Plant diversity and structure of mangroves in hai ha district quang ninh province

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Assoc Prof Dr Vu Quang Nam for the continuous support of my student thesis study and research, for his motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis Beside my advisor, I would like to thank professor from Colorado State University, Dr Lee Macdonald, for his guidance, patience, and providing my class with an excellent atmosphere for our research My sincere thanks also goes to Mr Nguyen Van Hieu- viceleader of mangrove forest protection, who provided me many useful knowledge about mangrove forest and all of officers in Hai Ha district, for their giving information about the local area and culture that helped me a lot in this study Lastly, I would like to thank to my family: my father who always support to me and my friends who helped me in my research ABSTRACT Mangrove at Hai Ha district constitutes a mangrove flora that contributes to the biodiversity in the coastal region This research concentrates on three objectives: descriptive the biodiversity species and role of mangroves forest in Hai Ha district; determine species composition, structure and distribution of the mangrove flora in Hai Ha district; proposed some solutions to protect and develop sustainable mangrove forest To conduct these objectives above, the research established survey lines is perpendicular with the sea dike and set up 18 standard plots for six communes in Hai Ha District, each plot has area with 400 m2 (20x 20m) along the transect line From the results collected, I constructed the list of vascular plants including 41 species belonging to 26 genera, 10 main mangrove species and 31 species living in mangrove forest They distribute in main regions: regular intertidal zone; irregular intertidal zone; sands sludge formation and improvements; improvement sand area less tidal and coastal shrimp farms, road and sea dike There are three communities in study site: Avicennia marina Rhirophora stylosa - Aegiceras corniculatum (Am - Rs - Ac), Aegiceras corniculatum Bruguiera gymnorrhiza - Rhirophora stylosa (Ac - Bg - Rs) and Aegiceras corniculatum Avicennia marina - Rhirophora stylosa (Ac - Am - Rs) Over time, mangrove succession have trend to the sea and we need some solutions to protect and develop sustainable mangrove forest in Hai Ha district TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Mangrove forest in the world 2.2 Mangrove forests in Vietnam: CHAPTER III STUDY GOAL, OBJECTIVES, SCOPE OF THE STUDY AND METHODOLOGY 3.1.1 Goals: Assessment of biodiversity and structure of coastal mangrove forests, which proposed several solutions to contribute to better management of coastal mangroves 3.1.2 Specific Objectives: 3.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3.2.1 Geographical location, topography 3.2.2 Climate: 10 3.2.3 Hydrology: 11 3.2.4 Salinity: 12 3.2.5 Soil conditions: 12 3.3 CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 14 3.3.1 Research Content 14 3.3.2 Methodology 14 3.3.2.1 Data collection method: 14 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 4.1 DIVERSITY OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN COASTAL AREA HAI HA DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE 19 4.1.1 List of mangroves in the study area 19 4.1.2 Value of mangrove forest 27 4.2 DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURE OF MANGROVE FORST IN COASTAL AREA HAI HA DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE 33 4.2.1 Characteristic and distribution of mangrove forest in Hai Ha district 33 4.2.2 Combination of species 35 4.2.3 Species density 40 4.2.4 Stratified structure 41 4.3 PROPOSING