ASMAR english grammar book (Sách ngữ pháp tiếng Anh )

The definite article the can be used in the following ways: Note: when we wish to draw attention to the noun we use the prounounciatiuon di... British French However, we cannot say *ma

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Preface

Mohammad Shoaib “Andarabi” was born in Baghlan

Afghanistan in 1990 I was educated at SAMER English

Language Institute in Kabul Afghanistan I taught English in SAMER for few years after that I established an institute by the name ASMAR English Academy: I run this academy for the 3 years, after the 3 years I stated working as an interpreter for the Republic of South Korea PRT in US Military Base Bagram Air Field up to now.

I have been in the Republic of South Korea for the capacity building training (Law and Order program) for Afghan

Officials 2 times, first in 2o11, second in 2012.

From 2011 to late December 2012 I was legal and cultural advisor for KNP and I taught the Afghanistan constitution law, penal code of law and the police law.

I have worked to write this book since 2006 when I graduate from school.

Articles

General information about “a/an/the” and the zero articles

Article is a word which is used with noun or adjective and determines them

E.g.: The girls are lazy

There is only one definite in the English language which is (the)

E.g.: The shirt I am wearing is new

Form of “the”

Singular:

The man, the woman, the book

E.g.: He is the man

She is the woman

That is the book

Plural:

The women, The men The books

E.g.: They are the men

They are the women

They are the books

The pronunciation of “The”

The is pronounced (da) before consonant sounds: the day, the key, the house, the

way

The is pronounced (di) before vowel sounds and words normally preceded by an:

The end, the hour, the inside, the outside, the ear, the eye, the umbrella

The definite article (the) can be used in the following ways:

Note: when we wish to draw attention to the noun we use the prounounciatiuon

(di)

1 Before things which are unique.

E.g.: The sky, The sun, The Moon, The solar system, The galaxy, The universe

2 Before the common nouns

E.g.: The student, The boy, The girl

3 Before the ordinal number

E.g.: The first class, the tenth class

4 Before the superlative form of adjectives

E.g.: The cleverest student

The most beautiful car

5 Before the nationality adjectives, particularly those ending in (ch, -sh,-ese)E.g.: The British= the British people in general

E.g.: British

French

However, we cannot say *many British * or * those two British*

But, for the plural nationality nouns we can use the and zero article to refer a

group as a whole

The Americans or Americans

E.g.: The British and the Americans have been allies for a long time

The group as a whole: “the” + plural names.

Families: The Fahim Kazimi brothers have opened a market

Races: The Afghanis are a long way from political unity.

Politics: The Democrats want electoral reform

Titles beginning with the are given to particular groups to emphasize their

identity

E.g.: The Jesuits

The Army

6 Before the collective noun or plural countable

Company, club, committee, government, group, staff, family, gang, council, union,crowd and etc…

E.g.: The police

The public

The audience

7 Before time expressions (time sequence)

the beginning, the middle, the end, the first/last, the next day, the following day,the present, the past, the future

E.g.: In the past, people had fewer expectations

Attention!

We use the with parts of the day.

In the morning/ afternoon/ evening

In the evening, we went out

E.g.: We spent the day at home

Article (The) can’t be used in the following ways:

1 Before days of the week

E.g.: The Saturday… Etc

2 Before year….The.2005

E.g.: Before the months……The June

3 Before the proper noun

E.g.: The Ahmad …… Etc

4 Before the names of rivers, oceans, gulfs and etc

E.g.: The Amo river……….Etc

Indefinite Article

There are two indefinite articles in English language which are (a) and (an)

1 The form (a) is placed before the word beginning with a consonant sounds (not just consonant letters)

E.g.: A chair A book …… Etc

Note:

In the plural, when the exact number is not important, we can use quantifiers like

some, a few, a lot of, a number of and etc…

E.g.: We have some books

They have fewer students

2 The form (an) is placed before a word beginning with vowel sounds (not justvowel letters, a, e, i, o, u)

E.g.: An orange An apple… Etc

Memo

When (U) has the sound of (U) at the beginning of the words (a) is used instead of (an)

E.g.: a university, a European, a uniform, a union, and etc…

E.g.: an umbrella, an unusual case, an eye, an ear, and etc…

An hour, an honor

A hot dinner, a hall

Attention: a few words beginning with H may be preceded by a or an at the

discretion of the speaker

A hotel, a historian or an hotel, an historian If such words are used with an, then

H is not pronounced or is pronounced softly.

