Plant communities of mangrove forests in dong long cummune tien hai district thai binh province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS PLANT COMMUNITIES OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN DONG LONG COMMUNE, TIEN HAI DISTRICT, THAI BINH PROVINCE Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Nguyen Thi Hien Student ID: 1153090344 Class: K56 Natural Resources Management Course: 2011- 2015 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Dr Vu Quang Nam Hanoi, October 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr Vu Quang Nam for the continuous support of my student thesis study and research, for his motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis Beside my advisor, I would like to thank professor from Colorado State University, Dr Lee Macdonald, for his guidance, patience, and providing my class with an excellent atmosphere for our research My sincere thanks also goes to Mr Nguyen Xuan Nho- leader of mangrove forest protection, who provided me many useful knowledge about mangrove forest and all of officers in Dong Long commune, for their giving information about the local area and culture that helped me a lot in this study Lastly, I would like to thank to my family: my mother who always support to me and my friends who helped me in my research Hanoi, October 2015 Nguyen Thi Hien CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION GOALS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal 2.2 Specific objectives STUDY SITE AND METHODS 3.1 Study site 3.2 Methods 3.2.1 Field work: 3.2.2 Data analysis methods: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11 4.1 Species composition of vascular plants and their distribution 11 4.1.1 Species composition of vascular plants in Dong Long commune 11 4.1.2 Diversity of flora in Dong Long 12 4.1.3 The valueable uses ofvegetation in Dong Long 13 4.1.4 Distribution of vegetation in Dong Long 14 4.2 Assemblages and mangrove forest communities and their distribution in Dong Long 15 4.2.1 Species density 18 4.2.2 Community structure 19 4.2.3 Distribution of mangrove forest communities in Dong Long 23 4.3 Predict plant succession in Dong Long 23 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 26 5.1 Conclusion 26 5.2 Recommendation 26 REFERENCES APPENDIX Appendix A: Table Appendix 2: Figure LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 True mangrove species in lines 12 Table 4.2 The life form of mangrove vegetation in Dong Long 13 Table 4.3 The valuable uses of vegetation in Dong Long 14 Table 4.4 Distribution of vegetation in Dong Long commune 15 Table 4.5 Composition some mangrove lines follow to plots 16 Table 4.6 Mangrove plant communities in lines 17 Table 4.7: Tree density in communities, assemblages in Dong Long commune 18 Table 4.8 Species compositions in three communities 24 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Study site Figure 3.2: Standard plots are set up on survey line Figure 4.1 Vertical profile in line 20 Figure 4.2 Cross profile in line 20 Figure 4.3 Vertical profile in line 21 Figure 4.4 Cross profile in line 21 Figure 4.5 Vertical profile in line 22 Figure 4.6 Cross profile in line 22 Figure 4.7 Primary succession of mangrove vegetation in Dong Long Commune 25 ABSTRACT Mangrove at Dong Long Commune constitutes a mangrove flora that contributes to the biodiversity in the coastal region referred to as the Tien Hai coastal This research concentrates on three objectives: descriptive the vascular species composition and distribution of the mangrove flora in Dong Long Commune; determine assemblages, plant communities and their distribution; predict plant succession To conduct these objectives above, the research established survey lines is perpendicular with the sea dike and set up standard plots representing the study area, each plot has area with 500 m2 (20x 25m) along the transect line From the results collected, I constructed the list of vascular plants including 51 