SOME SOLUTIONS TO USE SENSIBLY, PROTECT AND DEVELOP HAI HA MANGROVE FOREST 45 4.3.1 Status of mangrove forest in Hai Ha district 45 4.3.2 Proposing some solutions to use, protect and develop Hai Ha Mangrove forest 45 CHAPTER V GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 50 5.1 Conclusion 50 5.2 Recommendation 50 REFERENCES 50 APPENDIX 52 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: The area of tidal ground has salt-marsh vegetation in Hai Ha district 13 Table 4.1 List of mangroves in coastal communes in Hai Ha district, Quang Ninh province 19 Table 4.2 Numbers of species in phyla and classes found in Hai Ha mangrove forest 23 Table 4.3 Life forms of mangrove plants in Hai Ha district, Quang ninh provice 26 Table 4.4 Values of mangrove species in Hai Ha district 30 Table 4.5 Groups of valuable plants in Hai Ha mangrove forest 32 Table 4.6 Composition of mangrove strata follows to plots 35 Table 4.7 Mangrove communities in strata 36 Table 4.8 Tree density of mangrove communities in Hai Ha District 40 Table 4.9 Awareness of coastal people about roles of mangrove forest 46 Table 4.10.Awareness of secondary students about roles of mangrove forest 46 Table 4.11 Coastal people’s knowledge about roles of mangrove forest 47 Table 4.12 Hai Ha student’s knowledge about roles of mangrove forest 47 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Global mangrove forests distribution 2000 (Giri et al., 2011) Map redrawn by UNEP/DEWA Red lines/areas indicated to mangrove forest Figure 3.1: Research sites 13 Figure 3.1: Standard plots are set up on survey line 15 Figure 3.2: Plot establishment 16 Figure 4.1: Vertical profile in line 1+2 42 Figure 4.2: Cross profile in line 1+2 42 Figure 4.3: Vertical profile in line 43 Figure 4.4: Cross profile in line 43 Figure 4.5: Vertical profile in line 4+5+6 44 Figure 4.6: Cross profile in line 4+5+6 44 Chart 4.1 Percentage of species found in Hai Ha mangrove forest 24 Chart 4.2 Awareness of coastal people and secondary students about roles of mangrove forest 46 Chart 4.3 Knowledge about roles of mangrove forest of coastal people and secondary student in Hai Ha district 47 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Located between sea and mainland, mangrove forests are the specially ecosystem of tropical and subtropical sea but they are sensitive with the human impact Flora and fauna in this forest have special biological characteristics to adapt with muddy, frequently saltwater environments The existence of mangrove forests have the important meaning for environment and socioeconomic, mangrove forests not only provide valuable forest products such as: timbers, coals, woods, tannins, foods, medicines, etc but also be the detritus source to raise the local aquatic species or the species that live in estuaries and adjacent coastal Mangrove forest is the wintering habitats of migratory birds and nesting place of waterfowls (Phan Nguyen Hong, 1991) [12] Mangrove forests play important role in protecting environment, controlling climate, preventing storm, expanding the area of the continent, preventing inland encroachment of saltwater They also supply foods for raising livestock’s and breeding bees Mangrove forests help the poor coastal people to improve their life They also are the attractive ecotourism location for domestic and foreign tourists, researching and studying places of students and scientists about mangrove ecosystems However, Vietnam mangrove vegetation has being seriously degraded because of consequents of wars After wars, due to poor conditions of economy, population explosion, low awareness of resident, people exploit indiscriminately mangrove forest for materials, destroy forest to grab land