The Objective of the dissertation : Make a checklist of the macro fungi species; evaluate diversity of species composition, resource value of macro fungi; created a checklist for classification of indentified species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND VIETNAM ACADEMY TRAINING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRAN THI PHU RESEARCH ON THE MACRO FUNGI MYXOMYCOTA, ASCOMYCOTA, BASIDIOMYCOTA IN NGOC LINH MOUNTAIN, QUANG NAM PROVINCE Major: Botany Code: 9.42.01.11 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI – 2018 The thesis is completed at: Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Supervisors: Prof Dr Sc TRINH TAM KIET Assoc Prof Dr NGUYEN KHAC KHOI Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The doctoral thesis will be defended at the Evaluation Committee of Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Time: Date… month … 2018 This thesis can be found at: - The library of Graduate University of Science and Technology; - National Library of Vietnam Introduction Rationale The kingdom fungi contains heterogeneous organisms, with over 100,000 described species (Kirk P.M, 2008), however, as expected Hawksworth (2001) the number of fungal species can be up to 1,500,000 species Fungi are very meaningful in practice, many species make food: Volvariella, Auricularia, Pleurotus; medicinal products: Ganoderma luc, Trametes versicolor, Cordyceps etc applied in pharmaceutical technology In science, many species (Lentinus tigrinus, Schizophyllum commune) is the subject of studies on physiology, biochemistry and genetics Besides, there are many species of fungi that harm plants and animals, some poisonous fungus cause coma and death for human Researches on macrofungi in Central Vietnam have been mentioned such as Patouillard, N (1923, 1928), Joly P (1968), Ngo A (2003), Dörfelt, H., Trinh T.K, Berg, A (2004) etc, However, fungus research is still limited, so collecting and classifying fungus in the Central and Highlands has significant scientific and practical significance In Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, not has studied the macro fungi Therefore, "Research on the macro fungi Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province" is a necessary to identify and contribute to the protection of the diversity of species composition, the rational use of resources, the protection of rare genetic resources for the Vietnam mushroom complex The Objective of the dissertation - Make a checklist of the macro fungi species; - Evaluate diversity of species composition, resource value of macro fungi; - Created a checklist for classification of indentified species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Scientific and practical significance For the first time, the research provides a checklist of the macro fungi species, evaluate of diversity of species composition, resource value of the macro fungi, constructs identification key, and describes the new species of fungus recorded for the genera and the valuable species macro fungi of the Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Vietnam Layout of the dissertation The dissertation consists of 150 pages, 65 images, and 12 tables Introduction (2 pages), Chapter 1: Literature review (16 pages), Chapter 2: Object, content, research methods and natural, social conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province (13 pages), Chapter 3: Results and discussion (106 pages), Conclusions and recommendations (3 pages), References (9 pages), List of author’s publications Chapter Literature review 1.1 Some main mushroom systems Mushroom systems of Gaümann (1964); Kreisel (1969); Ainsworth, Bisby (1971); Kirk P.M “Dictionary of the fungi” (2008); Trinh T.K (2014) “Check-list macro fungi in Viet Nam” 1.2 Macro fungi research in Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in the world Before the XIX century, in the world Théophraste and Aristote studied Tuberaceae and Agaricaceae Linnaeus with “Species plantarum”, some species of fungus have been mentioned De Bary A., (1887) in London “Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria”, compared the characteristics of fungi, animals and bacteria The XX century, in New Zealand, Cunningham G.H., (1965) announced 550 species the Polypore Corner E.J.H., research “Ad Polyporaceas II, III, IV” described of morphology, key to species of the Polypocre Donk M.A., (1967) described, identificated key to species of the Polypocre in Europe In 1970, Teng S.C., described 2400 species, 601 genera, classes Rolf Singer, (1986) with “The Agaricales in modern taxonomy”, described morphology, structure and spore the 230 genera, 17 families, the Agaricales Zhao Ji-Ding, (1989) in “The Ganodermataceae in China”, described hyphae, spores and identification key to Ganoderma with 64 species, Amauroderma with 20 species, Haddowia and Humphreya with species The theme "Pilze der Schweiz" for 25 years of Breitenbach J and Kraenzlin F generalized the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota of Switzerland The XXI century: Mao Xiaolan (2000) published “The Macro fungi in China”, described morphology, structure hyphae, spores Heikki K described and identificated key to 139 the Polypore in Russia Zmitrovich I.V (2012), found identification key