species belonging to 49 genera of families in phyla, including true mangrove species, 14 mangrove assosicated species and 28 immigrant local species which were distributed to coastal saline areas They distribute in main regions: regular intertidal zone;irregular intertidal zone;sands sludge formation and improvements;improvement sand area less tidal and coastal shrimp farms, road and sea dike.There are three communities in study site: Sonneratia caseolaris - Kandelia candel - Acanthus ebrateatus(Sc- Kc- Ae), Acanthus ebrateatus - Aegiceras corniculatum - Sonneratia caseolaris (Ae- Ac- Sc)and Aegiceras corniculatum - Kandelia candel - Acanthus ebrateatus – Sonneratia caseolaris(Ac- Kc- AeSc) Over time, mangrove succession have trend to the sea with the pioeer is Sonneratia caseolarisand Aegiceras corniculatum INTRODUCTION Mangrove forests play an important ecological role in the coastal environment They not only prevent erosion of dykes from waves and storms by stabilizing sediments with their tangled root systems, but also maintain water quality and reduce pollution Moreover, mangrove forests are rich in biodiversity with many animals living there such as marine creatures, birds, mammals, and reptiles Rapid population growth, the development of aquaculture activities, reclaiming land for rice fields, and the rapid development of infrastructure in urban areas have caused degradation mangrove plant ecosystems in Vietnam In the period from 1943 to 1999, the mangrove forest area in Vietnam has decreased from 409.000 to 155.000 (62%), due to the destruction of wars and development of extensive shrimp farms Dong Long Commune belongs to Tien Hai District It has a total area of 7.83 km2 and has a total population of 5010 people (Ministry of Information & Communications, 2012) This is one of communes in Tien Hai District with relatively large mangrove forests Many years ago, due to the development of extensive shrimp farms, mangrove forest areas shrunk and the vegetation were degraded That is why many coastal dyke systems in Dong Long Commune were eroded and broken when a storm came in 1996 (information from data of Tien Hai Nature Reserve) Some projects have been established to improve mangrove forest such as Program 327, and especially project supported by the Red Cross in Denmark for planting mangrove forest This project not only helps protect coastal dykes, but also improves the local people’s life Local people have earned income through planting mangrove plants and harvesting sea food from mangrove forest Red Cross in Denmark supported 51.7 of Kandella and 94.82 of Kandella, Rhizophora, and Sonneratia This leads to the improvement of the mangrove ecosystem and more diversity of sea food species in Dong Long However, as the complicated of climate change occur such as temperature increases and sea level rises…, the mangrove forest area in Thai Binh, especially in Dong Long, needs to be protected and developed more and more To support the restoration and development of mangrove forest, we need to determine the composition of plant species, their association, communities, and their distribution in mangrove forest From that, we gain an overview about the rules of changing in the structure of mangrove forests and also mangrove forest succession This is the basic technical solution to develop mangrove communities Mangrove forest in the world: Mangrove forests distribute mainly on the equator and sides tropical hermisphere However, some species expand up to 32o22’North (Bermuda) such as Rhizophora stylosa, Kandelia candel, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Le V.H, 2005) There is much research on mangrove forest in the world P.V.Richard has many studies inareas of South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia Especially, he has researched about “Tropical rainforest”.In this study; the authors have studied landforms, structures, components, and natural conditions (soil, climate ) of the tropical rain