for agriculture, shrimp farms, salt fields These activities make the mangrove forest areas reduce, soil degrade seriously, thousands of hectares of forest land be abandoned and not restored, biodiversity resources and fishery resources of coastal areas be impaired and environment be polluted Recognizing the importance of mangrove forests, especially from the consequences of natural disaster in the coastal areas that lost mangrove forest, the mangrove ecosystem planting and restoring movement has being flourished in coastal areas across the country such as program 327, Growing million hectares forest program, and also some international organizations (PAM) and non-governmental organizations (SCF UK, ACTMANG, Red Cross of Danish and Japan, etc.) cooperate with Mangrove ecosystems research centers Hai Ha district is a border and island mountainous district, this place has 35 kilometers coastline and 8000 hectares total area of intertidal, in which 1/3 area is mangrove forest, 1/3 is aquaculture area and the rest is unused mudflats estuarine The natural mangrove forests have important role to the development of economy such as protecting dykes and shrimp ponds, improving environment and being the habitat of aquatic species with high economic value like mangrove mud clam (LUCINA philippinarum), vạng (Geloina coason), sá sùng (Sipunculus nudus), thùa (Phascolosoma arcuatum) Mangrove forests are also the place to nourish shrimps and crabs parents, abode of the baby sea animals Nevertheless, the mangrove deforestation situation for taking materials, especially deforestation for shrimp farming is occurring seriously This situation make mangrove forest areas substantial decline, up to now, only in Quang Phong commune, 90/420.36 hectares have cleared (according to the Hai Ha forestry department, 2004)[6] Besides that, after being cleared, the regeneration of flora of the natural mangrove forest is impoverished, mostly is the species of Avicenniaceae (Mắm families) that grow purely or grow intersperse with Aegiceras corniculatum L Blanco (Sú) These species belong to the dust type, branches close to the ground, monotonous and less floor forest, trees grow slowly and canopy slowly closed To overcome this phenomenon, there are some needed appropriate solutions as planning shrimp yard, growing more mangrove trees that have large size like Rhizophora stylosa Giff (Đước Vòi) … Moreover, researching to growing other addition trees that accordance with the living conditions of each region is necessary to raise the biological diversity and give back green color for Hai Ha mangrove forest Along with reforestation, the development and protection of mangroves should be more concerned Start from these reasons, in order to plant, take care of, protect and develop mangrove forest effectively, the basic knowledge about biological classification, function as well as species composition, distribution and regeneration of the region's mangrove species is very necessary and important Although there have been many studying documents about mangrove forest but Hai Ha district still not have a research projects in species composition, distribution, biological diversity and structure of mangroves in local And thus, from these reasons, I would like to proceed with the topic: "PLANT DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF MANGROVES IN HAI HA DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE" CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Mangrove forest in the world Mangrove forests distribute mainly on the equator and sides tropical hemisphere However, some species expand up to 32o22’North (Bermuda) such as: Rhizophora stylosa, Kandelia