to 63 species, genera Trametes Dưrfelt, Heinrich, (2014) with “Morphologie der Grpilze” described morphology macro fungi: surface, hymenophore, skeletal hyphe, hyphe, spores, hole, the stratification of the tube etc In Brazil Gomes-Silva A.C (2015), analysed morphology and molecular of 20 species, the genera Amauroderma, new species for science In 2017, Ginns J with “Polypores of British Columbia” described the morphological characteristics of 200 species the polypore: surface, hyphe, hymenophore, spores etc and construct identification key 1.3 Macro fungi research in Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Vietnam Macro fungi research in Vietnam: Patouillard N.M with volumes of mushroom publications 1876-1924, described 235 species have been recognized 44 species for Vietnam Joly P (1968), in Lang-Bian, described 20 species, genus, Xylaria In 1986, Parmasto E summarized 310 species in the "Preliminary Catalog of Fungi Aphyllophorales and Polyporaeae s.str Vietnam" Research on mushrooms in the North with typical works: Trinh T.K (1981) published "Macro fungi of Viet Nam", describing 116 species In 1991, Phan H.D announced 56 species A checklist 837 species of macrofungi of Vietnam “Preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Vietnam” by Trinh T.K in 1996 Trinh T.K and Trinh T.B (2008) identified checklist 210 species of medicinal fungus In the Central region, Ngo A (2003) identified in Hue classes, 28 orders, 55 families, 134 genera, 346 species, new record: family the Gomphidiaceae, genera, 39 species Ngo A., and Nguyen T.K.C., (2013) identified 162 species, 63 genera, 30 families, 18 orders, divisions the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, 21 species new record Ngo A., and Phan T.A.L (2017) identified 305 species, 92 genera, 43 families, 23 orders, classes, divisions the Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, 42 new record species In highlands: Le B.D (2001), with "Highlands macro fungi system" introduced basic knowledge, methods and descriptions of 300 species of mushrooms Nguyen P.D.N (2013) recorded three new species the Ganodermataceae Pham T.H.G recorded 51 species, 23 families, orders, in Chu Yang Sin National Park In 2016, Le B.D studied genus Coprinus in Lam Vien, including species Nguyen P.D.N (2017) described species, genus Boletus, recorded two new species In the South Vietnam, Le X.T., with "Development of mushroom production on the basis of investigating mushroom museum in Cat Tien National Park" from 2004-2009 identified 370 species, 128 genera, 45 families, 22 orders Le X.T (2010) published "Fungi in technology and environmental transformation" describing the morphology, microscopic structure of Ganodermataceae Cat Tien in 2013 Tran T.M.H (2017) with “Myxomycetes of Vietnam”, described of the book 56 species of Myxomycetes for Vietnam Special, in book of "Macro fungi of Vietnam", Trinh T.K has showed a macro fungi system, character analysis, methods of collection, storage, classification, biodiversity, ecological analysis, life style etc , described the fungal species of the divisions Myxomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with about 1821 species, over 1,000 illustrations Currently, in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, no has studied the macro fungi, so researching the macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province is a very important and necessary task Chapter Object content, research methods and natural, conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 2.1 Object, research location Macro fungi of the divisions Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Bosidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province; communes in Nam Tra My district 2.2 Research content Study on morphology and structure of the microscope; Develop a list of species composition; Diverse research; Analysis of resource value; Construction of identification keys; Describe some new species, valuable species 2.3 Research methods Methods of collection, processing, analysis, and classification by Hanns Kreisel (1975), Singer R (1986), Zhao J.D (1989), Gilbertson R.L & Ryvarden L (1993), Trinh T.K (2011-2013) List of macro fungi sorted by Kirk P.M (2008), Trinh T.K (2014) Diversity of living methods, geographic factors, resource values: inheritance of existing data, folk surveys, traditional experience 2.4 Natural conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Geographical location: communes in Nam Tra My district, Quang Nam province Topographic features: slope 25°, height 1,600-1,800 m, mountain straight strip Land features: thin earth layer, carpet layer, humus 30-50 cm Characteristics of rivers, hydrography: upstream of Tranh river The flow of rivers and streams varies with the season, the flow of the flood season is twice the dry season Climate features: North-Southwest monsoon, tropical climate, subtropical: high rainfall and humidity, evaporation and low temperatures Natural forest characteristics: complex, strong separates, rugged mountains, narrow valleys, rich populations of plants In lowland, tropical evergreen moist forest type, dense, multi-storey wide leaves The higher the type of forest subtropical evergreen closed forest, bamboo Forests also have many specialties Many animals (wild boar, goose, gill, squirrel, etc) Chapter Results and Discussion 3.1 Morphological and microscopic feature of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota 3.1.1 Morphological characteristics of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Fruiting body: the Myxogastria: globose (Fuligo septic), a pelviform, (Physarum pezizoideum), long cylindriform (Stemonitis longa) etc The Ascocarp: split to lobes (Hypocrea peltata), substrale push close (Annulohypoxylon annulatum), spherical (Daldinia concentrica), cylindrical (Xylaria longipes) etc The Basidiocarp: dermatoid (Stereum rugosum), wood stratiform (Perenniporia martia), unguliform (Phellinus chrysoloma), pulvinoid (Ganoderma phillipii), lumpsform (Phellinus pomaceus), high foundation (Phellinus robiniae), fanform (Microporus affinis), Shellfishform (Amauroderma scopulosum), shallow hopper form (Panus conchatus), tuberous form (Scleroderma verrucosum), actimiform (Geastrum fimbriatum), egg-shaped (Bovista pila), umbraculiform (Amanita aff xanthogala), cone form (Leucocoprinus birnbaumii), round umbraculiform (Russula emetica), campaniforma (Marasmius siccus), retiform (Phallus multicolor) etc Fruiting color: The Myxomycota: a sallow (Fuligo septic), blue (Physarum pezizoideum), green gold (Physarum viride) etc Ascomycota: light pink (Hypocrea peltata), blue black (Annulohypoxylon annulatum), red (Cookenia tricholoma) etc Basidiomycota: black (Nigrofomes melanoporus), pale brown (Ganoderma lobatum), reddish brown (Fomitopsis pinicola), Orange (Pycnoporus sanguineus), yellow (Inocybe asterospora), white (Coprinellus disseminates), purple (Scleroderma citrinum), colorful (Trametes versicolor) etc Fruiting size: Myxomycota: small 2-4 mm Arcyria incarnata, great 5-20 mm Stemonitis longa, Ascomycota: small 2-4 mm Annulohypoxylon annulatum, medium 4-10 mm Pithya cupressina, more than cm Xylaria longipes Basidiomycota: small 1-3 cm (Amauroderma), medium 3-20 cm (Fomitopsis, Trametes), larger than 10 cm (G.australe, N.melasola) Fruiting surface: smooth (G.sessile), smooth shine (G.fuvellum), smooth and veined (Microporus xanthopus), concentric belt (G.australe), cracked bird's legs (G.tornatum), rough hair (Trichaptum biforme), fine hair (Auricularia auricula- judae), thorn hair (Hexagonia tenuis), fixed hair (Pholiota aurivella), scutellum (Auricularia cornea), scutellum tiger dermatoid (Lentinus tigrinus) etc Hymenophor: plicate form, tubate form or serate form, lamenlan form Plicateform (Cymatoderma), flange, beak ridge (Auricularia mesenterica) Tubateform: Hymenophor formed farion including a unistrale hyphe (Ganoderma luteomarginatum), a bifarious hyphe (G.australe), multifarious hyphe (Perenniporia martia), the fungus tabulate grow up next husband (Nigrofomes melanoporus), centrical multifarious laminar tissue (G.applanatum) Tube construction structure: structure to pycnoxytic (Phellinus, Nigrofomes), matter tough lie in genus Trametes, colloid after drying farion keratose (Fomitopsis) Some species in genus Aureoboletus, Boletus The Fungus tabulate grows steadily into the tissue, just lying on the flat surface so it is easy to separate Hymenophor a lamenla form including: generative laminate (Volvariella), concave laminate (Inocybe asterospora), bipartition laminate (Schizophyllum commune), laminate reduced tendonform, carinateform (Anthracophyllum archeri), rivulone laminate (Macrocybe giganteus), integration laminate concave tendonform, rugose, free genera Agaricus, Pluteus, think laminate, close together, a peripterous pedicel genus Lentinus Fungus tissue: layers of tissue a homochromatic with hymenophor the Phellinus, layers of tissue heterochromia the Ganoderma Fungus tissue hyphae trimitic, skleretiv hyphe (Phellinus, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis), matter tough, durable lie in (Trametes), colloid the Auricularia, Tremella, after drying farion keratose, tough cuticle Lentinus, genus Panus, monomitic hyphe parenchymal tissue, slime, shrinkage, change at dry time, tendrer sarcoplasm fragile the genera Russula Fungus smell sarcoplasm: dried fish Ischnoderma sp, dried squid Lentinula, fragrant sweet smell Pleurotus, Macrolepiota albuminosa, acinidity malodous Chlorophyllum, bad-egg odouur Boletus, Aureoboletus Fungus taste sarcoplasm: sweet Macrolepiota albuminosa, before the bitter after the sweet Ganoderma lucidum, salty taste G.subresinosum Spore in: color: white, black, pink, yellow, orange, brown, red, blue, purple Fungi stalk: stalt a atelomitic (Amauroderma guangxiense), stalt a no proofreaing or a dorsiferous (A.preussii), stalk a adnate (A.exile) Stalk color: same color with basidiocarp, some stalk color with basidiocarp, eg species Microporus affinis, yellow hooded black stalk Stalk surface: slippery stalk (Amauroderma), a cyclo brachiate, no bag (Chlorophyllum hortense), have bag, not round (Volvariella volvacea), plumulata (Lepiota cristata), squamule (Leucocoprinus birnbaumii), firm lignin (Amauroderma), sarcoplasm (Agaricus, Lepiota), porous, hollow (Coprinus, Russula) Stalk body: cylinder (Amauroderma), bulge in the abdomen (Amanita aff xanthogala), rhizoid (Hymenopellis megalospora) Stalk size: long (Amauroderma preussii), short (Ganoderma pfeifferi), to big (G.tropicum, G.gibbosum), small (Microporus xanthopus) 