236, 238 scanned, 13, 31, 49–50, 54, 60, 62–64, 75, 108, 115, 118, 132–133, 139, 155, 159, 168–172, 174, 194, 219, 224 scanner, 14–15, 27–28, 30–31, 32, 35–36, 38–39, 43–44, 58–59, 62, 104, 109, 133, 141–143, 146, 155, 162, 164, 165, 168–169, 171–172, 175, 194, 208 scanning, 14, 28, 31–36, 41–42, 50–51, 54, 59–60, 72, 94, 108–110, 115, 132–133, 139, 143, 152, 163, 165, 173, 183, 188, 190, 194, 201–202, 212–213, 232 scenario, 6, 9, 30, 162, 232–234 school, 7–8, 24, 27, 234, 239 science, 22, 39, 110, 115, 121, 128, 138, 141, 163, 206, 234, 240 scientific, 5, 25, 141 sclerosis, 178, 211 scope, 75 score, 9, 68 screen, 32, 60, 64, 140, 143, 146, 211, 227, 232, 235, 238 screening, screw, 114, 121–122, 127–128, 160, 168–169, 172, 221 screwed, 160 sculpt, 135 sculpting, 134 seal, 109, 186 sealant, 11, 22 sealed, 51–52, 128 sealer, 186–187 seated, 14, 111, 113, 126, 129 seating, 38, 167 seats, 168 second, 1, 10, 12, 14, 20, 29–31, 37–38, 57, 60, 65, 69–70, 81, 99–100, 109–110, 141, 146, 150–151, 168, 185, 204, 213, 232 secondary, 23, 46, 68, 70, 98, 142, 177 section, 2–3, 5–6, 16, 30, 50–52, 60, 122, 126, 137, 143, 146, 148, 151, 165, 185, 195, 216, 222 seem, 1–2, 4, 6, 16, 71, 100, 151, 153–154, 186, 231–233 segment, 18, 108, 116, 118, 196, 216–217 selection, 5–6, 15–16, 22, 25, 45, 58, 88, 102, 109–110, 114–115, 140, 223, 231 selective, 14, 47, 49–50, 55, 68, 132, 138, 217 self, 1, 66–70, 93, 97, 115, 160, 186, 189–190 semiconductor, sensation, 179, 182, 234 sensor, 3, 39, 102, 141, 194, 232 sent, 28, 30, 33–37, 87, 121, 128, 135, 139, 144, 146–147, 169–170, 172–173, 219–220 sequence, 57, 147, 155–156 series, 12, 23, 31, 63, 68, 72, 142, 205 serve, 52, 85, 112, 118, 122, 140, 196 service, 3, 67, 198, 239 servo, 48 set, 1, 27, 41, 49, 108–109, 111, 116, 118, 144, 183, 186, 219, 223, 226 setting, 14, 39, 65, 70, 146–147, 211, 235, 239 setup, 50, 108, 135, 144, 154–155, 160 several, 3–6, 9, 12, 14, 18, 20–21, 41, 58–60, 62, 65, 67–68, 75–76, 82–83, 95, 99, 103, 107–108, 118, 120, 131–132, 147, 150, 154, 169, 172, 175, 177, 183–184, 186, 193–194, 201, 204, 208, 211, 213, 226, 233 severe, 8–9, 58, 172, 177–178, 196, 201 shade, 4, 66–67, 83, 88, 101, 103, 110, 120, 169, 231 shaded, 83, 169 shading, 169, 171 shadow, 9, 15 shank, 95, 183, 185–186 shape, 6, 30, 32, 43–46, 48–51, 65, 83, 86–87, 91, 97–98, 132, 134, 141, 147–148, 151–152, 169, 172, 185–186, 196, 205, 214 shaped, 12, 14, 44, 111, 151, 186, 190, 194, 208 shaping, 16, 47, 190 sharp, 93–96, 100, 185 sharpened, 10 sharpness, 208 sheet, 21–22, 47, 51–52, 145, 148 shell, 87, 108, 239 shift, 54, 102, 104 shifted, 193 shifting, 29 short, 14, 22, 63, 67, 72, 88, 102–103, 183, 201, 233 shoulder, 58, 65, 93–94, 151 shrinkage, 29, 38, 49, 66, 