candel, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Le Van Hien, 2005) The limit of mangrove trees in South is New Zealand (38 o03’South latitude) and the South of Australia (38 o43’South latitude) In those areas, the species that can survive is Avicennia marina due to the cold winter Figure 2.1: Global mangrove forests distribution 2000 (Giri et al., 2011) Map redrawn by UNEP/DEWA Red lines/areas indicated to mangrove forest Following to the evaluation of Hutchings and Seanger (1987), mangrove area in the world is 15,492,000 There are 6,246,000 belong to tropical Asian region and Oceania, 5.781.000 belong to America regions, and 3,402,000 of tropical Africa (Nguyen Hoang Tri, 1999) According to Wash (1974), the distribution of mangrove forests in the world are divided two main regions (Hoang Van Thoi, 2005) - India-Pacific areas: including Southern Japan, Southeast Asia, India, the Red Sea coast, East Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific Island, and Xamoa archipelago APPENDIX I Appendix A: Table Table 01: Species composition in line Quảng Minh Transect 1: Plots Commune Species plot = 400m2 Number Number of of Total % Composition 63 100 10.0 Am 72.4 7.2 Am 27.6 2.8 Rs 74.1 7.4 Am 19 1.9 Rs 6.9 0.7 Ac trees/plot trees/ha Avicennia marina 63 1575 Avicennia marina 55 1375 Rhirophora stylosa 21 525 Avicennia marina 43 1075 Rhirophora stylosa 11 275 100 Aegiceras corniculatum 52 76 58 Table 02: Species composition in line Quang Thang plot = Transect2: Commune 400m2 Plots Species Number of Number of trees/plot trees/ha Avicennia marina 58 1450 Avicennia marina 47 1175 Rhirophora stylosa 16 400 Avicennia marina 32 800 Rhirophora stylosa 12 300 75 Aegiceras corniculatum Total % Composition 58 100 10.0 Am 74.6 7.5 Am 25.4 2.5 Rs 68.1 6.8 Am 25.5 2.6 Rs 6.4 0.6 Ac 63 47 Table 03: Species composition in line Quang Thanh Transect3: Commune Plots Species plot= 400m2 Number of Number of trees/plot trees/ha 87 2175 74 1850 gymnorrhiza 125 Rhirophora stylosa 14 350 corniculatum 61 1525 Rhirophora stylosa 225 Total % Composition 87 100 10 Ac 79.6 Ac 5.4 0.5 Bg 15 1.5 Rs 87.1 8.7 Ac 12.9 1.3 Rs Aegiceras corniculatum Aegiceras corniculatum Bruguiera 93 Aegiceras 53 70 Table 04: Species composition in line Transect Quang Phong 4: Commune Plots Species plot= 400m2 Number of Number of trees/plot trees/ha corniculatum 516 12900 Avicennia marina 62 corniculatum Total % Composition 578 89.3 8.9 Ac 1550 10.7 1.1 Am 542 1355 84.8 8.5 Ac Rhirophora stylosa 23 575 3.6 0.4 Rs Avicennia marina 74 1850 11.6 1.1 Am corniculatum 536 13400 90.4 Ac Avicennia marina 57 1425 9.6 Am Aegiceras Aegiceras 639 Aegiceras 593 Table 05: Species composition in line Transect 5: Tien Toi Commune Plots Species plot= 400m2 Number of Number of trees/plot trees/ha corniculatum 487 12175 Avicennia marina 61 corniculatum Total % Composition 548 88.9 8.9 Ac 1525 11.1 1.1 Am 519 12975 85.6 8.6 Ac Avicennia marina 63 1575 10.4 1.0 Am Rhirophora stylosa 24 600 0.4 Rs corniculatum 472 11800 90.8 9.1 Ac Avicennia marina 48 1200 9.2 0.9 Am Aegiceras Aegiceras 606 Aegiceras 54 520 Table 06: Species composition in line Duong Hoa Transect 6: Commune Plots Species plot= 400m2 Number of Number of trees/plot trees/ha corniculatum 382 9550 Avicennia marina 67 corniculatum Total % Composition 449 85.1 8.5 Ac 1675 14.9 1.5 Am 426 10650 80.1 Ac Avicennia marina 84 2100 15.8 1.6 Am Rhirophora stylosa 22 550 4.1 0.4 Rs corniculatum 431 10775 94.9 9.5 Ac Rhirophora stylosa 27 675 5.1 0.5 Rs Aegiceras Aegiceras 532 Aegiceras 55 458 Table 05: Growth index of mangrove in strip belongs to line + ( Quang Minh+ Quang Thang) Direction No Species X(m) Y(m) Tree height Hvn Hdc (m) (m) Dt (m) D(cm) E-W S-N Mắm 3.2 1.2 0.75 12.7 2.7 2.2 Mắm 0.56 