3.1.2 Some microscopic characteristics of macro fungi of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Hyphesystem: generative hyphe: a polycystid horizontal partition (Cymatoderma), a key (Polyporus arcularius) Skleretiv hyphe (Phellinus), the lignin (Ganoderma), skin substance (Stereum) Bindel hyphe: a thick membranous share multiple branches, short, zigzag, no key, a noendoplasmic, size 1-6 µm Hymenium: the Myxomycota not hymenium, only agency spores to bring Ascus: Reproduction is usually at the bottom of ascocarpe, perithetium, or on the ascocarpe a lamelliform, diskform, acetabuliform They usually form a fence, made up of ascus, paraphysa and periphysa Ascospores: Spores are decorated by folds in length Cookeina sulcipes, vertical line (C.tricoloma), big drop of oil (Pithya) etc Basidie: Holobasidie (Hymenomyces, Gasteromycetes), obovoid (Ganoderma lucidum), maceform (Pleurotus pulmonarius, Lentinula edodes), oval truncate (Ganoderma capense), in a basidie have sterigma or sterigma Phragmobasidie there are vertical membranes forming cells or formed horizontal baffles, forming cells in succession Size: Macro 43-53 x 4-5 µm 11 Funalia caperata, F sanguinaria; Daedaleopsis confragosa, D tricolor; Hexagonia apiaria, H tenuis, H variegata; Cellulariella acuta; Microporus affinis, M xanthopus; Nigrofomes melanoporus; Perenniporia fraxinea, P fraxinophila, P martia, Perenniporia sp.; Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, P sanguineus; Earliella scabrosa; Trametes cingulata, T cubensis, T elegans, T gibbosa, T hirsuta, T meyenii, T modesta, T ochracea, T orientalis, T palisotii, T pubescens, T robiniophila, T suaveolens, T strumosa, T trogii, T versicolor, T vernicipes, T villosa; Leiotrametes lactinea; Trametopsis cervina; Tyromyces chioneus; Aurantiporus fissilis; Polyporus arcularius, P grammocephalus; Neofavolus alveolaris; Cerioporus leptocephalus, C meridionalis, C squamosus; Picipes melanopus; Nigroporus vinosus; Favolus tenuiculus; Lentinus levis, L polychrous, L sajor-caju, L squarrosulus, L tigrinus, L velutinus, Lentinus sp.; Panus conchatus, P neostrigosus, P rudis, P similis 15 Gloeophyllales: Gloeophyllaceae: Gloeophyllum sepiarium 16 Agaricales: Schizophyllaceae: Schizophyllum commune; Pleurotaceae: Pleurotus ostreatus, P.pulmonarius; Marasmiaceae: Anthracophyllum archeri, A.discolor; Trogia infundibuliformis, T venenata; Marasmius siccus; Omphalotaceae: Marasmiellus candidus, M ramealis; Lentinula edodes; Mycenaceae: Favolaschia cyatheae; Mycena arcangeliana, M inclinata, M olivaceomarginata, Porotheleaceae: M parsonsiae, M Phloeomana alba; polyadelpha, M Physalacriaceae: tenerrima; Hymenopellis megalospora; Hydnangiaceae: Laccaria laccata; Tricholomataceae: Macrocybe crassa, M gigantea; Amanitaceae: Amanita cokeri, A rubescens, A aff xanthogala; Agaricaceae: brunneoincarnata, L Agaricus cristata, L augustus, erminea; A placomyces; Leucocoprinus Lepiota birnbaumii, L.cepistipes, L cretaceu; Leucoagaricus americanus, L.crystallifer, L leucothites, L aff rubrotinctus; Chlorophyllum brunneum, C hortense, C molybdites; Macrolepiota albuminosa; Bovista pila, B plumbea, Bovista sp.; Calvatia lilacina, Calvatia sp.; Lycoperdon molle, L perlatum, L pyriforme, Lycoperdon sp.; Cyathus striatus; Disciseda sp.; Coprinaceae: Coprinus comatus, C 12 fuscescens; Pluteaceae: Volvariella volvacea; Psathyrellaceae: Coprinellus angulatus, C callinus, C disseminatus; Coprinopsis atramentaria, C bellula, C lagopus, C nivea, C picacea; Parasola conopilus, P plicatilis; Psathyrella candolleana, P melanthina, P sathyrella, P phegophila, P.spadiceogrisea; Strophariaceae: Agrocybe pediades, Pholiota aurivella, P.squarrosa; Stropharia albivelata; Bolbitiaceae: Conocybe tenera 17 Cortinariales: Hymenogasteraceae: Cortinariaceae: Cortinarius flexipes, C.orellanus; Gymnopilus aeruginosus, G.luteofolius; Hebeloma laterinum; Inocybaceae: Inocybe asterospora, I.rimosa; Crepidotus hygrophanus 18 Russulales: Stereaceae: Stereum complicatum, S.hirsutum, S.lacunosum, S.lobatum, S.ostrea, S.rugosum; Aleurodiscus disciformis; Bondarzewiaceae: Heterobasidion insulare; Russulaceae: Russula cystidiosa, R.emetica, R.paludosa, R.rosea, R.sanguinaria, R.xerampelina 19 Boletales: Serpulaceae: Serpula lacrymans; Boletaceae: Boletus sp: Scleroderma bovista, S.cepa, S.citrinum, S.polyrhizum, S.verrucosum; Tapinellaceae: Pseudomerulius aureus 20 Geastrales: Geastraceae: Geastrum fimbriatum, G.floriforme, G.rufescens, G.saccatum 21 Phallales: Phallaceae: Phallus indusiatus, P.multicolor 3.2.2 General characteristics of the macro fungi species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Species composition: 300 species, 121 genera, 48 families, 21 orders, classes of macro fungi (Myxomycota: species, genera, families, orders, classes; Ascomycota: 11 species, genera, families, orders, classes; Basidiomycota: 282 species, 108 genera, 39 families, 14 orders, classes) Specified names of species, 293 species 3.2.3 The new recorded taxon for the macro fungi for Vietnam new recorded genera, 12 new recorded species of macro fungi for Vietnam 3.3 Diversity macro fungi of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 13 3.3.1 Diversity of species composition Diversity to the extent divisions Table 3.3.1 Distribution of taxon in