Indigenous knowledge of dao ethnic people on using medicinal plants in ba vi commune ba vi district ha noi

RểMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Vietnam National University of Forestry STUDENT THESIS Title INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF DAO ETHNIC PEOPLE ON USING MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BA VI COMMUNE, BA VI DISTRICT, HA NOI Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Vu Thi Hong Trang Student ID: 1253100987 Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 – 2016 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Dr Do Anh Tuan Ha Noi, 10/2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To achieve this research, during the implementation process, in addition to my own efforts, I have received the enthusiastic support of Assoc.Dr.Do Anh Tuan, other organizations and departments On this occasion, I would like to express a gratitude to Assoc Dr Do Anh Tuan who has directly guided me to complete this Thesis I also would like to thank the teachers in Vietnam national university of forestry in the advanced program Thanks to Ba Vi commune People's Committee - Ba Vi district - Hanoi city, garden of medicinal plant, the heads of the three villages Hop Son, Hop Nhat and Yen Son of Ba Vi commune helping me to complete this thesis During preparing this thesis, even though I had a lot of effort, because of time and professional qualifications is limited, and the initial unfamiliarity acquainted with the scientific work, so my research have some shortcomings I look forward to receiving some comments from teachers and readers for my better thesis I sincerely thank you! Ha Noi, October 2, 2016 Student Vu Thi Hong Trang TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEWS 1.1 Studies on using medicinal plants in the world 1.2 Studies on using medicinal plants in Vietnam CHAPTER II OBJECTIVES, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Research limiations 2.3 Research contents 2.4 Methodology 2.4.1 Field work CHAPTER III DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY SITE…………………………….11 3.1 History of Ba Vi commune 11 3.2 Natural conditions 11 3.3 Other resources 12 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 14 4.1 Medicinal plants in study area 14 4.1.1 Diversity of medicinal plant phylum in Ba Vi commune 14 4.1.2 Diversity of medicinal plant species and genus in Ba Vi commune 15 4.1.3 Diversity of life form of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune 16 4.2 Use value of medicinal plants in study area 17 4.2.1 The use of medicinal plants in Ba Vi Commune 17 4.2.2 Diversity of plant part use 17 4.2.3 Medicinal plants used for treating different disease groups 19 4.3 Some traditional medicines of Dao people in Ba Vi commune 21 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION 26 5.1 Conclusions 26 5.2 Limitations of this study 26 5.3 Recommendations 27 References Appendix LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Survey of medicinal plant species in Health stations of commune garden Table 2.2: Results of transect survey Table 2.3: The use of traditional medicine in community Table 2.4: List of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune 10 Table 4.1 The diversity of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune 14 Table 4.2: Top 10 families which are rich species 15 Table 4.3: Plant parts use of medicinal species in Ba Vi commune 16 Table 4.4: The use of medicinal plants of local community in Ba Vi Commune 17 Table 4.5 The diversity of medicinal plant parts use 18 Table 4.6 The proportion of plant parts use 18 Table 4.7 The use of medicinal plant for each disease 19 INTRODUCTION Located in Southeast Asia, the territory of Vietnam stretches from Muc Nam Quan to Ca Mau with S-shaped area of 33 thousand km2 Viet Nam has 54 different ethnic groups, and each ethnics has knowledge about their own traditional medicines Located in the tropical monsoon belt with hot and humid tropical climate, Vietnam has high biodiversity and is ranked as one of the top 25 highest biodiversity countries in the world According to Pham Hoang Ho, Vietnam has 12,000 vascular plant species In which, there are about 3,800 medicinal plant species, accounting for 36% of total 10,500 known species In the world, there are about 35,000 medicinal plant species (A P Van Seters, 1997), Vietnam accounted for 11% Despite of large amount, it could not confirm the exact number of medicinal plant species of all ethnic groups in Vietnam, because each ethnic groups has different ways of using remedies plants