1. Trang chủ
  2. » Luận Văn - Báo Cáo

Nửa nhóm xyclic và ứng dụng luận văn tốt nghiệp đại học

32 276 0

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU

Thông tin cơ bản

Định dạng
Số trang 32
Dung lượng 2,87 MB

Nội dung

BỘ GIÁO DỤC ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC VINH ******************** ĐẶNG THÙY LINH NöA NHãM XYCLIC Vµ øNG DôNG KHÓA LUẬN CỬ NHÂN KHOA HỌC NGÀNH TOÁN HỌC VINH - 2011 1 BỘ GIÁO DỤC ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC VINH ******************** ĐẶNG THÙY LINH NöA NHãM XYCLIC Vµ øNG DôNG NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC PGS.TS. LÊ QUỐC HÁN VINH - 2011 2 MỤC LỤC  LỜI NÓI ĐẦU  Chương I. Tương đẳng trên các nửa nhóm xyclic        Chương II. Vị nhóm con của nhóm cộng các số nguyên nhóm cộng các số hữu tỷ  !!"#$  %&!'()*+  %&!'()*,+-  KẾT LUẬN . TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO  LỜI NÓI ĐẦU /#01#0(23)4!/5 +67"!)89):;+)<+)= #021>+?+(!)*@()*A 1 8(B")*+21(B")*,+- )48,*>+,B+9C)*21D6>+"!/5+6 )*):$1)E 7+FG Chương I. Tương đẳng trên nửa nhóm xyclic. !189HI*CD6>+"2J 2180<!C,+C21 2HC8K6D6>+"H"  Chương II. Vị nhóm con của nhóm cộng các số nguyên nhóm cộng các số hữu tỷ. L18MN1()*KOPOAQ' ;1)EB+9'>+?+(!R*@ #689HMN1(D6>+">+6!! "#$ST&5U76>+"1;$?V'D6 >+">+?+(W()*A9$21!( )*+ R+89HD"!)2&!')*AS9 $@12&)*U X(D6>+"95'0Y11J+DI;(2&!'2& ()*+1(!ST&5.U76>+"1$4 (!2&!'()*,+-ST&5U 7+F$!11O#)A#OZ'Y[\RR/]+* ^<O&018"$N1E3N6)<+)=*2#Y2M_ J+`N"!890aIM21,056A!"! >+M!11D+F "<@">+5Y!8LH!!VTC)*b>+5Y !8LH!!D!!cTC^@%21F0;def!_ (2890a8C!J+DI+F$;"!11D+F1 2 g!M(21cCD+F==3J+6+)8 "Dh!F$)A058`N"!'NC@;D+F$ !1I  " CHƯƠNG I TƯƠNG ĐẲNG TRÊN CÁC NỬA NHÓM XYCLIC  XH"B"(#0P;1(! ,2BJ@<'/5+68cB+9):!1!1 $&(cL1O1!2IH" 3 8(!,#0)4!/5+6  1.1. Tương đẳng. Nửa nhóm thương. 1.1.1. Định nghĩa. U\")  1(F0$0i5Dj7jF0! ρ 'hJ    × $@1(   \") ρ 1(>+I  6+ S 8 U  ρ ∈ ! 8  10Y +(  Mk):26   ρ  U6+ ρ 21 δ 1>+I  8M  ρ δ o $& l )+W  S 8 U  ρ δ ∈ o  6+GC0Y   ∈   )!!  S 8 U  ρ ∈  21 S 8 U  ρ ∈  [m0!H S Uo F0$0  β B">+I  D6$0 F2F86+ 8 ρ δ 21 τ 1>+I  8Mj(!J+D & S 8 U S U  ρ δ τ ∈ o o 21 S 8 U S U  ρ δ τ ∈ o o 2#D&WGC 0Y  21  +(  )!! S 8 U 8 S 8 U    ρ δ ∈ ∈ 21 S 8 U  τ ∈ g!8  β i2#0m0! S Uo 41(  β $@1    1.1.2. Một số quan hệ hai ngôi đặc biệt. \")  1(F0$0i5 U]+I    $@1 6+  S 8 U   ∈  D21`D   = 2# 8   ∈  U]+I ω $@1 !"6+ S 8 U  ω ∈ 2#@ 8   ∈  U\")  ρ β ∈ 7 #  ρ − ' ρ $&l )+W  S 8 U  ρ − ∈ 6+21`6+ S 8 U  ρ ∈  U\") 8  ρ δ β ∈ 7 ρ δ ⊆ 6+ ρ 1F0!' δ 8l1   ρ Dm!?!   δ %M  β GB"F0!'   × 8;AI !  β 0m0!W$08!210YNi 4 nU\")  ρ  1(>+I   7 ρ  $@1 $%& 6+  ρ ρ − ∈ S21O!  ρ ρ − = U ]+I  ρ  $@1 '( 6+   ρ ⊆  21$@1 )* 6+ ρ ρ ρ ⊆ o  X(>+I ρ   $@1#+$#+6+ ρ 0"C8* K21N=Y+7 ρ 1(k'  β 8l1  ρ ρ =  1.1.3. Phân hoạch một tập hợp. \") ρ 1(>+I  21   ∈ 7 ):D5I+W { } W     ρ ρ = ∈ { } W     ρ ρ = ∈ 6+ ρ 1>+I  MJ+DI)+<$E_W U   ρ ∈ 2#@   ∈  U   ρ ρ ∩ ≠  φ Dm!?!   