forest, including mangroves After many experiments and observation about dispersal and regeneration of some mangrove species in Panama, Rabinowitz (1975) said that the number of young dominant mangrove species in low tide is bigger than in highland and need the time for scattering and fixing trees He also thinks that the mortality of propagules is inversely proportional to their masses When the seedlings have fixed and started growth, they usually grow poorly below the shade of tall trees (Nguyen T.T.H, 2006) Kasawani et al (2007) studied the forest structure, diversity index, and biomass of forest mangrove in Tok Bali, Kenlanta, Malaysia The authors tried to find out the structure of mangrove distribution to establish a recovery and management program The result shows that Sonneratia alba is a dominant species with more than 73 trees in each transect line Suwa et al (2009) researched the structure of a subtropical mangrove forest along Okukubiriver in Okinawa Island, Japan based on biomass and tree height The research shows that the reduction of biomass and tree height does not necessarily reflect the leaf photosynthesis and development of mangrove trees Mangrove forests in Vietnam: Vietnam is locacated in a tropical climate with advantages for mangrove forest development Before 1943, there were about 400,000 of mangrove forest areas in Vietnam, but after 1975, there were only 185,877 left due to many different reasons such as war, mining, and unsustainable management of mangrove forests Phan N.H (1999) published a plant species composition of Vietnam’s mangrove ecosystems which include 77 mangrove species of environmental groups, and various life forms Group I has 35 mangrove species belonging to 20 genera of 16 families, this group is often called the "true" mangrove group Group II consists of 42 species belong to 36 genera of 16 families, this group includes "joiner" species in the mangroves and they often live in secondary forest and highland Phan Nguyen Hong also was the first scientist in Vietnam to mention the geographical distribution and mangrove community’ssuccession in many researches In our country’s mangrove ecosystem, there are 45 mangrove forest communities, and mangrove forest populations distributed in different regions In recent years, Vietnam has produced much research about mangrove forest Vu D.T et al (2003) studied mangrove forest in different ages at Giao Lac, Giao Thuy, and Nam Dinh He thinks that Kandelia forest in ages from to 6, and planted in distance of 0.7 x 0.7m have better tree diameter and height Dao.V.T et al (2005) investigated some characteristics of mangrove plant communities in Dien Chau, Nghe An He listed a total of 40 species belonging to 37 genera of 24 vascular families’ distributed in the mangroves at study area The research has also 13 Phan B Let al (1998) Some documents about plant in wetland nature reserve at Xuan Thuy, Nam Dinh 14 Phan N.H (1999) Mangrove forest in Vietnam Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi 15 Research on Mangrove Ecosystem Center, 2001 Biodiversity, Socioeconomic and Educational Propaganda at Coastal zones have recoverable mangrove forest in Thai Binh and Nam Dinh Hanoi 16 Thai, V.T 2000 The Ecological Tropical Forests in Viet Nam: Research on case areaPlants forest of Viet Nam Vietnam Science & Engineering Publishing House 17 UNEP, 2012 Proyecto Manglares United Nations Environment Programme http://www.pnuma.org/manglares/ (accessed 16.08.13) 18 Vien N.N (2002) Research on biomass and primary productivity of natural Avicennia albacommunities at Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh 19 Vu D.T (2003) Assessing the quality of plantation forest at Giao Lac commune, Giao Thuy, Nam Dịnh through structure and forest cover 20 Vu, T.T 2000 The Fundamental Ecology Education Publishing House 21 Vu, V D 1996 Vietnam Forest Trees Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi APPENDIX Appendix A: Table Table 01: List of vascular