80–83, 108–109 shrinks, 83 sialendoscopy, 211, 217, 229 sialolith, 216 sialolithiasis, 210 side, 3, 7, 10, 28, 37, 50, 72, 101, 104, 114, 223, 231 signal, 3, 13, 21, 178, 184, 190, 232 significant, 4–5, 10, 12, 15–16, 21, 25, 27, 29, 57, 59–60, 62–63, 65, 67–69, 71, 80, 97, 101, 109, 116, 120, 143, 149, 178, 182–184, 187, 194, 198, 208, 211–212, 216, 226, 232 significantly, 14–16, 38, 62, 65, 68, 109, 149, 151–153, 162, 178, 182, 193, 197, 201, 204 silanate, 66 silanated, 79, 88 silane, 65 silica, 66 255 silicate, 79–80, 90 silicon, 27, 63 silicone, 62 siloxane, 111–113 silver, 2–4 similar, 12, 16, 30, 32–36, 47–51, 53, 57, 59–60, 63, 65–66, 68, 71, 79–80, 82, 96–97, 116, 118, 120, 142, 147, 153, 167–168, 171–172, 214 Simplant, 141, 143–144, 147 simplified, 108, 137–138, 162 simulate, 37, 109, 152, 233, 236 simulated, 109, 145, 176, 188–189, 204, 231 simulation, 18, 137, 207, 231–235, 237–240 simulator, 234–236, 239–240 since, 1, 10, 12, 15, 38, 44–46, 48–50, 67, 75, 83, 91, 97, 99, 101, 103, 109, 139–140, 144, 148–149, 161, 167, 194 single, 8, 27, 32, 34–37, 45, 48, 52, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 70–71, 73, 75, 78–79, 86, 88–90, 95–96, 99, 102–105, 110, 141, 143–146, 150–151, 154–155, 157–159, 162, 172–173, 189, 194, 208 sintered, 46, 48, 51, 79–84, 100 sintering, 27, 45, 47, 50, 55, 80, 82–83, 85 sinus, 15, 153–154, 208, 211, 216, 228 Sirona, 1, 8, 17, 28, 30, 33–35, 37, 63–66, 141–142, 148, 159, 236 site, 15, 85, 99, 140, 143, 153, 183, 205 situation, 18, 30, 58, 84, 88, 90, 98–99, 101, 131, 154–155, 198, 201 skeletal, 18, 194, 197–198, 201, 204–205, 219–221, 226, 228 skeleton, 16, 194, 212, 219, 240 skill, 4, 9, 41, 54, 71, 232, 234 skilled, 41, 75, 101, 143 skin, 2, 6, 212, 228 skull, 8, 25, 53 sleeve, 145–147, 155, 157–158, 168 slice, 15, 42–43, 116, 119, 146, 148, 194, 213, 216, 221 sliced, 50 slightly, 3, 50, 52, 68, 88, 90, 94, 103, 111, 151, 187 slot, 116, 121, 218 slotted, 114, 119 small, 5–7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18–19, 21, 25, 27, 44–45, 49–50, 65, 67–68, 71, 76, 84, 87, 94–95, 97–99, 121, 132, 148, 160, 177, 185–186, 188, 202, 208 smaller, 8, 15, 37, 44, 46, 82, 91, 95, 142, 184–185, 214, 216, 224 smartphone, 21 smile, 114–115, 127, 132, 203–204 smiling, 115 software, 2, 10, 13–15, 18–20, 28, 31, 32, 35–36, 41–45, 47, 54, 57, 60, 62–63, 65, 67, 75, 87–88, 108–109, 115, 118, 121, 124, 128, 132–133, 137, 139–147, 149–151, 153, 155–160, 164, 169–170, 172–174, 194, 200–202, 213–214, 216, 222, 232–233, 236 solar, 159, 162 sole, 29–30 solidify, 47, 52, 146 solution, 11, 19, 32, 83, 137, 158, 169, 208 solvent, 52 sonar, 37 sonic, 183, 189 sound, 9–11, 104, 154, 181, 190, 234 source, 3, 6, 12, 14, 28, 48, 141–142, 