Divisions N Division o name Myxo Classes Asco Basidio Species % No % No % No % 28 19.0 8.33 4.13 2.33 28.5 14.2 10.42 6.61 11 3.67 39 81.25 108 89.2 282 94 300 100 57 mycota Total Genera No mycota Families % mycota Orders No 42.8 14 100 66.6 21 100 48 100 121 100 Myxomycota: classes (28.57%), orders (19.04%), families (8.33%), genera (4.13%), species (2.33%) Ascomycota: classes (28.57%), orders (14.29%), families (10.42%), genera (6.61%), 11 species (3.67%) Basidiomycota, classes (42.86%), 14 orders (66.67%), 39 families (81.25%), 108 genera (89.26%), 282 species (94%) The Basidiomycota is most dominant Diversity to the extent classis: class taxa have been identified Table 3.3.3 Distribution of taxon classes No Classes name Orders N % o Families No Genera Species % No % No % Myxomycetes 14.29 6.25 3.31 2 Ceratiomyxomycetes 4.76 2.08 0.83 0.33 Sordariomycetes 9.52 6.25 4.13 2.33 Pezizomycetes 4.76 4.16 2.48 1.33 Tremellomycetes 4.76 2.08 0.83 0.66 Dacrymycetes 4.76 2.08 2.48 1.33 Agaricomycetes 12 57.14 37 77.08 104 85.95 276 92 14 Total 21 100 48 100 121 100 300 100 The Agaricomycetes is the great majority with 12 orders (57.14%), 37 families (77.08%), 104 genera (85 95%), 276 species (92%) Diversity to the extent ordo: determined 21 taxon to ordo, shown in the Table Table 3.3.4 Distribution of taxon orders No Order name Families Genera Species No % No % No % Physarales 2.08 1.65 Stemonitales 2.08 0.83 0.33 Trichales 2.08 0.83 0.67 Ceratiomyxomyxales 2.08 0.83 0.33 Hypocreales 4.16 1.65 Xylariales 2.08 2.48 1.33 Pezizales 4.16 2.48 1.33 Tremellales 2.08 0.83 0.67 Dacrymycetales 2.08 2.48 1.33 10 Auriculariales 2.08 0.83 11 Theleforales 2.08 0.83 0.33 12 Cantharellales 2.08 0.83 0.67 13 Hymenochaetales 2.08 5.79 19 6.33 14 Polyporales 8.33 40 33.06 131 43.67 15 Gloeophyllales 2.08 0.83 0.33 16 Agaricales 16 33.33 35 28.93 77 25.67 17 Cortinariales 6.25 4.13 2.67 18 Russulales 6.25 3.31 14 4.67 19 Boletales 8.33 5.79 11 3.67 20 Geastrales 2.08 0.83 1.33 21 Phallales 2.08 0.83 0.67 Total 48 100 121 100 300 100 15 Numeral families/orders, genera/orders, species/orders are 2.29, 5.76, 14.29 means a order has 2.29 families, 5.76 genera, 14.29 species The Agaricales has families taxon most (16 families), the Polyporales (38 genera) and species (131 species) most Numeral genera/families, species/families, species/genera in order are 2.52, 6.25, and 2.47 repectively, mean a family has 2.52 genera, 6.5 species, means a genu has 2.47 species The families contains over 2.52 genera, 6.25 species, the genera contains over 2.47 species are families and genera diverse Table 3.3.7 The families have diversity genera N Family name o Genera No Family name Genera No % No % Polyporaceae 24 19.83 Psathyrellaceae 3.31 Agaricaceae 11 9.09 Dacrymycetaceae 2.48 Fomitopsidaceae 6.61 Marasmiaceae 2.48 Hymenochetaceae 5.79 10 Strophariaceae 2.48 Meruliaceae 3.31 11 Boletaceae 2.48 Ganodermataceae 3.31 12 Xylaryaceae 2.48 Total 77 63.63 12 diversity families include: 77 genera (63.63%), the Polyporaceae most diverse 24 genera (19.83%), family of Ascomycota, the rest of Basidiomycota Table 3.3.8 The families have diversity species N Family name o Species N No % o Family name Species No % Polyporaceae 65 21.67 Psathyllaceae 16 5.33 Ganodermataceae 50 16.67 Fomitopsidaceae 10 3.33 Agaricaceae 28 9.33 Stereaceae 2.33 Hymenochetaceae 19 6.33 195 65 Total families diversity have 191 species (65%), Polyporaceae 65 species (21.67%), Ganodermataceae 50 species (16.67%), they are Basidiomycota 29 Genera diversity is 176 species (58.67%): Ganoderma 34 species (11.33%), 16 Trametes 18 species (6%), Amauroderma 13 species (4.33%), Phellinus species (2.67%), Auricularia, Russula, Lentinus, Coprinopsis, Stereum, Mycena a equal species (2%), Scleroderma, Psathyrella a equal species (1.67%), Panus, Lycoperdon, Geastrum, Perenniporia, Leucoagaricus, a equal species (1.33%), Cymatoderma, Fomitopsis, Coprinellus, Amanita, Cerioporus, Bovista, Cerrena, Leucocoprinus, Lepiota, Hexagonia, Chlorophyllum a equal species (1%) 3.3.2 Diversity of life style of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Table 3.3.10 Diversity of life style of macro fungi No Saprophytic Myxo Asco Basidio fungi mycota mycota mycota Sapro WRSP No % No % No % No % 2.33 106 35.33 122 40.67 phytic SRSP 16 5.33 16 5.33 fungi BRSF 1.67 1.67 61 20.33 63 21 SSP Total 0.67 Parasit PF 6 ic BRPF 57 19 57 19 fungi MPF 6 Sym.F SBF 27 27 282 94 300 100 Total 2,33 11 3,67 Saprophytic fungi: 204 species (68%); Parasitic fungi: 69 species (23%); Symbiotic fungi: 27 species (9%) 3.3.3 Diversity geology constitutive the fungal system of Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Table 3.3.11 Diversity geology constitutive the fungal system of Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province N o Geographic region Myxomy Ascomy Basidiomy cota cota cota Total 17 No Tropical No % No % No % PLTR % 0.33 12 13 4.33 PTR 8.67 23 7.33 26 ATR 9 AATR 1.67 1.67 19 6.33 19 6.33 28 9.33 29 9.67 0.67 0.67 10 3.33 11 3.67 2.33 2.33 VN SASCTR T Subtrop TRSTR Subtropical EA 0.33 STR Temperate ET 0.33 0.67 34 11.33 37 12.33 AT 0.33 13 4.33 14 4.67 ENAT 0.33 13 4.33 14 4.67 11 3.67 11 3.67 17 5.67 18 2.67 2.67 21 27 43 12.33 43 12.33 282 94 300 100 EAT North Ame NAT North hemi NH Cosmopolit CP Geom not F GMNF Total 