Tài liệu Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates docx

Report Development Tools 12–1 Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Contents First Things First 12–2 ABAP Reporting Basics .12–3 Template Approach to Report Development .12–7 Working With Report Templates .12–8 Getting the Most from ABAP Report Development: Tips & Tricks 12–17 Where to Learn More 12–18 12 In this chapter you will learn:  The basic structure of an ABAP report  The difference between traditional and interactive reports  How to build a traditional report using the report template  How to build an interactive report using the report template  Useful tips and tricks on ABAP report development Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates First Things First Reporting Made Easy 12–2 First Things First In the preceding chapters you learned about the different report development tools available in the R/3 environment. This chapter introduces the basics of SAP’s programming language, Advanced Business Application Program (ABAP), which can be used to build custom reports. This chapter is structured differently than the others. It does not present all the features of ABAP—we leave that to the online documentation. Instead, we focus on helping you build an ABAP report using templates. Before You Consider ABAP The decision to use ABAP to create custom reports requires careful consideration. Writing reports in ABAP can be costly, time-consuming, and in many cases unnecessary. While ABAP provides numerous features to create excellent programs, it is not geared solely toward report creation, as are the reporting tools outlined in the previous chapters. Thus, the robust functionality of ABAP (combined with the programming styles of many programmers) may make it cumbersome. The tactical approach to reporting (see chapter 2 in book 1, Fundamentals of Reporting of this guidebook series) recommends that you use ABAP only after you have explored all other options. Ideally, you should consider ABAP development only after you can answer “yes” to all of the following questions: < Did you do a thorough search of the standard reports to find the report you need? < Did you survey available standard report development tools to determine if a certain tool fits your report needs? < Did you check other report resources (such as user groups and/or OSS—SAP’s Online Support Service)? Fundamentals of Reporting, the first book in the Reporting Made Easy series, outlines how to approach the questions listed above. However, if you still do not have a solution for your reporting requirement, it may be time to consider ABAP for custom development. Before You Start If you are an ABAP programmer, you should be aware of the following prerequisites and assumptions: < Your user account is registered as a developer in OSS. If your account is not classified as a developer, then contact your system administrator to modify your account classification. < You need to be authorized to develop programs. Contact your system or security administrator for the required authorization. < You should have a basic understanding of ABAP. If you have prior programming experience, you should be able to learn reporting-related ABAP commands. Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates ABAP Reporting Basics Report Development Tools 12–3 < You should have a basic knowledge of Structured Query Language (SQL). ABAP uses its own set of SQL statements called “Open SQL” which are simplified but similar versions of SQL. < You should be familiar with ABAP event-triggering. Understanding which event statement is relevant to which building block of a report helps speed up report development. < You should know how to create function modules in ABAP. < ABAP report development must always be done in the development system . Do not use the production (or any other) system to write ABAP reports. ABAP Reporting Basics Writing reports in ABAP is a matter of understanding the various commands relevant to each basic block, and using them appropriately in the program to make the report produce the desired results in an output list. Basic Structure An ABAP report consists of the following basic blocks (or sections): 1. Get the required data from the database. 2. Process the read-data as required. 3. Output the processed data as a formatted list on the screen or the printer. ABAP code is written to perform certain functions that typically fall under one of the three blocks listed above. As shown in the graphic on the following page, these functions are performed in a linear sequence and are dependent on each other. Think of these functions as the basic building blocks of any report. Each block contains the necessary ABAP code to do its task. The ABAP code within each block can be further modularized to perform the steps required for a given block to function. Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates ABAP Reporting Basics Reporting Made Easy 12–4 Get required data Process the read data Output processed data as a list • Define data containers to store and output data • Define selection parameters as a basis for data retrieval • Read relevant data into selection parameters • Refine retrieved data (sorting, grouping, etc.) • Refine authorization filters • Perform desired calculations against the data • Prepare a list page layout (header, footer, comments, etc.) • Write and format the fields data (header, size, icon, color, indentation, etc.) Basic Block TasksBasic Report Blocks Types of ABAP Reports As shown in the graphic below, there are two types of ABAP reports: < Traditional reports < Interactive reports Both report types share the same basic structure and functionality. An interactive report is an extension of a traditional report. With a traditional report, the execution of the report is finished as soon as the output list is displayed. An interactive report allows the user to interact with the report list. Traditional Reports A traditional report, also called a “classic” report, allows the user to enter selection parameters as key input for retrieving the data from the database. Then, the report processes the read-data, and displays a list for output. Once the report list is displayed on the screen or sent to a print spool, the report program execution concludes and no further interaction or user input is possible. If the output is sent to the screen, a traditional report sends all output data to a single list called a basic list. Traditional Report Traditional Report Interactive Report Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates ABAP Reporting Basics Report Development Tools 12–5 Basic report list is generated Basic report list is generated Read data is processed Read data is processed User enters selection parameters User enters selection parameters Display on screen Traditional Report OR Send to print spool Basic report list is generated Basic report list is generated Read data is processed Read data is processed User enters selection parameters User enters selection parameters Display on screen Interactive Report OR Send to print spool • Download to desktop applications • Control number of fields displayed • Call up another report • Jump to a system transaction • Display summarized results or totals in a new window • Print selected fields • Interactive sorting of fields Plus Secondary list Traditional Report Traditional Report Interactive Report Interactive Reports Interactive reporting builds on the standard functionality of a traditional report. An interactive report performs all the functions of a traditional report and provides the user with the means to interact with the report even after the list is displayed on the screen. As shown in the graphic above, this expanded functionality is particularly useful for reports that require: < Controlling the number of displayed fields on the screen < Interactively sorting in any order of any field on the screen < Calling up another report, or jumping to system transaction < Displaying summarized results or totals in a new window < Downloading to desktop applications < Printing of selected fields on the displayed list The first time an interactive report issues output, it sends data to the basic list just like a traditional report. Any additional information is presented as a secondary list, which may either completely replace the previous basic or secondary list, or appear in a secondary window on the same screen. To program the output list, a set of available ABAP commands is used. Typically, an interactive report is written so that for every user input, an event is triggered, some source code is executed, and the report responds back with either a new secondary list, or jumps to a new screen. Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates ABAP Reporting Basics Reporting Made Easy 12–6 In Release 4.0 you can use a new tool called the ABAP List Viewer (ALV) and a set of function modules to build interactive reporting functionality without having to program. The ALV can help save time on display formatting. It also handles many basic interactive features such as sorting, detailed line information, and total calculation. For more information on ALV, refer to appendix A. Traditional Versus Interactive Reports We suggest using the following guidelines to decide whether to develop a traditional report (basic list display) or an interactive report (interactive data retrieval). Criteria Recommended Report Type Frequency of report use If the report is run quarterly or annually, then a traditional report is recommended. Even if the report is complex in nature, or requires a multilayered output list, writing an interactive report is probably not worth the development effort. If the report is to be run more frequently, an interactive report (which allows further analysis) is probably preferable. Background processing only A traditional report is recommended since user interaction is irrelevant in this case. Ease of programming Traditional reports are typically easier to program, and faster to develop and maintain. If needed, a traditional report can always be enhanced to become an interactive report without significant source code changes. User interaction If the specifications require some form of user interaction, then choose interactive reporting style. Width of data fields If the report requires the simultaneous display of many large data fields, an interactive report is useful. You can enhance the displayed list visually by suppressing the output of lengthy fields, and provide a menu button to view detailed line item information as a secondary list in a new window. Number of calculations If the report uses numerous mathematical calculations and displays multitotaled field results, consider an interactive report. Number of users Choose the interactive reporting style for any report that is used by many users and is normally executed online for tracking purposes on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. Presentation If the report is used for frequent presentation purposes, or for an online demonstration of a successful project (such as employee achievements), an interactive report carries a stronger impact. Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Template Approach to Report Development Report Development Tools 12–7 Template Approach to Report Development A report template is a generic program that contains all the necessary report elements common to any report. It includes the ABAP statements and events, as they would typically be placed in a report. The programmer then completes the detail. Because each report has its own requirements, a template is not specific to any report. It only serves as a roadmap for starting a report development project. It consists of many empty placeholders for which custom source code is programmed. The template itself cannot be generated. Consequently you cannot execute a template. You must have basic ABAP knowledge to convert the template to executable code . Why Use a Report Template? Report templates offer the following advantages: < Modular structure: Reports in general are modular, which allows a template to be well structured and highly customizable. A template can be easily expanded to include new subroutines and new program code relevant to the report requirements. < Eliminates cumbersome copying: For instance, templates eliminate the process of copying an existing report, deleting many lines of source code, or modifying source code that is relevant but uses different field names. These processes are awkward, and may end up taking more time than starting a report from scratch. < Saves time: A report template is a good way to jumpstart the development effort and save time. Once the programmer identifies the database tables to work with, the selection criteria, and the report functionality, the template can be instantly used to insert the necessary source code in the various program sections. < Consistency: Using templates ensures consistency of source code and structural uniformity across many reports. This is especially helpful when other programmers have to maintain the report in the future. (However, to help future programmers understand report code, few things take the place of well-integrated comments.) < Syntax: Even experienced programmers sometimes forget the exact syntax of a command and have to look it up. Templates include frequently used program statements in their correct syntax form. Any statement can have its parameter names changed while still keeping it syntactically correct. Note: A template approach to report development is a convenient and effective way to start writing reports. We recommend that customers adopt a template approach for all of their custom report development. If your company does not use templates, we suggest designing a company standard report template for use by all programmers who write reports. If needed, you can create your templates by refining the ones supplied with this guidebook. Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates Reporting Made Easy 12–8 Working With Report Templates In this section you learn to work with the following types of report templates when writing a report: < Traditional report template < Interactive report template To work with a template, follow the steps and hints shown, and try to apply them according to your report needs. Sections that are common to both templates have been described only once in the traditional report template. In addition, parameters for the ABAP statements included in this template are shown in italics. To illustrate in where particular report section parameters would be found, the descriptive names of the parameters have also been included. Change the words in italics and insert new ABAP commands similar in functionality under those sections. Note: A ready-to-use template containing the necessary source code for an interactive and traditional report is included in the CD supplied with this guidebook. You can also download the templates from our website at: http://www.saplabs.com/rme. Report Specification Form and Report Templates A report specification form serves as the starting point for ABAP report development. It provides the developer with vital information about the reporting project. A detailed and complete specification is important for efficient report development. To help customers and consultants streamline the process of developing reports, a sample report specification form is shown in book 1, Fundamentals of Reporting, of this guidebook series. You can use the report specification form as is, or modify it to suit your requirements. Additionally, an electronic version (Microsoft Word document) of the specification form is included on the companion CD supplied with this guidebook series. You can also download the specification form from www.saplabs.com/rme. We suggest making use of the report specification form to supply the information for some of the blocks (for example, report name, database tables, etc.) in the report template. As shown in the table on the next page, a developer can fill many of the placeholders in the report template simply by pulling related information blocks from the specification form. Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates Report Development Tools 12–9 Information a Developer Needs for the ABAP Report Blocks Where Found on the Report Specification Form (Filled out by the person requesting the report) Title Item 1: What is the suggested name of the desired report (Page 2)? Documentation Item 2: Give a short description of the desired report (Page 2). Attributes or Application Item 4: Name the application(s) or data area(s) for the report (Page 2). Data declarations (Tables statement) Item 5: Please indicate any known tables or fields desired in the report (Page 2). Traditional Report Template To work with this template, enter the relevant information in each section as described here. This template uses a prefix convention for each program object. You could use subroutine names that are different from the ones shown in italics. Also, modularize the source code using several subroutines if necessary. Guided Tour 1. From the SAP main menu, choose Tools → ABAP Workbench, then Development → ABAP editor. 