182, 189–191, 194, 208, 212, 232, 237 256 Index space, 15, 27, 30, 38, 65, 86, 90–91, 96, 111, 115–116, 124, 141, 168, 170, 174, 177, 183, 187 spatial, 15, 25, 221, 235 specific, 11, 15–16, 19, 23, 30, 33, 36, 44–45, 47, 58, 63, 65, 113, 142–143, 147, 154–155, 157, 173, 194, 196–198, 201–202, 233 specification, 168, 172–173 specimens, 183 spectroscopy, 11, 24 spectrum, 11 speed, 2, 4–6, 8, 12, 44–45, 53, 55, 60, 133, 185, 207 spherical, 121, 141 spindle, 43, 45 spine, 54 Spinell, 82, 97 spiral, 194 splint, 23, 219, 225 split, 68, 163 spray, 116, 119 spread, 3, 18, 50, 231, 236–237 sprue, 45, 132–133, 137 sprued, 135 stability, 78, 85, 88, 107, 109, 112–113, 116, 121, 147, 161, 164, 218 stable, 67, 110, 144, 146–147, 172, 219, 227 stack, 42, 179 staff, 23, 223, 226, 234 stage, 9, 19, 44, 66, 80–82, 90, 134, 151, 204, 218 stain, 11, 22, 45 stained, 11, 101 staining, 19, 78, 88–89, 101–102 stainless, 49 stand, 5, 198 standard, 1, 7–9, 12, 16, 21–23, 27, 42, 44, 46, 68, 141, 145, 182, 188, 193–194, 208, 232 statement, 16, 21–22, 25, 140, 163, 187 static, 60, 86, 99, 140–141, 143–144, 150, 163, 193, 202, 214 statistical, 68, 152, 204–205 statistically, 68, 143, 178, 208, 212 statistics, 37, 41, 205 steel, 49 stenosis, 211 stent, 18, 141, 145 step, 3, 25, 42–43, 57, 59, 62, 82–83, 87, 98, 110, 116, 120, 124, 132–134, 144–145, 147, 150, 155, 173, 189, 216, 219 stereolithographic, 18, 25, 118, 138, 146–147, 162–164, 215, 223–224 stereolithographically, 149 stereolithography, 33, 46–47, 52, 61–62, 144 stereoscopic, 235 sterilization, 30, 147 sterilized, 147 stiffness, 49, 51, 80 stimulation, 58, 190 stimulus, 178 stitching, 33 stock, 110–111, 116, 118, 218, 220 stomatitis, 137 stone, 28–29, 33–35, 57, 60, 163, 176, 183, 211, 217 stops, 111 storage, 3–4, 11, 23, 32, 42–43, 208, 231–232 Stratasys, 46, 48 strategy, 18, 49, 51, 149, 196, 233 Stratus, 53 Straumann, 151, 157, 159, 169, 173 streamline, 41–42, 169 strength, 9, 12, 49, 51, 58, 65–66, 75–76, 78–79, 81–83, 88–90, 92–93, 95, 97–98, 100–101, 103–104, 109, 132, 134 stress, 9, 49, 51, 55, 90–91, 93, 97, 99–100, 103–104 structure, 11–12, 14–16, 19, 36, 44–46, 48, 50–52, 54, 66, 79, 82, 88, 98–101, 108, 111, 121, 138, 139–140, 143–145, 153, 162, 168, 175, 179, 186, 194–195, 198, 204, 208, 210, 213, 220–222, 237 student, 7, 24, 27, 38, 68, 73, 182, 233–236, 239 study, 4, 7–8, 10, 12, 18, 20–23, 26, 38–39, 54, 60, 62–63, 65, 67–72, 96–98, 101–104, 108–109, 132, 138, 142–143, 147, 149–155, 162–165, 173, 175, 178–179, 181–183, 186–190, 197, 201, 212, 214, 216, 228–229, 236, 239–240 stylus, 112–116, 119, 221–222, 227 subgingival, 58, 101, 236 subject, 33, 99, 102–103, 201–202, 204 submandibular, 15 subsequent, 49, 52, 142, 147, 202, 216, 222 