1.67 2,33 11 0.33 0.33 3,73 Tropical 101 species (33.67%), Paleotropical 13 species, Pantropical 26 species, Asia Tropical 10 species, Asia and Africa Tropical species, Vietnam 19 species, Southeast Asia and South China 29 species; Tropical and Subtropical species (0.67%); Subtropical 18 species (6%); Temperate 81 species (27%), Europe 38 species, Asia 16 species, Europe and North America 14 species, Europe and Asian 11 species; North America and North hemisphere 29 species (9.67%); Cosmopolite 27 species (9%); Geo-material not found 36 species (12.67%) 3.4 The resource value of macro fungi of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Table 3.4.1 The resource value of macro fungi of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh Mountain, Quang Nam Province 18 N Resource value Myxomy Ascomy Basidiomy cota cota cota o No % No % Total No % No % Edible REM 28 9.33 28 9.33 mushroom YEM 18 18 s CEM 12 12 Medicinal MF 39 13 39 13 fungi FMF 20 6.67 20 6.67 Poison F PSF 31 10.33 31 10.33 Decora F DF 3 Resear M PBF 3 Rare F Mus.val.E VNRB MVE 2.33 0.33 0.33 0.67 10 3.33 132 44 149 49.67 Edible mushrooms: 58 species (19.33%): Macrolepiota albuminosa, Lentinus, Coprinellus Medicinal fungi: 59 species (19.67%): Ganoderma lucidum etc, poisonous fungi: 31 species (10.33%): Chlorophyllum molypdites, C hortense etc, decorative fungi: species (1%): Microporus affinis etc, research mushrooms: species (1%): Lentinus tigrinus, Schizophyllum commune, etc Rare fungi (R): species (0.67%) Lentinus sajor-caju, Cookeina tricolomba Fungi applied in environmental protection: 149 species (49.67%) 3.5 Construction identification key some macro fungi of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 3.5.1 Key to the divisions of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Fruiting body plasmodium form division Myxomycota Fruiting body not plasmodium form, produced from mycenlium 2 Spores produced in ascus, ascospores division Ascomycota Spores produced on basidie, basidiospores division Basidiomycota 3.5.2 Key to the taxa of division Myxomycota 3.5.2.1 Key to classes of division Myxomycota Spores produced within fruiting body, in mass a color classes Myxomycetes 19 Spores produced externally fruiting body classes Ceratiomyxomycetes 3.5.2.2 Key to orders of classes Myxomycetes Spores a phacochrous, yellow, pink in a mass orders Trichiales Spores dark purplish brown to black 2 Peridium and capirilium no calcium orders Stemonitales Peridium and capirilum a calcium orders Physarales Key to orders of Physarales, Trichiarales 3.5.3 Key to the taxa of division Ascomycota 3.5.3.1 Key to classes of division Ascomycota Ascocarp globose, clavate, tissuestroma lychnidiate 1.classes Sordariomycetes Ascocarp acetabuliform, diciform, tissuestroma pretty 2.classes Pezizomycetes 3.5.3.2 Key to orders of Sordariomycetes Live on insects, caterpillars, spore a fibriform orders Hypocreales Saprophytic rot, land, spores a rhombie, a round orders Xylariales Key to orders of Hypocreales, Xylariales, Pezizales 3.5.4 Key to the taxa of division Basidiomycota 3.5.4.1 Key to classes of division Basidiomycota Phragmobasidie parietal septum divided into cells classes Tremellomycetes Holobasidie, form a runing fork classes Dacrymycetes Holobasidie, Phragmobasidie by septum transversum classes Agaricomycetes 3.5.4.2 Key to orders of classes Agaricomycetes Basidiocarp rubbery, phragmobasidie 1.orders Auriculariales Basidiocarp not rubbery, a astral, pinelliaform Basidiocarp not rubbery, not astral, pinelliaform Basidiocarp a astral orders Geatrales Basidiocarp a pinellia form orders Phallales Basidiocarp canthare form, hymenophor a glossy or a thick-edged ridger orders Cantharellales Basidiocarp a umbrella form Basidiocarp another form 20 Hymenophor tubate form orders Boletales Hymenophor lamenlate form 5 Basidiocarp with velum spiderweb form, rust color spore 6.orders Cortinariales Basidiocarp with not velum spiderweb form, anther color spore 7.orders Agaricales Basidiocarp flesh brittle, spherical hypha cell .8 orders Russulales Basidiocarp a dermatoid, a lobose, hymenium under seite orders Thelephorales Basidiocarp differed form, with hymenephor 7 Basidiocarp with sarcocarp a ferreouns flesh 10 orders Hymenochaetales Basidiocarp with anther color flesh 8 Basidiocarp diffend form and tubate hymenophor 11 orders Polyporales Basidiocarp with rust-brown flesh, lamenlate hymenephor 12.orders Gloeophyllales Key to orders of Dacrymycetales, Auriculariales, Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, Agaricales, Cortinariales, Russurales, Boletales, Geastrales etc 3.6 Information characteristics genera and species some of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 3.6.1 Information characteristics of new recorded genera Genus Sowerbyella Nannf 1938: Ascocarp a cupulate, 1-3 cm, bright oranges to oranger yellow, a puberulent, rim a phacochrous, slightly wavy, stalk small 1-3 x 0.3-0.8 cm white or a homochromatic with ascocarp, origin stalk white, pseudomycorrhiza Ascospores oranger yellow, a rhombia orbicular, 10-14 x 20-25 µm, a reticulated Ecological: Species of genus most saprophytic are found on moist soils, with coniferous roots Genus Pithya Fuckel 1870: Ascocarp a oranges 1-2 x 3-10 mm, a acetabuliform, discoidform, a embolie the