plants in Dong Long commune No Vietnamese name Scientific Life Group form of name I NGÀNH POLYPODIOPHYTA DƢƠNG XỈ Pteridaceae Ráng Acrostichum aureum Ráng dại Distribution Values plant Herb 4,5 M Shrub 1,2,3 M NGÀNH II Magnoliophyta NGỌC LAN Acnthaceae Ơ rơ Acanthus ebrateatus Asteraceae Ơ rơ biển Cúc Wedelia biflora Cúc hai hoa Herb M Eclipta alba Hassk Nhọ nồi Herb M Bidens pilosa Xuyến chi Herb M Pluchea pteropoda Sài hồ Herb M Erigeron crispus Cúc hôi Herb M Artemesa vulgaris Ngải cứu Herb M Ageratum connyzoides Cứt lợn Herb M 10 Lactuca India L Diếp dại Herb M 4.Pandanaceae Dứa dại Shrub 4,5 M,D,F Wood 1,2,3 W,F Wood 4,5 B,A,W Shrub M 11 Pandanus odoratissimus 5.Sonneratiaceae 12 Sonneratia caseolaris 6.Combretaceae 13 Terminalia catappa L 7.Solanaceae Dứa dại biển Bần Bần chua Bàng Bàng biển Cà Cà dại hoa 14 Solanum torvum trắng 15 Datura metel L 8.Rosaceae 16 Rubus alceaefolius 9.Peaceace 17 Eleusine indica 10.Rhizophoraceae Cà độc dược Shrub M,T Shrub M, F Herb M Hoa hồng Mâm xơi Hịa thảo Cỏ mầm trầu Đƣớc 18 Kandelia candel Trang Wood 1,2,3 W,A 19 Rhizophora stylosa Đước vòi Wood 1 W,A,M 11.Verbenaceae Cỏ roi ngựa 20 Clerodendrum inerme Vạng hôi Shrub 4,5 F,M,D 21 Phyla nodiflora L Cở lức Herb M Cỏ đuôi chuột Shrub M,B 23 kaempferi Mò đỏ Shrub M 24 Premna integriflolia L Vọng cách Wood M,W,F Stachytarphera 22 jamaicensis Clerodendrum 12.Fabaceae Đậu 25 Canavalia lineata Đậu đao biển Lianas 4,5 M 26 Sesbania taccada Điền Shrub M Herb 2,4,5 M Wood B,F 13.Poaceae 27 Cynodon dactylon (L.) 14.Annonaceae 28 Anona glabra L 15.Amaranthaceae Lúa Cỏ gà Na Na biển Rau dền 29 Achyranthes aspera L Cỏ xước Shrub B,M 30 Amaranthus virdis L Rau dền cơm Herb M,F 31 Alternanthera sessilis Rau dệu Herb M 16.Euphorbiacae Thầu dầu 32 Ricinus communis L Thầu dầu tía Shrub M,B,A 33 Phyllanthus reticulates Phèn đen Shrub M 34 Excoecaria agallocha L Giá Wood M,A Herb 2,5 M 17.Amaryllidaceae 35 Cyperus stoloniferus Thủy tiên Cỏ gấu biển 36 Cyperus rotundus L Cỏ gấu Herb 2,5 M 37 Crinum asiaticum L Cây náng Herb 2,5 M Cỏ quăn phân 38 Fimbristylis dichotoma đôi Herb 2,5 M 39 Cyperus malaccenses Cói chiếu Herb 2 M,D Lianas 4,5 M, F Wood 4,5 W,B,M Herb 4,5 M Shrub 1,2,3 M,B,A Shrub M 18.Convovulaceae 40 Ipomaea pes carpae Bìm bìm Muống biển 19 Casuarinaceae Phi lao 41 Casuarina esquisetifolia Phi lao 20 Aizoaceae Rau đắng đất Sersuvium 42 portulacastrum 21 Myrsinaceae 43 Aegiceras corniculatum Sam biển Đơn nem Sú 22 Rhamnaceae Táo ta 44 Ziziphus oenoplia Táo dại 23 Malvaceae Bông 45 Hibiscus tilliaceus L Tra làm chiếu Wood 4,5 M,W,B,D 46 Melia azedarach Xoan Wood W,T 24 Portulacaceae Rau sam Herb 4,5 F,M Wood B,W 47 Portulaca oleracea L 25 Moraceae 48 Ficus racemosa 26 Thymeleaceae Rau sam Dâu tằm Sung Gió 49 Wikstroemia indiaca L Niệt gió Shrub M,D,T 50 Lantana camara L Ngũ sắc Shrub M,B 27 Apiaceae Hoa tán 51 Centella asiatica L Rau má Herb 4,5 M,F Note: Group of plant: 1- True mangrove species; 2- Mangrove associated species; 3Immigrant local species Distribution: 1- Regular intertidal zone; 2- Irregular intertidal zone; 3- sands sludge formation and improvements; 4- improvement sand area less tidal and coastal shrimp farms; 5- road and sea dike Valuable uses: M- Medicial; W- Wood; B- Bonsai; F- Food; A- Attar; T- Toxic; DDifference Table 02 Species composition in line Plots Number Numbe of r of trees/plot trees/ha Sonneratia caseolaris 23 460 Sonneratia caseolaris 55 1100 Species Kandelia candel 17 340 Sonneratia caseolaris 78 1560 Kandelia candel 11 220 Acanthus ebrateatus 80 Total % 23 100 72 93 Composition 76.4 7.6 Sc 23.6 2.4 Kc 83.9 8.4 Sc 11.8 1.2 Kc 4.3 0.4 Ae % Composition 12.2 1.2 Sc Table 03 Species composition in line Plots Species Number Number of of Total trees/plot trees/ha Sonneratia caseolaris 32 640 230 4600 87.8 8.8 Ac 48 960 22.6 2.3 Sc 48 960 22.6 2.3 Ac Acanthus ebrateatus 116 2320 54.8 5.5 Ae Sonneratia caseolaris 140 11.1 1.1 Sc 88.9 8.9 Ae Aegiceras corniculatum Sonneratia caseolaris Aegiceras corniculatum Acanthus