The knowledge and popular experiences of each ethnic community was transmitted orally to the next generations Gradually, traditional drugs is uniqueness and become common in health care in both internal and external ethnic groups Therefore, there has been a lot of research and conservation project on medicinal plants, traditional medicine knowledge also was conducted and bring important results However, the conservation of remedy plants has faced many difficulties such as war, urbanization, market economy, and so on So the declining resources of these species is inevitable Moreover, the traditional treatment is being lost day by day because more and more the old peoples die and the young members demonstrate little interest in learning the traditional medicine plants Therefore, it needs to take measures and specific plans to conserve medicinal plant resources and traditional medicine knowledge Ba Vi commune is a mountainous area of Ba Vi district, Hanoi city It has large forest coverage, rich flora and fauna, especially the flora However, the natural forest area have been narrow significantly, the amount of medicinal herbs are being depleted because of burning forest for cultivation Additionally, Ba Vi commune is associated with many ethnic groups Dao ethnic people in Vietnam in general and particularly in Ba Vi commune have a very unique local knowledge of using traditional medicinal plants which have been believed by many people To contributeto the conservation of traditional knowledge and medicinal plant resources in Ba Vi commune, the author conducted this thesis with the titile of ―Indigenous knowledge of Dao ethnic people on using medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune, Ba Vi district, Hanoi city” CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEWS 1.1 Studies on using medicinal plants in the world In the development of human society, people always have to contend with illness The research for medicines have emerged in the beginning of human civilization In the process of searching for food, primitive people knew to select plants and animals which is effective treatment to curve their illness Until now lots of ancient medicinal plants are extant 5.000 years ago, Chiness people know the way for sweating to treat colds, Native Americans used Quinquina bark for malaria treatment In ancient period, China and India were famous for ancient tradional medicine China published famous books ―Than nong ban thao” and ―Hoang De Noi Kinh To Van‖ (about 5000 years ago) which are the oldest of Eastern medicines, many drugs recorded in this book was circulated today as ginseng, Rhubarb At Han dynasty (year 165 BC) in ―Thu hau cap Phuong‖, introducing 52 medicinal plants Additionally, there was ―Medicinal dictionary of China‖ att Minh dynasty, "Compendium of Materia Medica" by Li Shizhen (1518-1593) were a encyclopedias collected, added 952 exhibits ancient sources in the field of medicine India had a sutra ―Vedas‖ which recorded many medicines In the first century, a Greek doctor – Dioscorides introduced 600 plant species He mainly focused on the description of medicinal plants Several centuries BC the Greeks were known cultivating plant species for medicines The French botanists are considered to be the first researchers of Southeast Asian plants In the early twentieth century, in Indochina research program, Perry announced 1.000 plant species and medicinal plant species in Southeast Asia which are proven and aggregated recently (1985) into book "Medicinal of East and Southeast Asia" Nowadays, the traditional medicine have been increasingly studied in developing countries in order to serve for better medical treatment 1.2 Studies on using medicinal plants in Vietnam Over more than 4000 years of building and defending the country, Vietnamese people discovered hundreds of medical remedies and accumulated a large range of experience in health care, disease prevention and treatment and these form a basis of Vietnamese traditional medicine In fact, many of the courses of treatment and prevention have remained useful until now such as eating ginger as an anti-cold and flu treatment, anti-malaria plants such as Artermisia, tumeric for stomach issues and chewing betel and dying teeth to prevent tooth decay and gum disease and to deaden or anesthetize the gums As early as the 2nd century BC, Vietnamese used hundreds of plant species for medicinal purposes Traditional Vietnamese Medicine (sometimes abbreviated as TVM) has a long history starting in the Hung Vuong dynasty over 2,000 years ago For thousands of