H is not pronounced at all in a few words.

An heir, an honest man, an honour, and hour

Note:

1: The form (a) can be used before titles (Mr., Mrs., Miss) with the sense of ‘a certain person whom I don’t know’:

E.g.: A Mr Samim came here yesterday.

A Mrs Nahida is waiting to see you.

A Miss Negina phoned and left a message for you.

2: Some common abbreviations (depending on their first letter) are preceded by a,

an.

E.g.: a B.A (Bachelor of Arts)

an I.Q (Intelligence Quotient)

3: The phrase (a certain) to refer to people whose identity is not yet known, is common in fables and folk stories

E.g.: Many years ago a certain merchant arrived in Andarab

4: when we mentioned for the first time, the speaker assumes listener does not know what is referred to

E.g.: I looked up and saw a plane (Mentioned for the first time – you don’t know

which plane I mean)

E.g.: The plane flew low over the trees (You now know exactly which plane I

mean)

The difference between ‘a/an’ and ‘one’

One and a/an cannot normally be used interchangeably We use one when we are

counting

E.g.: One apple

It was one coffee we ordered, not two

But we could not use one to mean ‘any one’ (not specified)

E.g.: a knife is no good You need a screwdriver to do the job properly.

One is often used with day, morning, etc…

One day, many years later, I found out what had really happened

a/an and one can be used when we refer to.

Whole numbers: a or (one) hundred, thousand, million

Fractions: a or (one) quarter, third, half

Money: a or (one) pound/dollar

Weight/measure: a or (one) pound/kilo, foot/meter

The uses of a/an with reference to measurement

Price in relation to weight: 80P a/per kilo

Distance in relation to speed: 40km an/per hour

Distance/fuel consumption: 30 miles a/per gallon

Frequency/time: twice a/per day

The uses of a/an after ‘what’ and ‘such’

a/an is used with countable nouns after what in exclamation:

E.g.: What a surprise!

What an interesting story!

a/an is used after such when we wish to emphasize degree:

E.g.: My boss is such an idiot!

The baby is such a pest!

What a lot …! Is used for exclamation (not*How much/many…!*).

E.g.: What a lot of flowers!

What a lot of trouble!

The uses of a/an with pairs of nouns

a/an is used before the first noun of a pair:

a cup and saucer, a hat and coat, a knife and fork

E.g.: It’s cold outside Take a hat and coat with you.

E.g.: When you go on holiday, take a raincoat and a camera

(an Ipad and camera) is okay but, (a coat and camera) is not the same pair

Basic uses of a/an.

There is no difference in meaning between a and an When using a/an we must

always bear in mind two basic facts:

1: a/an has an indefinite meaning, (the person, animal or thing)

2: a/an can combine only with a singular countable noun

Zero Article

Summary of the Zero article:

The symbol of Zero article ø

Plural:

E.g.: ø Girls do better than ø boys at school.

ø Butter makes you fat

ø Honesty is the best policy

Basic uses of the Zero article.

We use the Zero article before three types of nouns:

1: plural countable noun Beans

2: uncountable noun (always singular) Water

Zero article with plural countable nouns

People: Afghan women are fighting for their rights

Places: Museums are closed on Mondays.

Foods: Beans contain a lot of fiber

Occupations: Doctors always support each other.

Nationalities: Afghans make delicious Qabli Uzbaki.

Animals: Cats do not like cold water.

Insects: Ants are found in all parts of the world.

Plants: Trees don’t grow in the Antarctica.

Products: Watches have become accurate.

Zero article with uncountable nouns (always singular)

Food: Refined foods like sugar should be avoided.

Drink: water must be pure if it is to be drunk.

Substances: oil is essential for the manufacture of plastic

Collections: money makes the world go round.

Colours: Red is my favorite colour.

Activities (-ing): Smoking is bad for health.

Other activities: Business has been improving in this year

Sports, games: Football is played all over the world.

Abstract: life is short; art is long

Policies: Capitalism, Marxism, materialism and etc…

Philosophy: Determinism

Languages: Dari is a sweet language.