middle, a repand, nostalk Ascus cylindrical form, have ascospores Ascospores a globose, big elaiosphere, sleek membranate Ecological: Species of genus most saprophytic are found on moist soils near edge of coniferous forest, in autumn or winter 21 Genus Disciseda Czern 1845: Basidiocarp young a globose, slightly flat, 2-6 cm, light gray-brown, with two shells, mature the outer shell is opened, dried atrophy only at the bottom of the pods, the basidiocarp is almost closed, the surface beige, slightly rugged, a few small holes The lean tissue is composed of twisted, single, branched, 2.5-6 μm The lean tissue is composed of twisted, single, branched, 2.5-6 μm tissue Spores a globose with megosclere, 5-12 μm Ecological: Species of genus most saprophytic are found on moist soils 3.6.1 Information characteristics of species new recorded Daldinia fissa Lloyd.: Ascocarp a globose, 1-3cm, a pseudopodous, pale pinkish, black, have scratches, spore in black Ascus black, cylinders, 150-250µm Spores black, a rhombia, 7.5-8.5x-14-16 µm, germination oscula Grows on deadwood, in the spring or fall collect at a height of 1000 m European and temperate Sowerbyella rhenana (Fuckel) J Moravec: Ascocarp a cupulate, 1-3 cm, tinside orange, outside white, orange, fine feathers, orange edges, slightly wavy, stalk 1-2 x 0.3-0.6 cm orange, pseudomycorrhiza, spore in yellow Ascospores oranger yellow, a rhombia orbicular, 10-14 x 20-25 µm, a reticulated Saprophytic on moist soil conifers North American element Pithya cupressina (Batsch) Fuckel: Ascocarp a orange, 1-2 x 3-10 mm, a acetabuliform, discoid, a embolie the middle, a repand Spore in orange yellow Ascus cylindrical form, 15-20 x 280-400 µm have ascospores Ascospores a globose, big elaiosphere, sleek membranate, 12-15µm, saprophytic are found on moist soils of coniferous forest, in autumn or winter, unknown geographical Cymatoderma caperatum (Berk & Mont.) D.A Reid Kew: Basidiocarp a cupulate, a patellate, a alutaceous, 12-18 x 7-10 cm, toughderm, crunchy, a repandodentate, a lobose, plate with juncture between, underneath acne Stalk cylindrical form, 7-12 x 1-2 cm, spore in white, spore a rhombie, pale yellow, a retecious, 6-8 x 12-14,5 µm Parasitic, saprophytic in conifers, late autumn, early spring height 1500 m Mexican geographic factor, North America Hymenopellis megalospora (Clements) R.H Petersen: Basidiocarp a campaniforma, umbrella-like, spread flat, 4-7cm, brown soil, brown milk, plate 22 0.5-1.5cm, sticky, white Stalk a tuberousform 0.5-1.5 x 7-12 cm, solid, squamula, smooth, pseudomycorrhiza Spore in white, spore a rhombie, pointed two heads, yellow, 15-22 x 10-14 µm Saprophytic on moist soils, unknown geographical Chlorophyllum hortense (Murrill) Vellinga: cap dimidat hemisphere to dimidat, 10-15cm, scale a membraniform magenta, cap top a phaechrous Sarcoplasm thick white, free blade, white, pinkish brown, green brown Stalk white, 7-20x 0.4-1.5 cm, cylindriform Circle fungi white, membraniform two layer Spore in pinkish brown, spores elip, 4-5.5 x 6,5-8 µm, Basidiospore 7-9x3040 µm Grows in the forest, alone European geography Bovista pila Berk & M.A Curtis: Basidiocarp cream white, appleform, 1,52,5cm, Stalk 0.5-1.5cm, the shell and lean are not separated Spore in yellow No trama Spores round, 7-8 x 10-12µm Saprophytic on soils, unknown geographical Stropharia albivelata (Murrill) Norvell & Redhead: Cap hemisphere to dimidat, sticky, pink top Sarcoplasm white, plate attached, white, magenta A hollow-stalked, white, circle fungi a chaffy abullate, 5-9x0.3-0.8 cm Spore in cinnamon yellow, pale phacospore, 7-9 x 4-5µm Grows alone on the grass Heterobasidion insulare (Murrill) Ryvarden: Basidiocarp a scallops, 3-10 x 5-15 cm, 1.5-3 mm, grows with each other, origin yellowish brown fades to the border, thin border white, more or less lobar White tube, tube/mm Spore in white Spore a globose, spines, 4-5 µm Grows on the tree, East Asian geography 10 Russula cystidiosa Murrill: Cap a umber, hemiphere, a bell-shaped, 411cm Face cap satiny, rain, moisture will be mucus, the outer layer is easy to peel off Sarcoplasm white, slightly pink, spongy, crunchy, brittle, plate white, attached slightly wide The stalk a white, slightly pink, long 2-7 cm, thick 0.5-1.5 cm, cylindrical form Spore in cream Spores a globose, yellow, poly prickly, 6-10x712 µm Saprophytic on moist North American geography 11 Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) J Schröt.: Basidiocarp a dark yellow, flat, thin, soft shell shellfish form, 0.3-0.7x5-10 x 12-25 cm Face cap slightly wrinkled, polygonal hole Spore in yellow, spores round elip, 2-3x4-5 µm Grows dark under bamboo, rot saprophytic brown, European, North America geographic 23 12 Geastrum floriforme Vittad.: Basidiocarp oval, periderm detached become 7-9 lobes in the form of stars, 2-4.5cm The middle part have sphere, not stalk, 1,5-3cm, gray white, covered with feathers inside, oral hollow a puffing Spore fuscous, spiny, small spines, 10.5-12.5μm Saprophytic on soils Cosmopolite CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUTIONS Species composition of macro fungus in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province: 300 species, 121 genera, 48 families, 21 orders, classes in divisions Myxomycota, Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Basidiomycota