1.8 2.1 0.7 10.2 1.75 1.2 Sú 0.4 2.2 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.58 Đâng 4.5 5.5 4.3 1.3 5.6 1.2 1.4 Mắm 0.8 5.6 3.2 1.2 11.5 2.2 1.5 Mắm 7.1 1.4 2.1 0.6 7.6 1.65 2.1 Mắm 2.5 1.6 0.5 3.1 1.7 Mắm 4.7 3.4 1.8 0.6 3.5 1.6 2.9 Ơ rơ 2.8 3.5 1.6 0.4 10 Sú 3.8 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.9 11 Đâng 15.8 1.5 3.4 1.3 5.2 1.5 12 Đâng 2.4 4.9 1.3 6.4 1.2 1.5 13 Ơ rơ 4.1 6.5 1.6 0.5 0.9 14 Sú 3.6 7.7 1.8 0.45 0.6 0.7 15 Mắm 7.5 1.7 0.5 5.7 1.5 16 Mắm 7.5 2.6 0.75 11.2 2.7 17 Ơ rơ 5.4 5.8 1.2 0.35 0.8 18 Mắm 6.5 2.2 0.75 12.5 2.7 2.5 19 Mắm 9.8 3.4 2.3 0.65 12.4 2.5 20 Mắm 9.4 3.1 1.5 10 1.2 21 Mắm 10.2 0.6 3.5 1.6 11 3.1 1.6 22 Mắm 11 5.5 2.3 0.7 10.5 1.8 2.5 23 Mắm 11.7 8.4 1.6 0.5 5.7 2.25 1.4 24 Mắm 15.2 1.7 0.5 2.5 2.6 25 Mắm 13.5 2.2 0.7 10.8 1.5 26 sú 12.7 7.7 1.3 0.2 0.5 0.7 56 27 Đâng 13.9 3.8 1.2 28 Sú 18.4 1.75 1.2 29 Sú 15.4 3.9 1.3 30 Ơ rơ 14.6 6.4 1.1 31 Mắm 19.5 1.4 32 Mắm 17.8 7.4 2.85 33 Mắm 16.4 8.6 34 Đâng 12.4 35 Đâng 36 1.2 1.75 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.35 0.75 13.6 2.8 2.6 1.4 12.4 2.5 1.74 0.5 6.1 2.25 1.5 6.3 5.5 1.3 6.2 1.5 15.9 5.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 Đâng 18.9 4.2 4.5 1.3 5.5 1.5 1.1 37 Đâng 21.5 4.4 1.3 5.6 1.2 1.4 38 Ơ rơ 19.9 5.2 1.4 0.5 39 Mắm 20.5 3.4 2.1 0.7 6.5 2.5 1.75 40 Mắm 22.8 2.9 0.55 4.6 1.5 1.9 41 Sú 22.5 4.6 1.1 0.45 42 Mắm 24.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 43 Ơ rơ 23.6 5.6 1.2 0.3 0.7 44 Mắm 21.2 6.4 1.6 0.5 4.1 2.4 1.75 45 Mắm 23.2 2.8 0.8 5.4 2.68 1.7 0.38 4.1 3.8 Table 06: Growth index of mangrove in strip belongs to line (Quang Thanh) Direction No Species X(m) Y(m) Tree height Hvn Hdc (m) (m) Dt (m) D(cm) E-W S-N Đâng 21.5 8.5 4.2 1.3 5.4 1.6 1.8 Sú 2.8 7.8 1.5 0.5 3.2 1.3 1.2 Sú 10.3 8.6 1.5 0.4 2.8 1.4 1.8 Đâng 5.5 7.9 3.5 1.2 4.8 1.7 1.2 Đâng 7.8 9.6 3.8 1.3 5.2 1.3 1.56 Vẹt 17.5 2.8 1.5 0.85 4.2 1.3 1.2 Vẹt 9.3 6.6 1.85 1.25 0.7 Đâng 24.2 4.5 4.4 1.3 5.5 1.5 1.35 Sú 6.5 2.8 0.6 2.5 1.7 1.5 57 10 Sú 12 3.6 0.6 3.8 1.2 11 Sú 15.6 7.2 2.2 0.5 1.5 1.25 12 Sú 19.2 5.5 1.4 0.3 3.1 1.25 1.5 13 Sú 22.6 4.3 1.8 0.65 3.5 1.7 1.5 14 Sú 3.7 1.5 0.4 3.7 1.3 1.2 15 vẹt 14.3 1.5 1.6 4.3 1.5 1.75 16 sú 4.2 1.8 0.5 3.1 1.5 1.2 17 sú 11.3 2 0.6 3.2 1.5 18 đâng 13 6.7 1.2 5.5 1.2 1.5 19 sú 20.5 2.3 1.4 0.5 2.1 1.5 1.5 20 sú 16.5 5.3 1.2 0.4 1.2 21 sú 3.6 1.5 1.7 0.5 2.5 1.5 1.2 Table 07: Growth index of mangrove in strip belongs to line 4+5+6 (Quang Phong +Đuong Hoa+Tien Toi) No Species Direction Tree height X(m) Y(m) D(cm) Hvn (m) Dt (m) Hdc (m) E-W S-N 1.2 1.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 Đâng 0.7 1.5 4.2 1.3 Sú 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.15 Ơ rơ 1.3 1.2 Sú 1.7 1.8 0.5 2.5 1.25 Đâng 2.1 5.9 4.5 1.3 4.7 1.3 1.4 Mắm 2.6 1.75 0.5 5.7 2.6 1.8 Mắm 3.4 1.2 0.75 11.7 2.8 2.75 Sú 3.7 7.3 1.5 0.4 2.8 1.32 1.5 Đâng 4.5 8.4 3.5 1.3 5.5 1.5 1.2 10 Ơ rơ 4.9 9.4 0.6 0.5 0.55 11 Đâng 5.3 4.8 4.8 1.5 12 Ơ rơ 5.6 5.4 1.4 0.6 0.7 13 Sú 6.1 2.7 1.2 0.3 3.0 1.6 1.8 14 Mắm 6.5 0.5 12.1 2.65 2.7 15 Ơ rơ 7.2 3.4 0.7 0.45 0.5 58 1.3 5.2 5.2 16 Đâng 7.5 6.5 17 Ơ rơ 7.8 1.7 1.8 18 Sú 8.6 1.4 0.3 19 Mắm 9.2 8.5 2.2 20 Đâng 9.6 4.5 21 Sú 10.5 22 Sú 23 1.3 6.5 1.5 1.6 0.75 0.8 2.3 1.5 0.85 0.6 7.6 1.65 2.35 5.3 1.3 6.2 1.2 1.5 0.5 2.1 0.5 3.1 1.5 1.4 11.1 1.9 1.3 0.4 2.4 1.5 1.25 Sú 11.6 3.3 0.5 3.2 1.5 1.6 24 Mắm 12.6 6.7 1.75 0.5 2.25 1.6 25 Mắm 13.2 7.7 2.5 0.75 11.4 2.6 26 Sú 13.6 9.4 0.4 2.1 1.3 1.75 27 Đâng 14 4.4 1.2 4.3 1.5 1.6 28 Sú 14.6 1.2 1.3 0.35 2.0 1.2 1.5 29 Ơ rơ 15.2 2.6 1.5 0.75 0.85 30 Sú 16 5.8 1.9 0.3 0.52 0.75 31 Sú 16.6 1.5 0.3 2.6 1.25 32 Mắm 17.6 2.9 7.6 2.65 1.8 33 Đâng 18.9 5.8 4.2 1.3 5.6 1.2 1.6 34 Sú 18.4 7.2 0.8 0.18 0.5 0.6 35 Sú 18.7 8.9 