years, Traditional Vietnamese Medicine evolved and was influenced from Traditional Chinese Medicine but also with distinct differences Traditional Vietnamese Medicine has a long history traced back to the Hung Vuong dynasty over 2,000 years ago, people have known distillers wine, used mercury for embalming It has historical records of a physician named Thoi Vy who was known cure tuberculosis, bubonic at An Duong Vuong (257-207) From the Ly Dynasty (11th to 13th century), the Imperial Court had an organized medical division, which was later changed to a medical institute - one of the first in Vietnam In the year 1136, Ly Than Tong king was crazy and folk doctor Nguyen Chi Thanh used psychotherapy method and boil Sapindus saponaria for bathing to treat for king Under the Tran Dynasty (13th to 14th century) medicinal herbs were planted in an organized fashion, nurtured, collected, managed and used for disease treatment This record is based on archeological and other records such as the Duoc Son historical remains in Pha Lai- Quang Ninh province This period was one in which many famous medical doctors made significant contributions to the development of Vietnamese traditional medicine, especially the great physician Tue Tinh, known as the founder of Vietnamese traditional medicine Normally, according to Vietnamese tradition and custom, those who were considered as the most talented and successful men in any specific field were named as the saints or fathers of their specialty Tue Tinh was called the saint and founder of Vietnamese traditional medicine He was also the author of some famous books such as the ―Miracle Vietnamese Pharmacy‖ and ―Great Morality In the Art of Medicine‖ He was the first person to give prominence to an idea of ―The need for Vietnamese to be treated by Vietnamese medicines” In Ho Dynasty (1400 – 1406), as advocated expanding the cure for people with acupuncture method Nguyen Dai Nang was a famous physician, he was the author of poetry related to acupuncture method to the people In Le Dynasty (1428 – 1876) has advances advocated in the care and protect the health of the people Jolin Institute responded for the health of king and army, provided annual detection and prevention services and treatment for people In this period, drugs in rural villages Nghia Trai, Van Lam district develop until now In particular, Hai Thuong Lang Ong Le Huu Trac are known as the medical founders of Vietnam’s Traditional Medicine He was the author of a memorable work about Vietnamese traditional medicine known as the encyclopedia of Vietnamese Traditional Medicine This encyclopedia has 28 episodes and makes up 66 volumes including ―Medical origins with morality and skills‖ The period from 1802 – 1883, Nguyen Dynasty also organized Jolin Institute focused leprosy treatment which was opened in schools in Hue (1850) Nguyen Quang Luong, Nguyen Kim are the famous physician of this period, contributing to development of traditional medicine as ―Nam duoc tap Nghiem quoc am‖ In French colonialists invaded period, traditional medicines in Vietnam had a number of activities such as establishment of the Medical Association of North, Central and South; Training for traditional medicines; opening treatment departments By the early 20th century, a number of traditional medicine books was published in the national languages as ―Vietnam Pharmacological" by Pho Duc Thanh At this time, there was some French botanist came to Vietnam to study including Crévót, Pétélot Pétélot published "Catalogue des produits de L'Indochine" (1928 - 1935) In which, volume V (Produits medicinaux, 1928) described 368 medicinal plants and herbs which are flowering plant species In 1952, he had to complement and build a set of ―Les plantes de médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam‖, consisting of sets and listed of 1.482 herbal medicine in Indochinese countries The period from 1945 to 1954 is a favorable time for the scientists carried out some research on plants as well as medicinal plants in Vietnam Typical book is ―Pharmaceutical and Medicinal herbs in Vietnam‖ included volumes, compiled by Do Tat Loi in 1957, until 1961, this book was reprinted in volumes In whichs, he described in detail and mentioned the use of over 100 medicinal plants Do Tat Loi continued researched and in the years from 1962 – 1965, he published the "The medicinal plants in Vietnam‖ includes episodes, and was edited into episodes in 1969 This book have mentioned over 500 native medicinal herbs, animals and minerals He was tenacious research, continuous additional medicinal