dominates with: classes (42.86%), 14 orders (66.67%), 39 families (81.25%), 108 genera (89.26%), 282 species (94%); Agaricomycetes dominates with 12 orders (57.14%), 37 families (77.08%), 104 genera (85.95%), 276 species (92%); Polyporales dominates with families (8.33%), 40 genera (33.06%), 131 species (45.67%); Polyporaceae dominates with 24 genera (19.83%), 65 species (21.67%); Ganoderma dominates with 34 species (11.33%); Ganoderma australe, Amauroderma scopulosum, Trametes hirsute are the most common species Identified to name 293 species, identified genera name Three new recorded genera are Sowerbyella, Pithya, Disciseda and 12 new recorded species: Cymatoderma caperatum, Hymenopellis megalospora, Chlorophyllum brunneum, C.hortense, Bovista pila, Lycoperdon umbrinum, Psathyrella longipes, Stropharia albivelata, Heterobasidion insulare, Russula cystidiosa, Serpula lacrymans, Geastrum floriforme Diversity of species composition: Basidiomycota has the highest diversity of classes, 14 orders, 39 families, 108 genera, 282 species; Diverse life style: 204 species of saprophytic fungi (68%); Tropical diversity 101 species (33.67%) Diversified value of resources: 58 species of edible mushrooms, 57 species of medicinal fungi, 31 species of poisonous fungi, species of decorative fungi, species fungi used in physiological research, rare fungi in Vietnam Red Book: species Fungi applied in environmental protection: 149 species (49.67%) 24 Created a checklist for classification of indentified species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Myxomycota: key to: Physarales, Trichiarales Ascomycota: key to Hypocreales, Xylariales, Pezizales Basidiomycota: key to Dacrymycetales, Auriculariales, Hymenochaetales Polyporales, Agaricales, etc 55 species of fungi have described: 12 new recorded species, 12 species of medicinal fungi, 13 species of edible mushrooms, species of rare mushrooms (R), 16 species of poisonous fungi RECOMMENDATIONS Continue to study the composition of macro fungi species in Ngoc Linh mountain and in Quang Nam to complete the list of macro fungi, supplement the list of macro fungi in Vietnam To thoroughly study physiological, biochemical characteristics of fungi used in production technology and human life Need to "warn" the poisonous mushrooms and propagate to each person Genetic resources of rare species should be stored to protect the diversity of species of the macro fungus in Vietnam Novel findings of the dissertation Established a checklist of indentified species including 300 species, 121 genera, 48 families, 21 orders, classes, divisions of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Evaluated the biodiversity and analyzed resource values of macro fungi belonged to Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Created a checklist for classification of indentified species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Described the biological characteristics of three new recorded genera, twelve new recorded species of macro fungi for Vietnam and some important species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 25 LIST OF AUTHOR’PUBLICATIONS Tran T.P., Trinh T.K., Some new collected macro in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Journal Genetics and Applications special issue/ Biotechnology, 2012, No 8-2012, pp 124-129 Trinh T.K., Trinh T.A., Tran T.P., Research on Taxonomy of Geastrales sensu lato in Vietnam, Journal Genetics and Applications-Special Issue/Biotechnology, 2015, No 10-2015, pp 58-65 Tran T.P., Trinh T.K., Trinh T.A., Some poisnous mushrooms in Tra Linh commune, Ngọc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Proceedings of the 6th National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, 2015, pp 773-778 Tran T.P., Trinh T.K., “Gasteromyces sentu lato” mushroom in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Proceedings of the 7th National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, 2017, pp 1376-1382 Tran T.P., Trinh T.K., Some species of Ganodermataceae in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Proceedings of the 7th National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, 2017, pp 1383-1891 Tran T.K., Trinh T.K., Tran T.T., The species composition of edoble mushroom in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Quang Nam University Journal of Science, No 11, 2018, pp 49-60 Tran T.P., Trieu T.H., Vo P.K., Duong T.T.T., Diversity of medicinal, mushroom ingredient from Nam Tra My, Quang Nam province, Proceeding of the 3th National Scientific Conference on Biological Research and Teaching in Vietnam, 2018, pp 83-90 ... In Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, not has studied the macro fungi Therefore, "Research on the macro fungi Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province" ... 1,000 illustrations Currently, in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, no has studied the macro fungi, so researching the macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province is a very important... (Coprinus) 3.2 Checklist of species of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province 3.2.1 Checklist of species of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province Divisions MYXOMYCOTA Classes