Zero article with proper nouns (names of people)

First names: Sadaf is my friend name.

Surnames: These tools are made by Sarwary and Hakimi

Full names: Nawrooz khan works for this company.

Initials: M Saeed Khail is the famous Jehadi leader of Parwan

Afghanistan

Zero article with titles

Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms and Dr (Attention: full stop may be used optionally after

these abbreviations)

E.g.: Mr and Mrs Omera khan are here to see you

Dr Najmuddin said she has liver problem

Some other abbreviations:

Like: (Captain, Colonel, Major, Headmaster, Madam, Dear Sir and etc…)

E.g.: May I introduce you to Colonel Walid?

Titles applied to relations:

(Uncle, Aunt, Auntie, (endearment: means to courteous someone and love

someone and say sweet) Mum, Mom, Mommy, Mummy = ’informal’

Dad, Pop, Daddy, Granddad, Grandpa, and Grandma) = ’informal’

Also we can use adjective in front of many titles:

E.g.: Kind Aunt Shah Boboo

Old Mrs Sadaf

Young Mr Saeed Sadat

Mad Uncle Raqib

Zero article for days, seasons, months and holidays.

Mondays are always difficult Monday is always a difficult day.

Hamal is my favorite month Spring is a lovely season.

Nawroz is the time for picnic.

Zero article for academic subjects.

Biology, Geography, physics, Trigonometry, History and Chemistry

E.g.: Trigonometry is a difficult subject to understand easily.

Zero article for meals.

Lunch, Dinner, Tea, breakfast and (supper: means evening)

E.g.: Dinner is served

Let’s have lunch.

Zero article for transport.

By bus, by bicycle, by bike, by boat, by car, by land, by plane, by sea, by train, by foot, by ship and etc…

E.g.: we traveled all over Kabul city by bus.

Zero article for pairs.

Day and night, father and mother, son and daughter, husband and wife, sun and moon, pen and ink, young and old, light and dark

E.g.: This business has been run by father and son for 20 years.

Ahmad is working by day and night.

Note:

Zero article is very common in journalism.

Because in the newspaper headlines we omit article

Parts Of Speech

Noun is a word which is used as a name of persons, places and things.

E.g.: Ahmad Kabul Chair

Noun can be the name of person, job title, thing, place, quality or the name of an action

Ex Chair, Book, Car and etc…

Both concrete and abstract

Persons, animals, plants: a girl, a horse, a geranium,

Objects: a bottle, a desk, a typewriter,

Groups: an army, a crowd, a herd,

Unite of measurement: a kilo, a liter, a meter,

Parts of a mass: a bit, a packet, a slice, a piece,Materials, liquid, gases: cotton, milk, air

Grains and powders: barely, rice, dust, flour,

Activities: camping, drinking, eating, sailing,

Languages: Arabic, Turkish, Italian, Japanese,

The Concrete nouns are divided into five parts

1 Proper noun is a noun which indicates some particular person, place, thing or idea which is imagined to be unique It is generally spelt with a capital letter Articles are not normally used in front of proper nouns

Note: The proper nouns are always written with capital letters at the beginning of

it

Personal names (with or without titles): Shoib, Shoaib, Andarabi

President Karzai, Mr Abdullah Forms of address: Mum, Dad, Auntie, Uncle…etcGeographical names: Asia, India, Afghanistan …etcPlace names: Shahar-e-now Avenue …etcMonths, days of the week, festival and seasons: April, Sunday, Eid, …etc

Seasons are usually spelt with a small letter but sometimes with a capital

Spring/spring

2 Common noun is a noun given common to every persons or things in the same class or kind we can use Articles in front of common nouns

Like: Child, School and etc…

E.g.: Our school is very nice

Countable nouns

If a noun is countable:

-we can use (a/an) in front of it: a book, an envelope.

-it has a plural and can be used in the question: How many stamps/envelops?

-we can use numbers: one stamp, two stamps

Uncountable nouns

If a noun is uncountable:

-we do not normally use (a/an) in front of it: Sugar is expensive.

A sugar is expensive

-it does not normally have plural and can be used in the question:

How much oil/meat?

How much oils/meats?

-we cannot normally use a number (0ne, two) in front of it:

One water, two milk

Nouns which can be either countable or uncountable

Some nouns may be countable or uncountable depending on their use

When we use as countable, we refer to them as single items.