subsequently, 52, 140, 193, 201 substrate, 49, 51 substructure, 77, 172–173 subtracting, 43 subtractive, 44, 65, 108, 110, 148, 167, 217 success, 11–12, 66, 68–69, 71, 84, 104, 140, 153, 188, 218 sulfate, 145, 155, 160 supereruption, 86 superimposed, 12, 170, 174, 203–204, 220–221, 223, 235, 237–238 superimposing, 116 superimposition, 16, 22, 113, 194, 198, 204, 208–209, 211–212, 220, 222 superior, 50, 53, 109, 153, 181, 185, 211, 218, 226 supernumerary, 205, 209–210, 213 superstructures, 80, 147, 175 support, 43–44, 46, 48–54, 78, 90, 99, 102, 104, 112–115, 135, 144, 149, 151–153, 164, 167, 177, 208, 210–211, 231 surface, 8–11, 15–16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 32, 42, 44–47, 49–52, 58–60, 63, 66–68, 79, 86–92, 94–95, 97–98, 100–102, 108, 111, 113, 116, 121, 124–125, 130–131, 133, 137–138, 142, 144, 148, 156, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 191, 198, 202, 213, 219, 221–222, 228, 232, 236–238 surfing, 21, 23 surgeon, 143, 149, 152, 154, 161, 196, 198, 206, 207–208, 220–221, 225, 228 surgery, 15, 18–19, 22–25, 42, 54–55, 124, 137, 139–143, 145, 147, 149–165, 175–176, 180, 182–183, 189–191, 196, 198–199, 202, 204–206, 207–209, 211–229, 233, 236, 239–240 surgical, 15, 18, 23, 25, 42, 54, 109, 116, 118–121, 123–124, 128, 138, 139–140, 142–151, 154–158, 160, 162–165, 177, 179, 182, 188, 196, 198, 202, 204–206, 207, 210, 212–213, 216–217, 219, 221–223, 225–226, 229, 233–234, 237, 240 survey, 2, 15, 24, 133, 137 survival, 67–70, 72, 97–98, 104, 154 swallowing, 104 sweep, 52, 141 switch, 2, 5–6, 101, 160 symptom, 16, 85, 102, 178–179, 232 syndrome, 214, 218 syringe, 48, 182, 186, 190 syringed, 128 system, 1–12, 16, 19, 22–25, 27–28, 30–39, 41, 43–46, 48, 51, 53–54, 57–58, 60, 62–63, 65–67, 70–72, 88, 92–95, 97, 104, 105, 108, 110, 116, 137–138, 139–147, 149–153, 155, 162–165, 169, 172–173, 175, 182–183, 186–190, 204, 206, 211, 229, 231–232, 234–236, 239 systematic, 25, 67, 72–73, 98, 105, 163–164, 189, 205, 228, 236, 239 tactile, 141, 234–235 taper, 29, 65, 94–95, 185 tapered, 96 task, 4, 7, 10, 14–16, 18, 23, 115, 183 taste, 107 team, 14, 161, 207, 220 technical, 12, 135, 138, 164, 234, 237 technician, 39, 41, 54–55, 63, 75, 96, 101, 108, 133, 139, 145, 159, 161, 167–168, 170–172 technique, 3, 8, 11–14, 19, 21, 24–25, 32, 36–39, 41–43, 46, 50, 54, 58, 60, 62–63, 65–66, 68–69, 71, 75–77, 84, 86–87, 89, 92, 98, 101, 107–109, 113, 120, 122, 133, 137–138, 140, 146, 148, 151–155, 163, 173, 175, 177, 181–182, 184, 186–188, 190, 193, 195, 197–199, 201, 203–206, 217, 226, 229, 231 technological, 1, 10, 37, 75, 207, 228 technologist, 18, 22 technology, 1–4, 6, 8, 10–12, 14, 16, 18–24, 26, 27–30, 32–39, 44, 46–48, 50–55, 57–58, 60, 62–64, 66–68, 70–72, 