Assessment of the diversity of the terrestrial mammal fauna using camera traps in saola nature reserve quang nam province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS Title ASSESSMENT OF THE DIVERSITY OF THE TERRESTRIAL MAMMAL FAUNA USING CAMERA TRAPS IN SAOLA NATURE RESERVE, QUANG NAM PROVINCE Major: Natural Resources Management Student: Do Phu Tien Student ID: 1453092562 Class: Course: K59B Natural Resources Management 2014 – 2018 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc Prof Vu Tien Thinh Hanoi, October 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis cannot become a reality without support and help of many individuals I would like to extend my sincere thanks to: the heads of Vietnam National University of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Resources and Environment Management As a part of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) cooperated to conduct a wildlife survey in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve This thesis was implemented in partnership with the WWF project, so all the data from camera traps were contributed by all the team members First of all, I would like to express sincere gratitude to my supervisors Assoc Prof Vu Tien Thinh and Assoc Prof Nguyen Phan Thiet has supported me in my studies and related research, their patience, motivation, and extensive knowledge Thanks to the guidance of the two people who helped me during the research and writing of this thesis I sincerely thank Mr Dang Cong Vien, WWF organization, the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserves who helped me during the thesis I am extremely thankful and grateful to them for sharing experiences, valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me Besides, I would like to thank my family, acquaintances for their encouragement, support during the period of conducting this study Without their support, I would not have been able to complete this thesis This research still has many shortcomings due to the limitations of time, finance and my ability I am looking forward to receiving comments from teachers, friends to a better thesis completion Thank you! Hanoi, October 2018 Do Phu Tien LIST OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vi ABSTRACT PART I: INTRODUCTION PART II: GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal research 2.2 Objectives research PART III: STUDY AREA 3.1 The scope of the study area 3.2 Natural conditions 3.2.1 Geographical description 3.2.2 Geomorphological topography 3.2.3 Climate and hydrology 3.2.4 Land 10 3.2.5 Fauna 12 3.2.6 Flora 13 3.2.7 Habitat types 13 3.3 Socio-economic conditions 14 PART IV: METHODOLOGIES 17 4.1 Interview 17 4.2 Camera set up 18 4.3 Data analysis 26 PART V: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29 5.1 Mammal species recorded by the camera trap in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve 29 5.2 Distribution of some important terrestrial mammal species in the Quang Nam SNR 35 5.2.1 Assessing the conservation status of some mammals in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve: 43 5.3.Threats to fauna in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve 46 PART VI: CONCLUSIONS 48 6.1 Conclusions: 48 6.2 Limitation: 49 6.3 Suggestion: 49 REFERENCES APPENDIX LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Study site in Sao La Nature Reserve, Quang Nam province Figure 2: Reconyx PC850 Hyperfire Professional White Flax Camera 18 Figure Camera trap location for the coarse grid 20 Figure Camera trap location for fine grid 21 Figure 5: Example photographs showing camera trap setup with too much vegetation (top) and just right (bottom in the green box) 25 Figure 6: WWF staff are testing the camera trap in the field 25 Figure 7: Annamite striped rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi) 36 Figure 8: Locations of Annamite striped rabbit and pangolin 37 Figure 9: Northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) 38 Figure 10: Dark muntjac species complex (Muntiacus truongsonensis) 39 Figure 11: Locations of Annamite dark muntjac species complex in relation to the more common red muntjac 39 Figure 12 Serrow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) was recorded by camera traps 41 Figure 13: Habitat along the streams 42 Figure 14: Habitat protection forests 42 Figure 17: Camps for harvesting forest products 47 Figure 18: Illegal logging 47 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Composition of terrestrial vertebrates