When we use as uncountable, we refer to them as substances.

1)

Countable (a single item) uncountable (substance/materials)

He ate a whole chicken! Would you like some chicken?

I had a boiled egg for breakfast There’s egg on your face.

I tied it up with a ribbon I bought a meter of ribbon

2)

Countable (‘thing’) uncountable (‘material’)

I broke a glass this morning Glass made from sand.

Would you like an ice? Ice floats.

I have got a new iron Steel is an alloy of iron.

What do the papers say? Paper is made from wood.

3)

Countable (‘specific’) uncountable (‘general’)

A good education is expensive Education should be free.

Try not to make a noise Noise is a kind of pollution.

4) (ing)

Countable (‘specific’) uncountable (‘general’)

Are these drawings by Sadaf? I am not good at drawings.

He has a painting by Saeed Painting is my hobby.

She gave a reading of her poems Reading is taught early.

Note: Nouns for animals are countable; nouns for meat are uncountable.

A cow/beef, a deer/venison, a pig/pork, a sheep/mutton,

3 Collective noun is the name of collection of people or things

Like: Family, Nation, Team, people and etc…

E.g.: The Afghan nation is brave

Collective nouns + singular or plural verb

Collective nouns which have plural forms

Some collective nouns such as

Audience, class, club, committee, government, company, congregation, council, crew, crowd, family, gang, group, jury, mob, staff, team and union:

Can be used with singular or plural verbs:

Collective noun + plural verb

The following collective nouns must be followed by a plural verb; they do not haveplural forms:

Cattle, the clergy, the military, people, the police, swine, vermin

E.g Some people are never satisfied

The police/ the military have surrounded by building

Nouns with a plural form + singular verb

The following nouns are plural in form are always followed by a singular verb:News, (games) such as Billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes, (name of cities) such as Athens, Brussels, Naples

E.g the news on TOLO TV is always depressing

Billiards is becoming more and more popular

Athens has grown rapidly in the past decades

Nouns with a plural form + singular or plural verb

The following nouns ending in _ics_ take a singular or plural verb:

Athletics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, physics, acoustics, economics, ethics, phonetics, statistics

E.g Mathematics is a compulsory subject at school.

Acoustics is a branch of physics.

The acoustics in the Festival Hall are extremely good.

Nouns with a plural form + plural verb

Nouns with plural form only plural verbs:

Nouns can combine with (a pair of):

Cloths, congratulation, earrings, goods, greens, lodgings, looks, odds, oats, brains, antipodes, belongings

E.g My trousers are torn

All my belongings are in this bag

A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days.

Two pairs of your trousers are still at the cleansers.

Nouns with different singular and plural meanings

Some nouns have different meaning in the singular and plural

Note: sometimes the meanings are far apart and sometimes are quite close.

Numbers and their plurals

The word (dozen & numbers) do not add (s) when they are used in front of plural nouns:

Two dozen eggs, three hundred men, ten thousand pounds

Note: add (s) before (of) when the number is not specified.

Hundreds of people are going to the demonstration.

Thousands of pounds have been spent on the new hospital.

I said it was secret but she has told dozens of people

Two nouns joined by ‘and’

Nouns that commonly go together are used with singular verbs

Bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, lemon and oil, trips and onions, sausage(s) and mash

E.g Chips and fish is a popular meal in Kabul

Note: If we think of the items as ‘separate’ we use a plural verb

Fish and chips make a good meal

4 Material noun is a noun which shows what substance is a noun made of.Like: Wood, Cotton, Milk and etc…

E.g.: This table is made of wood

5 Combined or Compound Noun is a noun which formed by the

combination of two or more than two nouns

Like: Book Store, bus driver and etc…

E.g.: Ahmad has a big book store in the city

Sometimes compounds noun are spelt with a hyphen and sometimes not.

E.g.: Son-in- law

Stick-in-the-mud

Single-word compound nouns

Single word compound nouns are clearly made up of two words

E.g.: a ʹcupboard, a ʹraincoat, a ʹsaucepan,

Nouns formed with adjective + noun

E.g.: a ʹgreenhouse a ʹraincoat a ʹlonghand a ʹred head

Nouns formed with gerund + noun

E.g.: Drinking water a ʹfrying pan a ʹwalking stick

Note: In gerund + noun (hyphen) is optional.