75–76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86–88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 107–108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136–138, 139–142, 144–146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162–165, 167–168, 170–176, 177–188, 190, 193–194, 196–198, 200–202, 204, 206, 207–229, 231–240 television, 27 temperature, 12, 49–51, 76, 82–83, 85, 110, 144, 187 template, 109–110, 115, 118, 121–124, 140, 144–145, 147–150, 155–158, 160, 162, 164, 165, 210, 216, 221 temporomandibular – see TMJ, 85, 102, 198, 206, 207, 218, 224, 228–229 tensile, 49, 51 terminology, 3, 46 tertiary, 46 Tesselation, 44, 232 test, 18, 100–101, 178–179, 188, 190, 233 testing, 12, 46, 138, 177–178, 189–190 tetragonal, 169 theory, 1, 138, 205 therapeutic, 8, 190 therapy, 9, 84–86, 143, 153, 178, 226, 232 Thermafil, 187 thermal, 12, 50, 85, 90, 147, 178, 188 Index thermophysics, 23 thermoplastic, 47–48, 110 thermoplasticized, 187 thickness, 39, 45, 48–50, 52, 58, 60, 68, 92–93, 96–97, 103, 134, 160, 196–197, 204, 220 threshold, 1–2, 7, 62, 188 throat, 111 time, 1–4, 8, 10–12, 14, 16, 18–22, 28, 30, 35, 37–39, 41, 46, 51, 53–54, 58, 62, 65, 67–71, 75, 85–87, 90, 99–100, 102–103, 107–109, 111, 120, 130, 133, 141–143, 146–148, 153–154, 161, 173, 181, 185–188, 193, 198, 201–202, 204, 207, 211, 213, 216–221, 223, 226, 232–233, 236, 238–240 tinted, 86 tissue, 6, 13–14, 18–19, 21, 30, 35–38, 55, 58–59, 71, 86, 90–92, 108, 111, 138, 143–145, 148, 157–160, 167, 170, 173, 177, 179, 181–182, 184, 190, 193–194, 197–198, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210–214, 217, 219–222, 226, 231, 236 titanium, 14, 32, 49–51, 60, 80, 108, 128, 131–132, 137–138, 167–169, 184–185, 189 TMJ – see temporomandibular, 23, 25, 198, 200, 206, 218, 229 tolerance, 49, 167, 175, 188 tomogram, tomographic, 165, 189, 204, 228 tomography, 12, 19, 21–22, 24–25, 27, 36–37, 39, 108, 139–140, 162–165, 179, 188–190, 193–194, 204–206, 228–229, 231–232 tongue, 36, 239 tool, 7, 18, 22, 30, 43, 45–46, 63, 80, 133, 142, 147, 153, 170, 190, 196, 206, 208, 216, 226, 229, 233, 237 tooth, 7–16, 18–20, 23–25, 28–31, 32–35, 36–37, 44, 46, 54, 57–65, 67–73, 75–76, 79, 82, 84–105, 107–110, 114–116, 118, 120–121, 128, 130, 135, 137, 140, 144–145, 147–151, 154–155, 158–161, 167, 169–170, 175, 177–179, 181, 183, 185, 188–190, 194–197, 201, 204–206, 208–211, 213, 228–229, 232–233, 235–236, 239 torsional, 185 touch, 32, 101, 187, 235 trademark, 47, 49 traditional, 8, 41–42, 54, 59, 66, 86, 109, 116, 132, 142, 168, 172, 179–183, 185–186, 188, 190, 193–197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 211–212, 216, 219, 226 train, 18, 234, 236 trainer, 234–236, 239 training, 7, 14, 68, 75, 