in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve 13 Table Structure of species composition in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve 13 Table 3: Population and inhabitant density under the management of buffer zone communes 15 Table 4: Ethnic composition of buffer zone communes 16 Table 5: Camera-trap station ID in the Quang Nam Saola NR 24 Table 7: General station information 26 Table 8: The number of rare mammal species was recorded in the Quang Nam SNR 27 Table List of mammal species recorded by camera traps 30 Table 10 The comparision of mammal species in Kon Ka Kinh NP, Ba Na - Nui Chua NR and Quang Nam Saola NR 32 Table 11 The number of photos and frequency of captured animals recorded by camera traps 33 Table 12: The number of rare mammal species was recorded in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve 44 Table 13: The main threats to protected areas 46 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS WWF World Wide Fund for Nature NTFPs Non-timber forest products NP National Park IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature NR Nature Reserve SNR Saola Nature Reserve CAL Central Annamites Landscape FIPI Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning IEBR Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources IZW Institue for Zoo and Wildlife Research asl average sea level ABSTRACT This study was conducted on investigating the diversity of mammalian fauna in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve The Quang Nam SNR has a high diversity of forest ecosystems, the fauna and flora species However, there has been limited update on the changes in composition, number of species, the threats to the species and habitat The objectives of this study are to determine the diversity species of mammals, especially in the presence of the mammals, the conservation values of the species and the threats to the species and habitats The main method for data collection is „camera-trapping‟ in the study field During the period from 2018.05.01 to 2018 08.30, 25 camera trap locations were established for the coarse grid phase and 30 camera trap locations were established for the fine grid phased, resulting in 6,655 camera trap nights From these efforts, at least 19 mammal species species were photographed These results include several species with high conservation value for the Central Annamites landscape, including two Annamite endemics, the Annamite dark muntjac (Muntiacus truongsonensis) and Annamite striped rabbit In addition to wildlife surveys, the teams recorded human activities in the forest, including illegal activities such as hunting Snares were found throughout the study area These activities have profoundly and negatively impacted the wildlife of the Quang Nam SNR PART I: INTRODUCTION Vietnam is considered one of the Southeast Asia richest in biodiversity and ranked as the 16th among the highest biodiversity country in the world (Joao et al., 2013) Due to the large differences in climate, from the equatorial to the sub-tropical regions, along with the diversity of topography The discovery of the Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) by WWF and Vietnamese scientists in Vu Quang Nature Reserve, Ha Tinh Province in 1992 (Neville Kemp et al., 1997) drew the world‟s attention to the biodiversity associated with this mountain chain at the first time From then on, the state and government, international organizations have researched on a number of ecological characteristics, distribution of Saola and concluded that it is an endemic ungulate of Central Annamites, only in central Vietnam and Laos (Le Trong Trai et al., 2013) Since that first remarkable discovery, many other new species have been found, including a number of large mammals such as the large-antlered (giant) and muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis) and the Annamites striped rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi) These findings highlight the Central Annamites as one of the world‟s most remarkable (Le Trong Trai et al., 2013) The Central Annamites Landscape (CAL) has been identified through a systematic global prioritisation process as one of the world most important areas for biodiversity conservation In recognition of the importance of the landscape and the need for an integrated, comprehensive approach to the conservation of the landscape, a major conservation initiative for Central Annamites Landscape was launched by WWF However, the survey initially of