Nouns formed with noun + gerund

E.g.: ʹHorse-ridding, ʹsight-seeing, ʹsunbathing,

Nouns formed with adverb

E.g.: ʹBreakdown, ʹincome, ʹmake-up,

Nouns formed with noun + noun

E.g.: a ʹcar key, a ʹchair leg, a ʹdoor knob , a ʹtypewriter key,

When we want to say that one (non-living) thing is part of another, we can use of

E.g.: The key of the car.

Compound nouns which refer to place

The first word refers to a place and the second word to something that is in the place

E.g.: a ʹPersonal computer, a ʹkitchen sink, ʹLondon Airport,

ʹKabul Stadium, ʹKushanabad Street,ʹkololapushta road,

Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances

The first word refers to a substance or materials; the second to something made of the substance or materials

E.g.: a ʹcotton blouse, a ʹgold watch, a ʹplastic raincoat,

Compound nouns which relate to time and formed with (self) Man; woman.

E.g.: ʹAfternoon tea, ʹmorning coffee, a ʹtwo hour walk, an ʹevening dress, ʹSunday lunch,

E.g.: an ʹairman, a ʹfireman, a ʹgentleman/woman,

General information about gender

A noun is always considered according to being male, female, or neuter

1 Masculine Gender:

A noun which denotes a male human or animal is called Masculine gender

Like: Father, Brother, Man, Lion and etc…

2 Feminine Gender

A noun which indicates a female human or animal is called feminine gender.Like: Mother, Sister, Lioness and etc…

Like: Table, Chair and etc…

Identifying masculine and feminine gender

Add (ess) change from masculine to feminine

People and Animals

Note: manager, instructor and author are used for both genders

(He / She) indicates for masculine and feminine sexes

Like:

Some other genders

Note: for (model, nurse, judge & wrestler) we point a word (male &female/

woman), also we can use (he/she):

Male model female/woman model

Male nurse female/woman nurse

Male judge female/woman judge

Male wrestler female/woman wrestler

Male accountant female/woman accountant

Male doctor female/woman doctor

He is a doctor she is a doctor

He is an accountant she is an accountant

(Adult, artist, comrade, cook, cousin, lawyer, Liberian, musician, doctor, enemy, foreigner, friend, guest, journalist, passenger, person, pupil, relation, relative, scientist, singer, speaker, spouse, stranger, student, teacher, tourist, traveler, visitor,writer)

5 Collective noun is the name of collection of people or things

Like: Family, Nation, Team, people and etc…

E.g.: The Afghan nation is brave

Pluralization of Nouns

The general way for pluralizing of noun is adding (s) or (es) at the end of singularnouns

Like: Book Books Watch Watches

Rules of adding (S) or (es)

1 Nouns ending in o, s, ss, ch, sh, x, z take (es)

Like: Box, Boxes – Dish, Dishes – watch, watches – class, classes

Bush, bushes – potato, potatoes

Like: Match – Matches

2 When (ch) has the sound of (k) adds only (s)

Like: Epoch – Epochs

3 By adding (es) at the end of nouns ending in (y) following a consonant (y) ischange in to (I) and (es) is added

Like: Army, Armies, Family, Families

5 Nouns ending in (y) following a vowel add only (s) without any change.Like: Day – Days Key – Keys and Etc

6 Nouns ending in (O) following a consonant take (es)

Like: Negro – Negroes Mango – Mangoes

All these nouns end with (o) and takes (es)

Note: The following nouns are exceptional

Like: Kilo – Kilos Photo – Photos Piano – Pianos

7 Nouns ending in (O) following a vowel takes only (S)

Like: Video – Videos Radio – Radios and Etc

8 Nouns ending in (F) or (Fe) change (F) or (Fe) into (V) and add (es)

Like: Wife - Wives Knife – Knives Calf – Calves Shelf-shelves Wolf- Wolves Half- Halves

1 Some nouns form their plural by a vowel change

Like: Man – Men Woman – Women Goose – Geese – louse – lice Mouse – Mice Foot – Feet Tooth - Teeth

2 Compound nouns usually take (s) or (es) at the end of the main nouns.Like: Stepmother – Stepmothers Bus driver - Bus drivers