plants in their studies and books have been reprinted several times in 1970, 1977, 1981, 1986, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2003 In the th edition (1995), medicinal plants has risen to 792 species and most recently the 13th edition (2005) was published His books have brought a deeply scientific value and practical value, reflecting a combination of traditional science to modern science Vo Van Chi is one of famous botanist of Vietnam who has contributed a lot in researching on plants in Vietnam and he also wrote the book ―Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam‖, 3.200 plants species was descripted in detail (1996) In addition, the book ―Useful plants in Vietnam‖ Volume I and II has mention lot of useful plants such as wood, food and medicine During these years, any studies of the scientists has been published in the book, such as: ―Medicinal plants resources in Vietnam‖ (1993) by the Institute of Medicine with 300 medicinal plant species; Tran Dinh Ly with his book "1900 useful plants" (1995), in Vietnam there are about 76 balsam species, 260 fatty oil species, 160 oil species, 40 bamboo species and 40 calamease species Additionally, from 2000 to present, there have been many books and documents published on medicinal plants to meet the needs of many people interested in medicinal plants in Vietnam such as ―577 traditional prescriptions‖ by Au Anh Kham; ―Southern medicine, Northern medicine and prescription treatment‖ (2001) and the book ―24 specialist medicines‖ (2006) by Tao Duy Can; ― Research on medicine from plants‖ (2006); ― Medicinal value of plants‖ by Pham Hoang Ho researched and gathered; ― Medicinal plants, prescriptions and proprietary medicines‖ by Pham Thiep et al (2000) which describes 327 common medicinal plants At the same time, there are many studies on medicinal plants which was published in the Medicine Journal In workshop of Summarizing 12 years of implementation project traditional medicinal plant conservation in Nam Dong district, Thua Thien Hue province organized (10 April,2010) by the Institute Medicine summed medicinal plants and remedies of ethnic communities in many parts of Vietnam: Dao ethnic (Ba Vi national park) including 579 species and 125 prescriptions; Muong ethnic (Cam Lien, Cam Thuy, Thanh Hoa) including 136 species, 102 prescriptions; H’mong ethnic (Ky Son, Nghe An) including 206 species and 32 prescriptions; Tay ethnic (Vi Xuyen, Ha Giang) including 92 species; Tay – Nung ethnic (Trang Dinh, Lang Son): 126 species and 51 prescriptions; Muong ethnic (Vinh Lac Commune, Luc Yen, Yen Bai): 40 species and 40 prescriptions; 85 prescriptions of Dao community; 72 prescriptions of H’mong community; 16 prescriptions of Thai and Kho Mu community; 11 prescriptions of Bru – Van Kieu community The development and conservation of medicinal plant species are the target of our country's health sector Therefore, the government has implemented many projects In which, two conservation and development on medicinal plants projects ―Medicinal plants conservation project in Ba Vi National Park‖ sponsored by Australia, mostly to help local communities protect and sustainable manage traditional medicinal plant species There are listed traditional medicinal plants, identified the most important species for local in using and economic value ―Conservation of genetic resources of traditional medicinal plants‖ in Binh Duong (Ving Tuong, Vinh Phuc) was conducted in 1999 by Global Environment Facility funding, was completed after two years In conclusion, the investigation and statistics of medicinal plants has brought scientific researches which are deeply nationalistic and it becomes a treasure of knowledge for future generations up to cm long with a corky seed coat Cay sam cau 80 Curculigo Curculigo Orchioides ( Chi cổ nốc) Gaertn A small herb with stout, short or elongate Hypoxidaceae rootstock and copious, fleshy root-fibres ( họ tỏi voi Leaves sessile, 15-45 cm long, linear or linear- lùn) lanceolate, plicate Flowers bright yellow, distichous, in a very short, clavate, flattened scape Capsule 13 mm long, hypogaeous 81 Cay trau khong Piper Betle L Piper Họ Hồ Tiêu It is a dioecious, smooth climbing vine (Piperaceae) reaching a height of to meters Upper leaves are usually oblong-elliptic, oblongovate or ovate,smooth on both surfaces Male spikes are subpendulous, slender, to 13.5 centimeters long, and to 3.5 millimeters in diameter Rachis is hairy Stamens are two, stalked, 0.75 to millimeter long; and the anthers reniform Female spikes, when mature, are red, fleshy, oblong to