WWF, Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning (FIPI), Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) and many foreign scientists showed that is one of the Saola distribution also presented in CAL of high biodiversity value and need protection Moreover, due to the topographic characteristics and the richness of biodiversity, this area has become the target state of logging, hunting and exploitation of natural resources beyond the timber of people in the region as well as from other places, state encroachment of forest land for cultivation, causing loss of biodiversity and direct threat to the habitat of Saola and other species important for conservation To address those issues, the establishment of a nature reserve is very essential in this area In the 13th July 2012, Quang Nam People‟s Committee issued Decision No 2265/QD-UBND approved the proposal on the establishment of the Saola Nature Reserve in CAL Besides, other measures including camera trapping used for conserving the biodiversity and habitat of this area are established The establishment of Saola NR is significant when it is found that Saola NR is the home to many rare and endangered terrestrial mammal with high economic and scientific value such as Annamite Dark Muntjac (Muntiacus truongsonensis), Red-shanked douc langurs (Pygathix nemacus), Grey-shanked douc langurs (Pygathix cinereus), Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata) In the past, some previous studies were conducted in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve such as “The survey report on the Saola species (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) in the Arec village, Tay Giang district” of Quang Nam Provincial Forest Protection Department in (1996)– recognized the signs of the skull, horn of the Saola in the village and interviewed local people; “A study on Saola, ungulates and primates in the Avuong commune, Tay Giang district and Song Kon commune, Dong Giang district” of MOSAIC project (Barney Long, Minh Hoang), WWF Vietnam from 2000 to 2006, “Survey on the biological characteristics and cause habitat degradation of Saola” of many scientists such as Do Tuoc (2007), Nguyen Xuan Dang (2007) The previous studies were implemented by traditional methods (observation, visual recognition), there has been still limited to nocturnal species, especially small mammals group Nowadays, the camera trapping method becomes increasingly popular The improvement of technology and cost-benefit (Rowcliffe et al., 2008) makes this method widely used among researchers purposely to detect species presence (Tobler et al., 2008), to estimate the community structure and diversity (Ahumada et al., 2011), and to determine the REFERENCES [1] Abramov, A T (2008) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:dx.doi.org/10 2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41209A10412274.en [2] Ahumada, J S (2011) Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: data from a global camera trap network Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2703–2711 [3] Alexander O Averianov, A V (2000) A new species of Nesolagus (Lagomorpha, Leporidae) from Vietnam with osteological description Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, No3, [4] Barney Long, M H (2005) A conservation assessment of Quang Nam province Tam Ky, Vietnam: WWF Indochina and Quang Nam Forest Protection Department [5] Burton, A E (2015) Wildlife camera trapping: a review and recommendations for linking surveys to ecological processes Journal of Applied Ecology [6] Camera Traps in Animal 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333-338 [16] Karanth, K U (2003) Tiger ecology and conservation in the India subcontinent Bombay Natural History Society , 169-189 [17] Karanth, K U., J D Nichols, N S Kumar, and J E Hines (2006) Assessing tiger population dynamics using photographic capture-recapture sampling Ecology, 29252937 [18] Khôi, L V (2000) List of mammal species in Vietnam NXB Agriculture, Hanoi [19] Laurance, W F (1994) Photographic identification of ground-nest predators in Australian tropical rainforest Wildlife Research, 241-248 [20] Le Trong Trai, D T (2013) HUNTING AND COLLECTING PRACTICES IN THE CENTRAL TRUONG SON LANDSCAPE Hanoi: Central Truong Son Initiative Report No.7 [21] Leibniz-IZW (June 2018) Studying terrestrial mammals in tropical forests Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Leibniz-IZW) [22] Lon Grassman, A M (2006) Activity periods of photo-captured mammals in north central Thailand