3 Some nouns in English are pluralized irregularly and at the end take (en).Like: Ox – Oxen Child – Children brother – brethren

1 Noun:

Noun is a word which is used as name of person, place, and things

E.g.: Ahmad, Kabul, Chair

Pronunciation of nouns with regular plurals

The rules for pronunciation are the same as those for the 3rd person simple present

of regular verbs

/s/ after /f/: chiefs, coughs, proofs

/t/: pets, pockets, skirts/z/ after /b/: tubs, verbs, tubes

/d/: friends, hands, roads

/n/: lessons, pens, spoons

Note: nouns ending in the following take an extra syllable pronounced /iz/:

Mazes, noises, noses, bushes, crashes, dishes,bridges, oranges, pages, matches, patches, speeches,bushes, classes, masses, axes, boxes, taxes

Nouns with regular spelling/ irregular pronunciation

The ending of the following nouns is pronounced /z/ in the plural:

Baths, mouths, oaths, paths, truths, wreaths,youths

Nouns with irregular pronunciation and spelling

The following nouns ending in (-f, fe-) and pronounced /f/ in the singular and when

it changes to plural take (ves) and pronounced /vz/:

Wolf:

The following nouns have regular and irregular plural pronunciation and spelling:

Note: these nouns have both pronunciations in the plural (/fs/ or/vs/):

– After abbreviations: VIPs or VIPʹs

Attention: the final (s) is a small letter.

The above is totally completed

تسا ههدیدرگ مامت لااب هتشون

Pronoun

Pronoun is a word which is used instead of noun in prevent its repetition

Ex Ahmad is a student, He is my brother

Ex Ahmad is a student and he studies hard

Pronouns are divided in to nine parts

Form of personal pronouns

Notes: personal pronoun not only refer to people

For examples: your breakfast is ready It is on the table

3 rd person: he, she, it, one, they

1) Most European languages have two forms of (you) an

informal one for family, close friends, children and etc… and a formal one for strangers, superiors but in English

there is no distinction the one word (you) is used for

1 There is only (I) personal pronoun which is always spelt with a capital letter

whether it’s at the beginning of a sentence or not

e.g.: I think she is lazy

He told me I needn’t wait

2 In polite usage it is usual avoid mentioning yourself first

e.g.: Ahmad and I have just eaten lunch

3 He masculine She feminine It neuter

Note: Please remind these Notices:

 Subject is the doer of an action

Ex He fixes the car

 Subject is a person or things that we talk about it

Ex He is a boy It is a book

 Subject is the word which is used in the beginning of the sentences

Ex This is a comfortable chair

The Usage of (It)

‘It’ as an ‘empty subject and as a preparatory subject’

We often use (it) in the sentences referring to time, the weather, temperature or

distance

Empty subject

Time: It’s 8 o’clock and it’s time for us to leave

Temperature: It’s 24o centigrade/Celsius

Distance: It’s 60 km to Kabul

Environment: It’s smoky in Kabul

Present situation: Isn’t it awful!

With since: It’s four years since I finished my master

Note: (It) as a preparatory subject often combines with

(Adjective, Noun and Verb)

mistake

e.g.: (Difficult, easy, important and vital)

be here

e.g.: (fun, a pity, a pleasure and a shame)

forgot to sign the letter

e.g.: (appear, look, seem and happen)

3.(It) can be used for the people in the photos

Ex Who is this in the picture? It is Ahmad

4.(It) Sometimes can be used for small babies when we do not

Ex It is a new born child

5 (It) can be used to identify people

Ex There is a knock at the door Who is it?

Who is that? It is our new next-door neighbor, Mr Shakeer Karimi

6 (It) can be used after verbs like (enjoy, hate, like and love)

Ex I don’t love it when you shout at my teacher

Note: we sometimes omit subject in abbreviated statement

Ex Found this in the garden Know who it belongs to?

(I found this in the garden Do you know who it belongs to?)

b Object Pronoun

Object pronouns replace nouns in object position They can be:

– direct object

– indirect object

Ex Have you met Sadaf?

I have never met her.

If you see Ahmad, give him my regards

Note: an object pronoun can also occur as the subject of a particular kind of exclamatory question for stress or emphasize

Ex You can tell him – Me tell him? Not likely!