104, 223, 226, 234–236, 240 transform, 78, 226 transformation, 155, 232 transformed, 28, 139, 167, 232 transforming, 104 transistors, 27 transition, 3, 6, 28, 37, 39, 122 translucency, 35, 79, 81–83, 86, 88–89, 91, 101–103 translucent, 79, 83, 88–90, 96, 101, 103 transmit, 11–12, 225 transmucosal, 164 transparency, 144 transpharyngeal, 211 257 ultrasonic, 80, 182–184, 189–190 ultrasonography, 213 ultrasound, 14, 42–43, 181, 188–190, 222 ultraviolet, 46, 52, 146 underlying, 9, 108, 140, 220 understand, 7, 28, 102, 151, 204, 214, 220 understanding, 43, 208, 210, 219, 226, 233 Unicem, 68, 73 uniform, 83, 93, 96, 142 unilocular, 208, 228 unit, 24–25, 27–28, 30–32, 34–35, 37, 52, 66, 71, 78, 81, 84, 86–92, 99, 110, 121, 124, 127, 129, 142, 183–184, 187, 194, 205, 207, 212, 218, 220, 234–237, 240 update, 10, 20, 23, 105, 140, 150, 163, 175, 205 UV, 47, 53 varying, 83, 103, 184 vascular, 12, 25, 54–55 vascularity, 178 vasoconstrictor, 178 vat, 47, 52 vendor, 42, 44–45 veneer, 30, 35–37, 63, 65, 68, 79–80, 82–83, 88, 92, 100, 239 veneered, 62, 80, 83, 86, 89–92, 104 veneering, 63, 77, 81–83, 89–91, 98, 138 verification, 110, 124, 127–130, 185, 222 verified, 63, 109, 158, 160, 168, 216, 223, 227 verify, 20, 222 version, 67, 79, 151 vertical, 46, 48–49, 58, 60, 85, 112, 150, 179, 186–188, 190 vertically, 46, 48, 183, 216 vessel, 13, 48, 54, 224 vestibular, 205 vibrate, 183 vibrating, 111, 183, 235 vibration, 45, 80, 182, 187, 234 Vident, 65–66 video, 28, 32–33, 35, 37, 154 viewer, 15, 42 vinyl, 111–113, 138 violet, 52 virtual, 3, 15, 18–19, 25, 29, 32, 33, 37, 42, 54–55, 60–61, 63, 87, 96, 108–109, 118, 121, 123, 133, 135, 140–141, 145, 158, 160, 162, 164, 169, 172–176, 199, 207, 210–212, 217, 219–220, 226, 228–229, 231–239 virtually, 46, 49, 77, 87, 116, 121, 134, 139, 150, 152, 164, 172, 217, 235 visible, 9, 11, 58–59, 70, 138, 155, 189 visibly, 58 vision, 234 visit, 1, 20, 108–110, 138, 179 visualization, 36, 59, 144, 151, 183, 189, 198, 211–212, 216, 222, 225, 229, 232, 236 visualize, 14–15, 21, 36, 59–60, 140, 145, 196, 227, 235 visualized, 12, 60, 63, 140, 144, 198, 204, 210, 227 visualizing, 147, 236 visually, vita, 62, 66, 105 Vitabloc, 65, 67–69 vital, 5, 121, 162, 177–178, 190, 208, 220, 222, 234 vitality, 177–178, 188–190 Vivadent, 37, 81 voids, 29, 59, 65, 76–77, 122, 126 vortex, 185–186 voxel, 179, 181, 189, 194, 201, 234 vulcanite, 107, 138 vulcanized, 107 value, 69, 85, 102–103, 121, 128, 131, 143, 147, 149, 152, 193, 201, 219, 222 vanadium, 131–132, 169 variability, 198, 208, 220 variable, 100, 141, 150–152, 185 variation, 48, 76, 101–102, 188 various, 1, 5–6, 8, 12, 15, 18, 27–28, 35–36, 63, 89, 91, 93, 101, 108, 140–142, 145, 150, 175, 187, 208, 210, 212, 217, 219–221, 