ebrateatus 262 56 1120 212 63 Table 04 Species composition in line Plots Species Number Number of of Total % Composition 86.4 8.6 Ac 2.9 0.3 Sc trees/plot trees/ha Aegiceras 209 4180 Sonneratia caseolaris 140 Kandelia candel 26 520 10.7 1.1 Kc Kandelia candel 233 2660 65.8 6.6 Kc 113 2260 31.9 3.2 Ac 100 2.3 0.23 Sc 122 2440 66.7 6.7 Ac Sonneratia caseolaris 60 1.6 0.2 Sc Kandelia candel 21 420 11.5 1.2 Kc Acanthus ebrateatus 37 740 20.2 2.0 Ae corniculatum Aegiceras corniculatum Sonneratia caseolaris Aegiceras corniculatum 242 354 183 Table 05 Growth index of mangrove in strip belongs to line No Species Direction Tree height D(cm) Dt (m) X(m) Y(m) H(m) h(m) E-W S-N 21.5 8.5 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 2.8 7.8 8.5 0.8 32 3.3 4.2 10.3 8.6 7.6 1.1 30 4.1 3.8 5.5 7.9 1.9 0.85 4.8 0.7 1.2 Kandelia candel Sonneratia caseolaris Sonneratia caseolaris Kandelia candel Kandelia candel 7.8 9.6 1.1 0.4 4.4 0.3 0.56 - 17.5 2.8 1.5 0.85 4.2 1.3 1.2 - 9.3 6.6 1.85 1.25 0.7 - 24.2 4.5 1.7 1.15 5.5 0.7 1.35 Sonneratia caseolaris 6.5 2.8 9.5 0.8 30.5 5.7 6.5 10 - 12 3.6 5.5 0.6 20 3.5 4.15 11 - 15.6 7.2 10 0.7 26.5 4.5 6.25 12 - 19.2 5.5 8.2 1.3 30 6.25 5.5 13 - 22.6 4.3 10.8 0.65 30.5 4.7 6.5 14 - 3.7 8.5 0.4 20.4 3.3 4.2 Table 05 Growth index of mangrove in strip belongs to line No 10 Species Sonneratia caseolaris Aegiceras corniculatum Acanthus ebrateatus Aegiceras corniculatum Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Direction Tree height X(m) Y(m) H(m) 0.7 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.15 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.8 0.2 2.1 5.9 9.8 0.6 2.6 5.5 3.4 Dt (m) D(cm) h(m) E-W 30 S-N 3.5 4.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.45 0.6 4.3 4.4 1.3 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.8 0.75 3.7 2.3 8.8 0.85 28.5 4.4 3.8 4.5 8.4 9.7 0.58 22.5 3.8 3.2 4.9 9.4 0.6 0.5 0.55 30.2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Aegiceras corniculatu Acanthus ebrateatus Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Aegiceras corniculatum Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris Aegiceras corniculatum Aegiceras corniculatum Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Acanthus ebrateatus Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris 5.3 4.8 5.6 5.4 1.4 6.1 2.7 1.2 6.5 7.2 0.7 23 3.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.65 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.45 0.5 7.5 6.5 9.2 3.6 7.8 1.7 1.8 0.75 0.8 8.6 0.4 1.4 0.75 0.85 9.2 8.5 1.2 0.65 0.35 9.6 12.1 0.4 4.7 5.5 10.5 0.3 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.55 11.1 1.9 1.3 0.25 0.65 0.7 11.6 3.3 8.9 0.55 4.6 5.1 12.6 6.7 1.4 0.5 0.6 13.2 7.7 1.4 0.6 0.7 13.3 9.4 1.5 0.65 0.75 14 6.4 10.8 4.7 4.9 0.3 1.4 24.5 0.3 0.6 22.5 27.5 30.2 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Aegiceras corniculatum Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Aegiceras corniculatum Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris Aegiceras corniculatum Aegiceras corniculatum Acanthus ebrateatus Acanthus ebrateatus Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris Aegiceras corniculatum Acanthus ebrateatus Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus 14.6 5.8 1.3 0.35 0.6 0.75 15.2 2.6 1.5 0.75 0.85 15.7 1.8 11.1 4.3 4.6 16 1.4 1.3 0.5 0.8 16.6 2.3 1.5 0.55 0.85 17.6 5.3 0.9 0.65 0.8 17.9 5.8 10 0.7 4.2 3.6 18.4 7.2 0.8 0.18 0.5 0.6 18.7 8.9 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.55 19.3 5.9 1.4 0.45 0.75 19.8 3.5 1.5 0.45 0.9 20.5 1.7 1.35 0.45 0.8 21.1 3.1 9.8 0.95 3.7 3.8 21.7 6.4 0.85 0.18 0.65 0.7 22.2 3.7 1.15 5.8 0.75 22.9 8.2 10.8 4.2 5.8 23.1 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.9 0.9 30.5 0.3 0.7 22.6 22.3 21.5 45 46 47 Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Acanthus ebrateatus 23.6 13 24.2 2.9 24.6 4.4 1.2 20.5 5.2 6.8 1.5 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.45 0.7 Table 06 Growth index of mangrove