2. In the Program field, enter a name for your report. 3. Choose Create. If your user account does not have developer status, the system will not let you create an ABAP report. Contact your system administrator for more information. Note: Although you will enter the source code in the ABAP Editor, the actual screens are not included here. Instead, only the source code you would enter in ABAP Editor is shown. 3 2 Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates Reporting Made Easy 12–10 Enter: < Report name and width of the list. < Report attributes such as program name and title when the report is first saved. < Change history including date, name of person changing the report, and the change description. REPORT REPORTNAME. LINE-SIZE XX LINE-COUNT YY ************************************************************** * * Program Info: (information IN ADDITION to what is already * captured in program ATTRIBUTES and DOCUMENTATION) * ************************************************************** * * Change History: (in addition to what is found in Version * Management) * * Date/Author: * Reason/Description of Change: * * Date/Author: * Reason/Description of Change: * ************************************************************** < Enter all include program names used by the report (for example, system icons, symbols, or the names of include programs that contain source code the report uses) ************************************************************** * DATA DECLARATIONS - BEGIN ************************************************************** ************************************************************** * INCLUDES ************************************************************** Include <icons>. Include <symbols>. Include <system include>. Include ProgramName. < Define report tables, views, or structures in this section, and include the text description of each object. Object names are not always descriptive. ************************************************************** * PROGRAM TABLES / STRUCTURES / VIEWS ************************************************************** TABLES: DDIC_tab1, “ Table description DDIC_tab2. “ Table description DDIC_View1. “ Table view description DDIC_Structure1. “ Structure description < Define all the necessary internal tables where the program needs to store the data. ************************************************************** * DATA - INTERNAL TABLES (ITAB_tablename) ************************************************************** DATA: BEGIN OF ITAB_tab1 OCCURS n, Field1 LIKE table-field1, Field2 LIKE table-field2, END OF ITAB_tab1. [...]... ************************************************************** TOP-OF-PAGE PERFORM TopPage100_Print _Report_ Headers ************************************************************** * END-OF-PAGE (EndPagexxx Events) ************************************************************** END-OF-PAGE PERFORM EndPage100_Print _Report_ Footers Reporting Made Easy Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates < This section contains the source code... the focus should be on developing the report and not on setting specifications Report Development Tools 12–17 Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Where to Learn More < A good approach for testing reports is to use dummy data to test the logic and the report display Often, the data in the development system is unavailable, is incorrect, or changes frequently, and the report does not run as expected Check... ITAB_tab1-field3 GAP ENDLOOP COL_KEY NO-GAP CENTERED, SY-VLINE NONO-GAP, SY-VLINE NO-GAP NO-GAP CENTERED, SY-VLINE NO- ENDFORM Report Development Tools 12–13 Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates < A list can have several pages At the top of each page, a report header and text description of data fields are displayed We recommend you use a company standard header, with a subroutine... SY-LINSZ - L_LENGTH ) / 2 ) WRITE: /L_STARTPOS P_STRING, AT SY-LINSZ SPACE ENDFORM ************************************************************** 12–14 Reporting Made Easy Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates Interactive Report Template To work with the interactive template: 1 Start with the traditional template illustrated in the previous section 2 Append the sections described... Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Getting the Most from ABAP Report Development: Tips & Tricks Getting the Most from ABAP Report Development: Tips & Tricks < Assess the complexity and size of your report based on: Report specifications SAP application areas involved Number of database tables the report uses Complexity of data selection and processing Various display formats or so-called report flavors requested... beginning of the report You usually initialize any data fields or structures before working with them Report Development Tools ************************************************************** * INITIALIZATION (INITxxx Events) ************************************************************** INITIALIZATION PERFORM INIT100_Program_Variables 12–11 Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates . of ABAP. If you have prior programming experience, you should be able to learn reporting-related ABAP commands. Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates ABAP Reporting. would enter in ABAP Editor is shown. 3 2 Chapter 12: ABAP Report Templates Working With Report Templates Reporting Made Easy 12–10 Enter: < Report name