Mammalia [23] Major, R E (1994) An inexpensive photographic technique for identifying nest predators on active nests of birds Wildlife Research, 657-666 [24] Manh, P (2011, 8) Retrieved from http://www.tinmoitruong.vn/dong-vat/Bay-anhduoc-bay-loai-thu-o-Vuon-Quoc-gia-Chu-Yang-Sin_19_2926_1.html [25] Manh, P (2011, 8) Photo traps seven species of mammals in Chu Yang Sin National Park Retrieved from http://www.tinmoitruong.vn/dong-vat/Bay-anh-duoc-bay-loaithu-o-Vuon-Quoc-gia-Chu-Yang-Sin_19_2926_1.html [26] Marc Ancrenaz, A J (2012) In Handbook for wildlife monitoring using camera-trap [27] Marcus Rowcliffe, J F (2008) Estimating animal density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition Applied Ecology, 1228-1236 doi:10.1111/j.13652664.2008.01473.x [28] Peter Newton, N V (2008) Pangolins in peril: using local hunters knowledge to conserve elusive species in Vietnam Endangered species research, 41-53 [29] Rowcliffe, J & (2008) Surveys using camera traps: are we looking to a Animal Conservation, 185-186 [30] Swamn, T L (1999) Using Remote Photography in Wildlife Ecology: A Review Wildlife Society [31] Thu, H (2014, 21) Finding a bear in Quangnam Retrieved https://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/phat-hien-gau-ngua-o-quang-nam3020751.html from [32] Thuc, K (2013, 11 14) Retrieved from https://news.zing.vn/phat-hien-voi-mau-hong-kydi-o-thai-lan-post319507.html [33] Tobler, C L (2008) An evaluation of camera traps for inventorying large- and mediumsized terrestrial rainforest mammals The Zoological Society of London, 169-178 [34] Tobler, M C (2008) An evaluation of cameras traps for inventorying large- and medium-sized terrestrial rainforest mammals Animal Conservation, 169–178 [35] Ullas, K K (1995) Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from camera-trap data using capture-recapture models Biological Conservation, 333-338 APPENDIX INTERVIEW GUIDELINES (VIETNAMESE VERSION) Phiếu vấn loài thú móng guốc dãy núi Trung Trường Sơn Mức độ thường xuyên vào rừng ông/bà? lần/tháng lần/ tháng lần/tháng lần/tháng Khác ………………………………………………………………………… Ơng/bà thường hay theo nhóm? Nếu theo nhóm thường người?…… Khi rừng ơng/ bà nhìn thấy (gặp) lồi thú chưa? Có thể kể tên (tên địa phương) mơ tả hình dáng/ màu sắc lồi đó? Khu vực ông/bà hay bắt gặp thú xuất hiện? Thú ông/bà thường gặp rừng? Theo ơng/bà, số lượng lồi thú so với 10 năm trước nào? Suy giảm nhiều/ Không suy giảm? Tăng nhiều hơn? Theo ông/bà, có mối đe dọa tồn lồi thú VQG? Ơng/bà có nhìn thấy lồi Thú bị dính bẫy chưa? Thông tin người vấn: Họ tên… / Thơn……… / Độ tuổi……./ Giới tính……./ Nghề nghiệp… Appendix 1: Camera traps station in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve Station Region Site Grid VN2000_N VN2000_E Elevation Date_setup Date_retrieval vsc26 Vietnam Saola coarse 776629 1774738 999 1-May-18 3-Jul-18 vsc27 Vietnam Saola coarse 779336 1775092 851 1-May-18 3-Jul-18 vsc28 Vietnam Saola coarse 764152 1772447 1091 1-May-18 3-Jul-18 vsc29 Vietnam Saola coarse 766990 1772465 835 2-May-18 6-Jul-18 vsc32 Vietnam Saola coarse 774320 1772520 754 3-May-18 3-Jul-18 vsc33 Vietnam Saola coarse 777066 1772511 779 7-May-18 6-Jul-18 vsc34 Vietnam Saola coarse 779249 1772423 751 8-May-18 7-Jul-18 vsc35 Vietnam Saola coarse 781803 1772481 776 9-May-18 8-Jul-18 vsc36 Vietnam Saola coarse 784203 1772399 1208 9-May-18 8-Jul-18 vsc37 Vietnam Saola coarse 791836 1772226 1030 10-May-18 9-Jul-18 vsc39 Vietnam Saola coarse 766733 1770110 760 11-May-18 10-Jul-18 vsc40 Vietnam Saola coarse 769247 1770035 738 8-May-18 8-Jul-18 vsc41 Vietnam Saola coarse 771613 1769773 1021 6-May-18 5-Jul-18 vsc42 Vietnam Saola coarse 774116 1770015 1130 9-May-18 8-Jul-18 vsc44 Vietnam Saola coarse 781800 1769992 1304 7-May-18 6-Jul-18 vsc45 Vietnam Saola coarse 784274 1770157 822 2-May-18 6-Jul-18 vsc46 Vietnam Saola coarse 786743 1769994 1008 9-May-18 8-Jul-18 vsc47 Vietnam Saola coarse 789183 1770033 1164 11-May-18 9-Jul-18 vsc48 Vietnam Saola coarse 791723 1770076 637 3-May-18 5-Jul-18 vsc49 Vietnam Saola coarse 794459 1770065 482 4-May-18 6-Jul-18 vsc50 Vietnam Saola coarse 781958 1767731 820 12-May-18 10-Jul-18 vsc51 Vietnam Saola coarse 784096 1767581 781 13-May-18 10-Jul-18 vsc52 Vietnam Saola coarse 786921 1767430 936 12-May-18 9-Jul-18 vsc53 Vietnam Saola coarse 789316 1767927 1028 8-May-18 10-Jul-18 vsc54 Vietnam Saola coarse 791914 1767489 522 13-May-18 7-Jul-18 Station Region Site Grid UTM_N UTM_E Elevation Date_setup Date_retrieval VSF01 Vietnam Saola fine 765312 1776341 326 15-Jul-18 