in strip belongs to line No Species Aegiceras Direction Tree height X(m) Y(m) H(m) h(m) 3.2 1.2 1.8 0.6 D(cm) Dt (m) E-W S-N 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.7 0.5 0.58 corniculatum Kandelia candel 0.56 1.8 5.1 2.9 10.2 Aegiceras 0.4 2.2 0.8 0.3 4.5 5.5 12.3 1.8 38 6.8 9.5 1.25 1.5 corniculatum Sonneratia caseolaris Kandelia candel 0.8 5.6 4.2 1.6 Aegiceras 7.1 1.4 2.1 0.9 0.65 1.1 corniculatum - 2.5 1.6 0.4 0.7 1.1 - 4.7 3.4 1.8 1.6 0.6 0.9 Acanthus 2.8 3.5 1.6 0.4 0.8 3.8 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.9 15.8 1.5 14.4 1.6 6.5 7.7 5.5 1.2 1.8 0.6 0.9 ebrateatus 10 Aegiceras corniculatum 11 Sonneratia 40.1 caseolaris 12 Aegiceras corniculatum 13 Acanthus 4.1 6.5 1.6 3.6 7.7 1.8 0.5 0.9 0.45 0.6 0.7 ebrateatus 14 Aegiceras corniculatum 15 - 1.5 7.5 1.57 0.4 0.7 16 - 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.75 17 - 6.7 4.3 1.6 0.58 0.5 0.8 18 Acanthus 7.4 5.8 1.2 0.35 0.8 6.2 8.8 1.4 0.25 0.7 0.75 1.1 1.5 ebrateatus 19 Aegiceras corniculatum 20 Kandelia candel 9.8 3.4 4.1 1.3 12.4 21 Aegiceras 9.4 1.2 0.23 0.58 0.6 corniculatum 22 - 10.2 0.6 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 23 - 9.7 1.5 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.65 24 - 11 2.4 0.65 0.7 1.25 25 - 10.9 5.9 1.7 0.58 26 - 7.7 8.4 2.3 0.8 0.65 27 - 8.9 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.85 28 - 8.2 9.3 2.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 29 - 9.8 7.9 1.2 0.3 0.65 0.9 30 Acanthus 10.6 9.6 1.2 0.35 0.8 11.3 8.2 1.4 0.45 0.7 ebrateatus 31 Aegiceras corniculatum 0.2 32 Kandelia candel 12.7 7.7 3.4 1.7 33 Aegiceras 13.3 8.7 1.7 9.8 1.1 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.86 corniculatum 34 - 12.8 9.5 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 35 - 13.9 1.4 0.2 0.45 0.75 36 - 14.3 2.4 2.4 0.8 0.7 1.2 37 Acanthus 16 0.5 1.4 0.56 0.6 17.5 1.75 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 15.4 3.9 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 14.6 6.4 1.1 0.35 0.75 0.8 1.5 ebrateatus 38 Aegiceras corniculatum 39 Aegiceras corniculatum 40 Acanthus ebrateatus 41 Kandelia candel 19.7 1.4 3.5 1.68 5.4 42 Aegiceras 16.8 7.4 1.25 0.4 0.75 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 corniculatum 43 - 16.4 8.6 1.4 0.4 44 Kandelia candel 16.7 9.7 1.58 45 Aegiceras 17.8 6.3 2.1 0.6 0.8 1.15 7.5 corniculatum 46 - 18.5 7.6 2.1 0.4 0.7 1.3 47 - 18.9 9.2 1.5 0.4 0.65 0.9 48 Kandelia candel 22.1 0.3 4.1 1.6 1.2 1.55 49 Acanthus 19.9 5.2 1.4 0.5 20.7 3.4 2.1 0.6 1.1 12.6 ebrateatus 50 Aegiceras corniculatum 0.7 51 - 22.8 2.3 1.9 52 Acanthus 22.5 4.6 1.1 24.6 2.4 1.7 23.6 5.6 1.2 21.2 6.4 1.6 0.55 0.6 0.8 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.75 ebrateatus 53 Aegiceras 0.38 corniculatum 54 Acanthus ebrateatus 55 Aegiceras corniculatum 56 - 22 8.3 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 57 - 24.3 6.3 1.8 0.25 0.7 0.9 58 - 23.2 9.4 1.8 0.38 0.68 Note: H is tree height and h is trunk height Acanthus ebrateatus and Aegiceras corniculatum belong to shrub, not measure diameter of them and not measure h of Acanthus ebrateatus Appendix 2: Figure Aegiceras corniculatum Sonneratia caseolaris Acanthus ebrateatus Kandelia candel Plate 1: Four dominant species images of mangrove in Dong Long Plate 2: Some field images in collecting data process in the study site ... Thai Binh Province? ?? GOALS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal To provide the scientific basic for usage, conservation and development of mangrove forest resources in Dong Long, Tien Hai, Thai Binh Province. .. Study site Dong Long Commune is located in Tien Hai District, Thai Binh Province It is far from Tien Hai Town about 10km Geographical coordinate: 20o26’55’’ North latitude; 106o36’5” East longtitude... with Dong Xuyen and Dong Tra Commune The South borders with Dong Hoang Commune The North borders with Dong Hai Commune Figure 3.1 Study site: Dong Long Commune, Tien Hai District, Thai Binh Province