225–227, 233 vary, 37, 60, 83, 92, 95, 141–142, 179, 183, 207, 217, 229 wall, 58, 63, 93, 99, 154, 167, 185–187, 208, 211, 216, 235 wand, 30, 32–34, 36, 182, 188, 190 washer, 52 water, 53, 111, 222 wave, 185, 187 wax, 28, 41, 47–48, 51, 76–78, 108, 110, 116, 126, 129, 132–133, 135, 139, 168 waxed, 168 waxing, 87, 98, 134 waxup, 86–87, 145–146, 155, 159, 170, 172, 174 transplant, 233, 239 trauma, 15–16, 18, 141, 163, 173, 177, 179, 196, 216, 222, 226–228 traumatic, 178, 207, 222 traumatized, 101, 178, 189 traumatology, 188–189 traumatology, 189 tray, 27, 29, 36, 53, 58, 85, 110–114, 116, 118–119, 124, 126, 138 treatment, 2, 10, 13, 15–16, 18–19, 22, 37–38, 42, 45–46, 49–50, 54, 58, 67–68, 70, 75, 78–81, 84–85, 90, 100, 104, 109, 137, 139–141, 145, 147–151, 153–156, 160, 162, 169, 177, 179–182, 187–190, 193, 195–198, 201, 204–206, 207, 211, 214, 216, 218–219, 221–222, 224–225, 228, 231, 233, 236–239 trend, 24, 37–38, 69–70, 96, 165 trial, 9, 12, 18, 25, 67–69, 97, 100, 108–110, 116, 118, 120–121, 133, 137–138, 162, 181, 183, 185, 188, 208, 228 triangles, 47 triangular, 44 triangulation, 172, 232 Trios, 30, 32 triple, 25, 29, 81 TrueDefinition, 169 tube, 27, 142, 186, 194 tubules, 86 twisted, 185, 190 type, 2, 6, 23, 46–48, 51, 58, 63, 66–67, 69, 77–80, 85, 96–97, 101, 131, 140–143, 145, 149–152, 164, 167–168, 170, 184–185, 187, 198, 202, 208, 217, 231–233 typical, 2, 13, 21, 44, 48, 181 typically, 33, 37, 44, 48–49, 51–52, 80, 88, 91–92, 96, 167, 183, 235 typodont, 65 258 Index wear, 46, 65–67, 69, 71, 78, 80, 88, 97, 100, 104, 132, 137–138 web, 15, 24, 28 weight, 32, 37, 49, 66 Whaledent, 185, 187 white, 9, 12, 24–25, 50, 83, 137, 169, 195, 205–206 workflow, 3, 30, 39, 41–43, 57, 60–61, 63–64, 71–73, 75–76, 87, 104, 154, 168–169, 232 workstation, 44, 147 world, 23, 27, 37, 139, 233, 237 wrench, 115 xenograft, 156 yield, 6, 13, 15, 152, 179, 181 yielded, 89 yielding, 178 Yttria, 169 zest, 172 zirconia, 34, 61–63, 66, 73, 77, 79–86, 89–92, 94, 96–105, 169, 172, 175 zirconium, 79, 81–82, 104 zone, 49, 51, 88, 101 zygoma, 163, 222 zygomatic, 227 zygomaticomaxillary, 163 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA ... Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology Edited by Radi Masri, DDS, MS, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Endodontics,... Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology Zandoná, A.F., Santiago, E., Eckert, G., et al (2012) The natural history of dental caries lesions a 4-year observational study Journal of Dental. .. virtual articulation of the 30 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology dental casts all add to the inherent accuracy and predictability of CAD/CAM systems Economics of computer-aided