(In the sentence me occurs very informally).

Object pronoun consists in:

Note: Please remind this Notice:

 Object is the receiver of an action

Ex I gave him a book

Ex Ahmad saw them in the park

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns: Are those which are used instead of noun and point out person, place, and thing

The Demonstrative pronouns consist in:

Name of pronoun definition

Singular: This nearness or something which is close to you

That it refers to something which is not close to you

Plural: These nearness or something which is close to you

Those it refers to something which is not close to you

Ex This is a student

Ex These are masons

Those are girls.

That is a car.

I don’t like this car.

1) Demonstrative pronoun after what? refer to thing.

Ex What is this/that?

What are these/those?

2) This and That as pronouns after who? Refer to people

Ex Who is this/that?

Who are these/those people/men/women/children?

Ex The car over there is his

These children are mine

I can’t find my pen Can you lend me yours?

Note: possessive pronoun can come at the beginning of the sentences

Ex My father is a teacher Mine is a doctor

This is my car Yours is the one that’s old

Belongs to demonstrative adjectives

Ahmad’s daughter = his daughter

Sarah’s son = her son

The cat’s milk = its milk

My, your and their: refer to possession by males or females

The boys coats are here and their caps are

there

The girls coats are here and their berets are

there

Here is your tea, Sadaf/Hamed.

Mine Yours His Hers Ours Its Theirs

Ex Each of you is present.

Ex Either of them were present

Ex Neither of us is lazy

Ex Each knows what to do

Ex Who is your friend in the class?

Ex What do you do in the morning?

Ex whose is this car?

Ex I bought some thing.

Ex Did you see anybody?

Ex He told me everything

Ex All were kind

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns are those which are used instead of noun and show that subject and object of the sentence are the same that is the action which reflects from subject to object and from object to subject

Form of reflexive Pronouns:

Singular: myself yourself (himself herself itself oneself)

Ex: I cut myself shaving this morning

Ex I hurt myself.

Ex He hides himself.

Reflexive pronouns as object of prepositions:

Reflexive pronoun can occur after preposition which often verbs, nouns or adjectives

Ex: Look after yourself!

Murasl’s looking very pleased with herself

Emphatic Pronouns

Emphasizing Pronouns are those which are used instead of noun and

emphasize on performing of an action

The emphasizing pronouns consist in:

Ex I myself saw him in the park

Ex She herself broke the glass

Note: When the reflexive and emphasizing pronouns used with preposition (by) it means by my own self

Ex I did everything by myself

Infinitive

Infinitive is the form of the verb which expresses an action without showing actual time and usually refers to action in general It may or may not have its own subject

in sentence

Like: To see, To go, To watch and Etc….

Ex To study computer is necessary

Ex To go alone is dangerous

Infinitive can be used in the following ways.

1 As the subject of the sentence

Ex To play football is useful for health

2 As object of س sentences

Ex I want to go the park

3 As an adverb in the sentences

Ex We came here to work

4 As complement of adjectives

Ex This problem is difficult to do

Verbs

2 Verb:

Verb is a word which is used to show state or action

Verbs are divided into two parts.

1 Ordinary verbs.

2 Auxiliary verbs

The Auxiliary verbs consist in:

Am – Is – Are – Was - Were – Have – Has – Had - Do – Does – Did – Can – Could – Shall – Should – Will – Would – May – Might – Ought to – Must – Need – Dare –Used to

Ex I am working

Ex Do you work?

Ex She is a girl

Ex I was a student.

Ex You were students

Note: Sentences which contain to be verb we bring the to be verbs at the beginning

in the question form And add only (not) after to be verbs in the negative form

Ex He is a student

Ex Is he a student?

Ex He is not a student

To have verbs Are those which are used to show possession or ownership in the sentences

To have verb are consist in:

Have Has Had

Ex I have a pencil

Ex You have a book

Past Conjugation

I had

You had

Ex I had a little money.

Ex She had a pretty dress

Note: usually in the question and negative form of to have verbs, the to do verbs

are used along with them

But some time it is a possible to use to have at the beginning of the sentences in thequestion and add only (Not) after them in negative

Ex I Have a pen

Ex I do my home work every day

Ex She does the chores

Ex It does bark

Past Conjugation

I did