elongated oblong, to centimeters long, and 0.5 to centimeter thick Rachis is hairy, and the bracts stalkless, peltate, with a smooth disk, transversely oblong to suborbicular, and about centimeter wide Fruit is coalescing, fully embedded in the pulp and concrescent with the rachis Seeds are smooth, oblong to globose-obovoid 82 Ùng oài Bo bo rung Coix lachryma- Coix jobi L var ma- Poaceae It grows in clumps of grass, much below the (Họ lúa) stem base with cylindrical roots grow, the yuen (Rom) Stap roots in the ground is green and the roots below ground is white The petition, springing from, a long strip shaped lamina, stem, round tip 83 Kèng tày mia Da quy Tithonia diversifolia Calotis Asteraceae It is 2–3 m in height with upright and ( Họ cúc) sometimes ligneous stalks in the form of woody shrubs The large, showy flowers are yellow to orange colored and 5–15 cm wide and 10–30 cm long Leaves are sub-ovate, serrate, acute, 10 to 40 cm long, simply or mostly 3-7 lobed, somewhat glandular, and slightly grayish beneath The seeds are achenes, 4-angled, and 5mm long The seeds are spread by wind The leaves of the plant alternate in sides they grow on, which is where the plant gets the name diversifolia This is accompanied by flowers which are yellow in colour and range from 6–13 cm in length It can grow throughout the year and its seeds are spread through way of wind, water, and animals 84 Phù quẩy Dam but Hibiscus rosa- Hibiscus L sinensis L pièng Malvaceace It is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree (Họ Bông) growing 2.5–5 m tall and 1.5–3 m wide, with glossy leaves and solitary, brilliant red flowers in summer and autumn The 5-petaled flowers are 10 cm in diameter, with prominent orangetipped red anthers.The root is a branched tap root The stem is aerial, erect, green, cylindrical and branched The leaf is simple The leaf shape is ovate, the tip is acute and margin is serrated 85 Mat gau Vernonia Vernonia Amygdalina Del Asteraceae It is a small shrub that grows in tropical (Họ cúc) Africa grows to a height of 2–5 m The leaves are elliptical and up to 20 cm long Its bark is rough It is commonly called bitter leaf in English because of its bitter taste 86 Nang hoa trang Crinum asiaticum L Crinum Amaryllidace Crinum asiaticum L is a bulbous herb with a ae flowering stalk in the centre of the plant The (Họ náng) leaves are narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 0.51.5 m long, greenish and have a hairy texture The flowering stem is about 1-1.2 m Flowers are white, 6-12 in an umbel Filaments are reddish The fruit is irregularly globose, 4-5 cm across, with one or a few large green seeds 87 Xoan ta Melia azedarach Melia Meliaceae The adult tree has a rounded crown, and (Họ xoan) commonly measures 7–12 metres tall, however in exceptional circumstances M azedarach can attain a height of 45 metres The leaves are up to 50 centimetres long, alternate, long- petioled, two or three times compound ; the leaflets are dark green above and lighter green below, with serrate margins.The flowers are small and fragrant, with five pale purple or lilac petals, growing in clusters.The fruit is a drupe, marble-sized, light yellow at maturity, hanging on the tree all winter, and gradually becoming wrinkled and almost white 88 Re gio Aristolochia Contorta Bunge Aristolochia Aristolochiaceae It's glabrous stems grow up to metre 1.5 (Họ nam mộc metres The color of the new sprouts is dark hương) purple, and eventually turns green or even slightly white It grows up winding around other objects Its heart-shaped or egg-shaped leaves sprout unevenly and the color is white tinged with green The length extends from centimetres - 10 centimetres , and the width extends from 3.5 centimetres -8 centimetres.The edges are dull and the petioles are long.Green and purple tube shaped flowers bloom during July to August, coming out from the axils Calyx tubes are glabrous and widen to the bottom, and narrowing towards the top they open widely like horns One side of the lobes lengthen with sharp edges, and the length of the peduncles are centimetre - centimetres The flowers not have floral leaves and consist of stamens and pistils joined together as a whole The ovaries are very thin, long and fragile The globular shaped fruits bore on October, has holes containing many seeds The lower part of the fruits divide, each of them hanging on to the peduncles, splitting like tiny strands, and shape like parachutes 89 M’hây Tao rung ghim Rhamnus Rhamnus crenatus Sieb Rhamneceae Small tree 1-8m high, smooth soft stems (Họ táo) Leaves alternate, ovate, serrated