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San Francisco • London OCA/OCP: Oracle9i ™ DBA Fundamentals I Study Guide Biju Thomas Bob Bryla Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Associate Publisher: Neil Edde Acquisitions and Developmental Editor: Jeff Kellum Editor: Pat Coleman Production Editor: Elizabeth Campbell Technical Editor: Ashok Hanumath, Betty MacEwan Graphic Illustrator: Tony Jonick Electronic Publishing Specialist: Interactive Composition Corporation Proofreaders: Dave Nash, Laurie O’Connell, Yariv Rabinovitch Indexer: Jerilyn Sprotson CD Coordinator: Erica Yee CD Technician: Kevin Ly Book Designer: Bill Gibson Cover Designer: Archer Design Cover Photographer: Photo Researchers Copyright ©2002 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photocopy, photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Card Number: 2001099340 ISBN: 0-7821-4063-7 SYBEX and the SYBEX logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SYBEX Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Screen reproductions produced with FullShot 99. FullShot 99 © 1991–1999 Inbit Incorporated. All rights reserved. FullShot is a trademark of Inbit Incorporated. The CD interface was created using Macromedia Director, COPYRIGHT 1994, 1997–1999 Macromedia Inc. For more information on Macromedia and Macromedia Director, visit http://www.macromedia.com. SYBEX is an independent entity from Oracle Corporation and is not affiliated with Oracle Corporation in any manner. This publication may be used in assisting students to prepare for an Oracle Certified Professional exam. Neither Oracle Corpo- ration nor SYBEX warrants that use of this publication will ensure passing the relevant exam. Oracle is either a registered trademark or a trademark of Oracle Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer. The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book, and the content is based upon final release software whenever possible. Portions of the manuscript may be based upon pre-release versions supplied by software man- ufacturer(s). The author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but not limited to performance, merchant- ability, fitness for any particular purpose, or any losses or damages of any kind caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com To Our Valued Readers: In a CertCities.com article dated December 15, 2001, Oracle certification was ranked #2 in a list of the “10 Hottest Certifications for 2002.” This shouldn’t come as a surprise, especially when you consider the fact that the OCP program nearly tripled in size (from 30,000 to 80,000) in the last year. Oracle continues to expand its dominance in the database market, and as companies begin integrating Oracle9i systems into their IT infrastructure, you can be assured of high demand for professionals with the Oracle Certified Associate and Oracle Certified Professional certifications. Sybex is proud to have helped thousands of Oracle certification candidates prepare for the exams over the years, and we are excited about the opportunity to continue to provide professionals like you with the skills needed to succeed in the highly competitive IT industry. Our authors and editors have worked hard to ensure that the Oracle9i Study Guide you hold in your hands is comprehensive, in-depth, and pedagogically sound. We’re confident that this book will meet and exceed the demanding standards of the certification marketplace and help you, the Oracle9i certification candidate, succeed in your endeavors. Good luck in pursuit of your Oracle9i certification! Neil Edde Associate Publisher—Certification Sybex, Inc. Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Software License Agreement: Terms and Conditions The media and/or any online materials accompanying this book that are available now or in the future contain pro- grams and/or text files (the “Software”) to be used in connec- tion with the book. SYBEX hereby grants to you a license to use the Software, subject to the terms that follow. Your pur- chase, acceptance, or use of the Software will constitute your acceptance of such terms. The Software compilation is the property of SYBEX unless otherwise indicated and is protected by copyright to SYBEX or other copyright owner(s) as indicated in the media files (the “Owner(s)”). You are hereby granted a single-user license to use the Software for your personal, noncommercial use only. 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Shareware Distribution This Software may contain various programs that are distrib- uted as shareware. Copyright laws apply to both share- ware and ordinary commercial software, and the copyright Owner(s) retains all rights. If you try a shareware program and continue using it, you are expected to register it. Individ- ual programs differ on details of trial periods, registration, and payment. Please observe the requirements stated in appropriate files. Copy Protection The Software in whole or in part may or may not be copy- protected or encrypted. However, in all cases, reselling or redistributing these files without authorization is expressly forbidden except as specifically provided for by the Owner(s) therein. Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com To my family —Biju Thomas To Mary Christine —Bob Bryla Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Acknowledgments T hank you Sybex for trusting me to work on two books at the same time. I would like to thank the following wonderful people at Sybex for their support, patience, and hard work: Jeff Kellum (Development Editor) for his support, valuable comments, and getting us going; Elizabeth Campbell (Production Editor) for her patience and understanding and for making sure every piece of the book ties together and is on schedule. I know many more people from Sybex contributed to this book; I thank each one of them for their hard work and the high quality of work. I thank Pat Coleman (Editor) for her hard work. Pat, your edits made a difference in the chapters. I thank Ashok Hanumanth and Betty MacEwan for their technical review and comments. Bob, thank you for completing the chapters well ahead of schedule. It would not have been possible for me to participate in this project if my parents had not come over to the United States from India to take care of our son Joshua. I thank my parents for taking care of the baby and house for the past five months. Thank you, Shiji, for your endless support and love. Last, but not least, I thank my colleagues for their support and friendship. Thank you, Wendy, for understanding me so well and all the help you pro- vided. Thank you all—you are the best to work with. —Biju Thomas I would like to thank all the folks at Sybex that made this a most enjoyable and rewarding experience, including Elizabeth Campbell and Jeff Kellum, who reinforced my attention to detail. Thanks go to Biju for not letting me write too many of these chapters myself. Thanks also to Pat Coleman, who filled in the gaps from my college writing courses, and to Ashok and Betty for their insightful comments and suggestions. This book wouldn’t be possible without the love and support from my family throughout the long nights and weekends when I still managed to find time to give the kids a bath and read books before bedtime. I loved every minute of it. Thanks also to my professional colleagues, both past and present, who provided me with inspiration, support, and guidance and pushed me a little further to take a risk now and then: Joe Johnson, Julie Krause, Karen Kressin, Chuck Dunbar, and that math teacher in high school, whose name eludes me at the moment, who introduced me to computers on a DEC PDP-8 with a teletype and a paper tape reader. —Bob Bryla Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Introduction T here is high demand for professionals in the information technology (IT) industry, and Oracle certifications are the hottest credential in the database world. You have made the right decision to pursue certification, because being Oracle certified will give you a distinct advantage in this highly competitive market. Many readers may already be familiar with Oracle and do not need an introduction to the Oracle database world. For those who aren’t familiar with the company, Oracle, founded in 1977, sold the first commercial relational database and is now the world’s leading database company and second- largest independent software company, with revenues of more than $10 billion, serving more than 145 countries. Oracle databases are the de facto standard for large Internet sites, and Oracle advertisers are boastful but honest when they proclaim, “The Internet Runs on Oracle.” Almost all big Internet sites run Oracle databases. Oracle’s penetration of the database market runs deep and is not limited to dot-com implementations. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) application suites, data warehouses, and custom applications at many companies rely on Oracle. The demand for DBA resources remains higher than others during weak eco- nomic times. This book is intended to help you on your exciting path toward becoming an Oracle9i Oracle Certified Associate (OCA), which is the first step on the path toward Oracle Certified Professional (OCP) and Oracle Certified Mas- ter (OCM) certification. Basic knowledge of Oracle SQL is an advantage when reading this book but is not mandatory. Using this book and a practice database, you can start learning Oracle and pass the IZ0-031 test: Oracle9i Database: Fundamentals I. Why Become an Oracle Certified Professional? The number one reason to become an OCP is to gain more visibility and greater access to the industry’s most challenging opportunities. Oracle cer- tification is the best way to demonstrate your knowledge and skills in Oracle database systems. The certification tests are scenario-based, which is the most effective way to assess your hands-on expertise and critical problem- solving skills. Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com xviii Introduction Certification is proof of your knowledge and shows that you have the skills required to support Oracle core products. The Oracle certification pro- gram can help a company to identify proven performers who have demon- strated their skills and who can support the company’s investment in Oracle technology. It demonstrates that you have a solid understanding of your job role and the Oracle products used in that role. OCPs are among the best paid in the IT industry. Salary surveys consis- tently show the OCP certification to yield higher salaries than other certifi- cations, including Microsoft, Novell, and Cisco. So, whether you are beginning a career, changing careers, securing your present position, or seeking to refine and promote your position, this book is for you! Oracle Certifications Oracle certifications follow a track that is oriented toward a job role. There are database administration, database operator, and developer tracks. Within each track, Oracle has a three-tiered certification program: The first tier is the Oracle Certified Associate (OCA). OCA certifica- tion typically requires you to complete two exams, the first via the Internet and the second in a proctored environment. The next tier is the Oracle Certified Professional (OCP), which builds upon and requires an OCA certification. The additional requirements for OCP certification are additional proctored exams. The third and highest tier is the Oracle Certified Master (OCM). OCM certification builds upon and requires OCP certification. To achieve OCM certification, you must attend two advanced Oracle Education, classroom courses (from a specific list of qualifying courses) and complete a practicum exam. The following material will address only the database administration track, because at the time of this writing, it was the only 9i track offered by Oracle. The other tracks have 8 and 8i certifications and will undoubtedly have 9i certifications. See the Oracle website at http://www.oracle.com/ education/certification for the latest information. Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com Introduction xix Oracle9i Certified Database Associate The role of the database administrator (DBA) has become a key to success in today’s highly complex database systems. The best DBAs work behind the scenes, but are in the spotlight when critical issues arise. They plan, create, maintain, and ensure that the database is available for the business. They are always watching the databaseµ for performance issues and to prevent unscheduled downtime. The DBA’s job requires broad understanding of the architecture of Oracle database and expertise in solving problems. The Oracle9i Certified Database Associate is the entry-level certification for the database administration track and is required to advance toward the more senior certification tiers. This certification requires you to pass two exams that demonstrate your knowledge of Oracle basics: 1Z0-007: Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 1Z0-031: Oracle9i Database: Fundamentals I The 1Z0-007 exam, Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL, is offered on the Internet. The 1Z0-031 exam, Oracle9i Database: Fundamentals I, is offered at a Sylvan Prometric facility. Oracle9i Certified Database Administrator (DBA) The OCP tier of the database administration track challenges you to dem- onstrate your continuing experience and knowledge of Oracle technologies. The Oracle9i Certified Database Administrator certification requires achieve- ment of the Certified Database Associate tier, as well as passing the follow- ing two exams at a Sylvan Prometric facility: 1Z0-032: Oracle9i Database: Fundamentals II 1Z0-033: Oracle9i Database: Performance Tuning Oracle9i Certified Master The Oracle9i Certified Master is the highest level of certification that Oracle offers. To become a certified master, you must first achieve Certified Data- base Administrator status, then complete two advanced instructor-led classes at an Oracle education facility, and finally pass a hands-on exam at Oracle Education. The classes and practicum exam are offered only at an Oracle education facility and may require travel. The advanced classes that will count toward your OCM requirement include the following: Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA www.sybex.com [...]... make sure you are ready for the exam With the Review Questions, Practice Exams, and flashcards, you should be more than prepared for the exam OCA/OCP: Oracle9i Database: Fundamentals I Study Guide in PDF Sybex is now offering the Oracle certification books on CD so you can read the book on your PC or laptop It is in Adobe Acrobat format Acrobat Reader 5 is also included on the CD This will be extremely . role of the database administrator (DBA) has become a key to success in today’s highly complex database systems. The best DBAs work behind the scenes, but. xxi OCP: Oracle9i™ DBA Database Fundamentals II Study Guide (exam 1Z0-032: Oracle9i Database: Fundamentals II) OCP: Oracle9i™ DBA Performance Tuning