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.55 36 Sú 19.3 7.9 0.84 0.2 0.45 0.75 37 Mắm 20.5 1.7 2.35 0.5 5.4 2.45 2.8 38 Đâng 21.1 3.5 4.9 1.3 5.3 1.2 1.3 39 Sú 21.7 6.4 0.85 0.18 0.65 0.7 40 Mắm 22.2 2.15 0.5 2.8 2.75 41 Sú 23.1 0.3 0.72 0.55 0.5 0.9 42 Đâng 24 8.4 4.5 1.3 4.5 1.2 1.5 43 Mắm 24.5 2.9 2.5 0.5 8.2 2.4 1.8 9.6 Note: Acanthus ilicifolius Lour and Aegiceras corniculatum belong to shrub, not measure diameter of them and not measure Hdc of Acanthus ilicifolius Lour 59 II Appendix B: Questionnaires COASTAL MANGROVE MANAGEMENT SURVEY Number sign: I General information: Interviewer: ……………… Name: ……………… Interviewee: Name: ……………… Age: ……………………………… Gender: ……………… Job: ……………… Address: ……………… II Contents: Part 1: Policies of government and locality about coastal mangrove management before and during the period 2000-2015 History and contents of coastal mangroves management policies: (CMMP): Time.p Before 2005 2005 - 2010 2010 - present Policies - Except the CMMP, does locality receive any support from project or NGOs? Yes  No  Details: Name of Organization: Do Projects/supports bring any effectiveness? Yes  No  Why not? - Do the local administration held activities which enhance awareness of local people about CMMP, annually? 60 Yes  No  Do they bring any effectiveness? No  Yes  Details: Why not? 61 Application level of policies in reality: - Current application level of policies: Very strong Strong   Medium   Weak Very weak  Why? - Does local administration assess the effectiveness and existing problems after applying projects/policies? Yes  No  If “yes”, does the assessment bring effectiveness? - Yes  No  Why not? Part 2: Effectiveness of policies to local livelihoods (Before and after applying coastal mangrove management policies ) Before After Job Name Productivity values Income Other living conditions Difficulties 62 Name Productivity values - Changes which result from mangrove management policies: Good  Bad  Unchanged  Why? Part 3: Assessment and suggestions of local people about coastal mangroves management I Assessment: a Policies: - Are policies suitable with living conditions? Yes  - Do policies equal mangroves conservation and local livelihoods? Yes  - No  No  Are policies clear and easy to apply? Yes  No  If “yes”, which gender has better understanding? Man  - Women  Is durability of policies possible? Yes  No  Why? b The ways to apply policies and assessment effectiveness of policies: - Does the way policies applied create close co-operation between local authorities and inhabitants? Yes  - No  Is equality between benefits and mangroves conservation suitable? Yes  No  63 II Suggestions: - Do you have any proposals with coastal mangrove management policies (CMMP)? Do you have any proposals with the way to apply coastal mangrove management and activities to assess effectiveness/existing problems of policies 64 III Appendix C: Figure Aegiceras corniculatum Avicennia marina Acanthus ebrateatus Rhirophora stylosa Plate 1: Four dominant species images of mangrove in Hai Ha district 65 Plate 2: Some field images in collecting data process in study site 66 ... STRUCTURE OF MANGROVE FOREST IN COASTAL AREA HAI HA DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE 4.2.1 Characteristic and distribution of mangrove forest in Hai Ha district Mangrove forest in Hai Ha has existed... area of tidal ground has salt-marsh vegetation in Hai Ha district 13 Table 4.1 List of mangroves in coastal communes in Hai Ha district, Quang Ninh province 19 Table 4.2 Numbers of species in. .. phyla and classes found in Hai Ha mangrove forest 23 Table 4.3 Life forms of mangrove plants in Hai Ha district, Quang ninh provice 26 Table 4.4 Values of mangrove species in Hai Ha district