ρ ρ =  2F8@F0!  ρ 8!   ∈ 1(0<!C'  8l1 F0!DH!+21$0'9No  D5I+@1  ρ 21@  ρ 1#0'  ?! !O ρ K   T"!C8@0<!C['F0  &(>+I ρ   1[  ρ = 8P;   ρ D21`D 8  +(i(F0!' 0<!C[@C   ρ a 1CACh=p    ρ 21D5I+C1 ρ ∗ L95oW S U  ρ ρ ∗ = 2#j  ∈  1.1.4. Định nghĩa. \") , 1(21 ρ 1(>+I , 7 ρ $@1(#+$- , 6+J+DI)+$E_W U ρ 1>+I ,  U  ρ  V&0h8l16+    ρ  M    ρ  21    ρ  2#@  , ∈  5 1.1.5. Bổ đề [5]. ./#+$#+ ρ 01 , 2/#+$- 3453467     8 8 8    / , 8     8    ρ ρ  ⇒          ρ  1.1.6.Định nghĩa. \"  )  ρ  1  (            ,  21 { } ,   , ρ ρ = ∈ 1F0$0#0' , ?! ρ 7K S 8 U   ρ ρ ρ a  1(0m0!H  , ρ  S?!eVJnU212# 0m0! , ρ 41( , ρ $<OA $@1#+S' , ?! !O ρ U T;KET&l $058`YKE0m0!H & , ρ hBD6$0F2F82#@ 8 8  9 , ∈ W S  U S U S S UU SS U U S U S  U  9  9  9  9  9   9 ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ = = = = =     q 1.1.7. Định nghĩa. \") , 21 : 1rC W , : ϕ → $@1 ($;<SU6+ S U S U S U8 8     , ϕ ϕ ϕ = ∀ ∈  TGB+ ϕ $@1$+<=<$-<6+ ϕ K1 8!1)! 1.1.8. Định nghĩa. \ s ) s  ρ  t H u v s  s ! w  , 7! w 8 w  u  u  W , , ρ ρ ∗ → !N s  S U  ρ ρ ∗ =  t H u ! t < w +2 t  u ! u  t = > ? @  A @  @  %x t  ρ ∗  t H u ! t  w 8 s  w ! s T u x y d u 0 w x s < t   w  ρ ∗  t H u H t < w +< u 2< u 82 w ! u  8  , ∈ ! w W S U S U  S U S U      ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ∗ ∗ ∗ = = =  ⇒  ρ ∗  t H u H t < w + 1.1.9. Định nghĩa. \") W , : ϕ → 1(GB+7>+I 7? S U ϕ  , !N4 S 8 U  ∈ 7? S U ϕ 6+21`6+ S U S U  ϕ ϕ = 1(  , 21$@1#+$-(?' ϕ  6 z{17? S U ϕ 1(>+I , hV&'7? S U ϕ )+pJ+DI ϕ 1GB+ 1.1.10. Mệnh đề [5]. BC1 @  { }   D ρ ∈ 2 > E F = F #+$ G 01 , 3A >  W   D ρ ρ ∈ = I  H 2 > E F  #+$ G 01 ,  BI G J# G  δ 2 > E F 1 F 01 , K$ W L δ = I M ρ ρ 2 > E F #+$ G  01 ,  ρ ⊇ δ N2 > #+$ G O @ ? @ 01 , # @  δ S L δ 1$ @1#+$-JP δ U 1.2. Nửa nhóm xyclic 1.2.1. Định nghĩa. \") , 1(21  1(0Yi5' ,  7!  ' , GB"kp+O'  W { }   8 8 8    = $@1=2' , )N4  !c$0 ,  = M ,  $@12)N4  21  $@1*J L<'  $&l1B0'!  %#j  , ∈ `D"v"W U^!Qjkp'  J+D+8D  <4E(S6 $U U^!QGC)*+O 80 J 2# 0 J < )!! 0 J   = 7  <Q( \") J 1)*+ONmB)!! 0  1kp'0Y  No(kpNm1!'0Y6M J 0  = 2# 0 1!Nm  J S 0 1)*+ONmBhB1U TQ  J 0 = − 8D 0  0   + = !c$01  $@1RS8 0 $@15J%'0Y  '   7 1.2.2. Mệnh đề. I'J  2/*T , 4  2= 2JP  C3  2=24E(U72VWT  $XRC3  22Q(465J% 0 4RS  U  0 0   + =  4  { }   8 8  8  0     + − = K$<T=      0 + −  :Y  { }   8 8 8 0 0 0   K    + + − =  2=2<    T  ,  L&\") { }   8 8 8    = |6+  12HC8pT&l)+)*0Y '  12HC21@kp'  J+D+ |6+  1,+C2#+D}  21`)* 0 M?! T&l8GC)*+O 0 21 J )!! 0 J   =  g!    1  +  D}     J 0 = − b  D    0  0   + =  21  2M    0Y     8 88 J    − H(D+)+W { } { }      8 88 8 88 8 88 J 0 0 0           − + + − = = %F  B0No  0 + −  |F0$0  { }   8 8 8 0 0 0   K    + + − = 1!B0  ' ,  F  2F8  ;     K  1      !  '  ,     Q     K ∈  2# 0   0 ≤ ≤ + − ~mC  ( ) W     ϕ +a  !  ( )  +  1#0QO)* +?!!O  K   6M ϕ 1(B+p  K ( ( ) Z  B"#0QO?!!O  p8  K 1!B0  8

Ngày đăng: 20/12/2013, 22:01

w