20-Aug-18 VSF02 Vietnam Saola fine 765808 1776334 450 15-Jul-18 21-Aug-18 VSF03 Vietnam Saola fine 765294 1775833 415 15-Jul-18 22-Aug-18 VSF04 Vietnam Saola fine 765886 1775863 680 15-Jul-18 23-Aug-18 VSF05 Vietnam Saola fine 766704 1776220 549 15-Jul-18 21-Aug-18 VSF06 Vietnam Saola fine 767170 1776237 606 15-Jul-18 22-Aug-18 VSF07 Vietnam Saola fine 766696 1775905 648 15-Jul-18 23-Aug-18 VSF08 Vietnam Saola fine 767238 1775955 694 15-Jul-18 24-Aug-18 VSF09 Vietnam Saola fine 768283 1776208 638 14-Jul-18 22-Aug-18 VSF10 Vietnam Saola fine 768652 1776345 430 14-Jul-18 23-Aug-18 VSF11 Vietnam Saola fine 768263 1775779 434 14-Jul-18 24-Aug-18 VSF12 Vietnam Saola fine 768831 1775870 448 14-Jul-18 25-Aug-18 VSF13 Vietnam Saola fine 769644 1776232 235 12-Jul-18 19-Aug-18 VSF14 Vietnam Saola fine 770195 1776253 465 12-Jul-18 20-Aug-18 VSF15 Vietnam Saola fine 769748 1775814 289 12-Jul-18 21-Aug-18 VSF16 Vietnam Saola fine 770282 1775980 360 12-Jul-18 22-Aug-18 VSF27 Vietnam Saola fine 768103 1774388 661 16-Jul-18 25-Aug-18 VSF28 Vietnam Saola fine 768787 1774250 613 16-Jul-18 25-Aug-18 VSF29 Vietnam Saola fine 769877 1774859 281 11-Jul-18 19-Aug-18 VSF30 Vietnam Saola fine 770244 1774837 288 11-Jul-18 20-Aug-18 VSF31 Vietnam Saola fine 769780 1774377 307 11-Jul-18 21-Aug-18 VSF32 Vietnam Saola fine 770366 1774336 347 11-Jul-18 22-Aug-18 VSF33 Vietnam Saola fine 765274 1773358 833 13-Jul-18 23-Aug-18 VSF34 Vietnam Saola fine 765703 1773325 849 13-Jul-18 24-Aug-18 VSF35 Vietnam Saola fine 765201 1772786 823 13-Jul-18 25-Aug-18 VSF36 Vietnam Saola fine 765722 1772821 768 13-Jul-18 26-Aug-18 VSF37 Vietnam Saola fine 766765 1773320 723 14-Jul-18 27-Aug-18 VSF38 Vietnam Saola fine 767230 1773295 749 14-Jul-18 28-Aug-18 VSF39 Vietnam Saola fine 766715 1772859 87 14-Jul-18 29-Aug-18 VSF40 Vietnam Saola fine 767250 1772862 704 14-Jul-18 30-Aug-18 VSF41 Vietnam Saola fine 768246 1773436 725 10-Jul-18 20-Aug-18 Appendix 2: Mammal species which were photographed by camera traps in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve from May to August 2018 No Scientific name Common name Coarse Fine IUCN grid grid Red List Northern treeshrew X X LC SCANDENTA Tupaiidae Tupaia belangeri PRIMATES Cercopithecidae Macaca arctoides Stump-tailed macaque X X VU Macaca leonina Northern pig-tailed X X VU macaque CARNIVORA Mustelidae Martes flavigula Yellow-throated marten X X LC Melogale sp Ferret badger X X DD Viverridae Paguma larvata Masked palm civet X LC Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common palm civet X LC Prionodon pardicolor Spotted linsang X X LC Crab-eating mongoose X X LC Leopard cat X X LC Wild boar X X LC Muntiacus Dark muntjac species X X DD truongsonensis/rooselvetorum* complex Herpestidae Herpestes urva Felidae 10 Prionailurus bengalensis ARTIODACTYLA Suidae 11 Sus scrofa Cervidae 12 13 Muntiacus vaginalis Red muntjac X X LC Chinese serow X X NT Pangolin X CR X LC X LC X LC X DD Bovidae 14 Capricornis milneedwardsii PHOLIDOTA Manidae 15 Manis sp RODENTIA Hystricidae 16 Hystrix brachyura Malayan porcupine 17 Atherurus macrourus Asiatic brush-tailed X porcupine Sciuridae 18 Dremomys rufigenis Asian red-cheeked squirrel LAGOMORPHA Leporidae 19 Nesolagus timminsi Annamite striped rabbit X Note: LC- Least Concern, VU-Vulnerable, DD-Data Deficient, NT-Near Threatened Some pictures were taken during the field trip From top left to bottom right: Red muntjac, Yellow throated marten, Annamite dark muntjac, Pangolin From top left to bottom right: Northern pig-tailed macaque, Annamite striped rabbit, Stump-tailed macaque, Asiatic brushtailed porcupine From top left to bottom right: Common palm civet, crab-eating mongoose, leopard cat, wild boar From top left to bottom right: Northern treeshrew, Ferret badger, Masked palm civet, Spotted linsang From top left to bottom: Malayan porcupine, Chineses serow, Asian red-cheeked squirrel ... understanding of the diversity of the terrestrial mammal? ??s fauna in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve by using camera traps 2.2 Research objectives  To determine the distribution and status of the terrestrial. .. above, I proceed to implement the topic: ? ?Assessment of the diversity of the terrestrial mammal fauna using camera traps in Saola Nature Reserve, Quang Nam province. ” PART II: GOAL AND OBJECTIVES... conducted on investigating the diversity of mammalian fauna in the Quang Nam Saola Nature Reserve The Quang Nam SNR has a high diversity of forest ecosystems, the fauna and flora species However, there