leaf edge, Zucc var looks like leaves eaten apple Flowers small, cambodianus bisexual, white gold, grow in clusters at the leaf canopy Apples but smaller, and more flattened Season 5-7 month results 90 Mìa bua Bach hac Rhinacanthus Communis Nees Rhinacanthus Ancanthaceae Native to India, this useful plant is a slender, (Họ ô rô) erect, branched, somewhat hairy shrub 1–2 m in height The leaves are oblong, 4–10 cm in length, and narrowed and pointed at both ends The inflorescence is a spreading, leafy, hairy panicle with the flowers usually in clusters The calyx is green, hairy, and about mm long The corolla-tube is greenish, slender, cylindric, and about cm long The flowers is 2-lipped; the upper lip is white, erect, oblong or lancelike, 2-toothed at the apex, and about mm in both length and width; and the lower lip is broadly obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm in both measurements, 3-lobed, and white, with a few, minute, brownish dots near the base The fruit is club-shaped and contains seeds 91 Bach hoa xa Plumbago PlumbagoL zeylanica L Plumbaginace The leaves are petiolate or sessile and have ae ovate, (Họ oblanceolate blades that measure 5-9 × 2.5– cơng) cm in length Bases are attenuate while lance-elliptic, or spatulate to apexes are acute, acuminate, or obtuse Inflorescences are 3–15 cm in length and have glandular, viscid rachises Bracts are lanceolate and 3-7 × 1–2 mm long The heterostylous flowers have white corollas 17– 33 mm in diameter and tubes 12.5–28 mm in length Capsules are 7.5–8 mm long and contain are reddish brown to dark brown seeds 92 Huung nhu Ocimum trang gratissium L Ocimum Laminaceae Ocimum gratissimum is an aromatic, perennial (Họ hoa môi) herb, 1-3 m tall; stem erect, round quadrangular, much branched, glabrous or pubescent, woody at the base, often with epidermis peeling in strips.Leaves opposite; petiole 2-4.5 cm long, slender, pubescent; blade elliptical to ovate, 1.5-16 cm x 1-8.5 cm, membranaceous, punctate, base sometimes cuneate, entire, glandular margin elsewhere coarsely crenate-serrate, apex acute, puberulent or pubescent Fruit consisting of 4, dry, 1-seeded nutlets enclosed in the persistent calyx (the lower lip closing the mouth of the fruiting calyx); nutlet subglobose,1.5 mm long, rugose, brown; outer pericarp not becoming mucilaginous in water 93 Dau tam Morus alba L Morus Moraceae The leaves up to 30 cm long, and deeply and (Họ dâu tằm) intricately lobed, with the lobes rounded On older trees, the leaves are generally 5–15 cm long, unlobed, cordate at the base and rounded to acuminate at the tip, and serrated on the margins The flowers are single-sex catkins; male catkins are 2–3.5 cm long, and female catkins 1–2 cm long Male and female flowers are usually on separate trees although they may occur on the same tree The fruit is 1–2.5 cm long; in the species in the wild it is deep purple, but in many cultivated plants it varies from white to pink The seeds are widely dispersed in the droppings of birds that eat the fruit 94 Cam thao Glycyrrhiza Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch Fabaceae Plants perennial herbs, roots length pale (Họ đậu) yellow Body with soft bristles, short Leaves alternate, odd pinnate double Bunches in axillary the inflorescence; relatively small flowers, light purple Fruits have curved shape 95 Tà phàn sli Thai lai tia Tradescantia Tradescantia Zebrina Hort ex Commelinaceae It (Họ thài lài) upper surface showing purple new growth and has attractive zebra-patterned leaves, the London (Zebrina green older growth parallel to the central axis, pendula as well as two broad silver-colored stripes on Schnizl.) the outer edges, with the lower leaf surface presenting a deep uniform magenta 96 Que Cinnamomum Cinnamomum Loureirii Nees Lauraceae Cinnamon high about 12-20m; very fragrant (Họ long não) peel; in axillary panicles; perianth hairless look 1cm high, initially green then purplebrown when ripe, shiny, stem cover a coat Fruit have 6-8 months 97 Bach đan xanh Eucalyptus Globulus Labill Eucalyptus Myrtaceae The bark sheds often, peeling in large strips (Họ sim) The broad juvenile leaves are borne in opposite pairs on square stems They are arranged alternately on rounded stems and range from 15–35 cm in length The buds are top-shaped, ribbed and warty and have a flattened operculum bearing a central knob The cream-coloured flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils and produce copious nectar The fruits are woody and range from 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter Numerous small seeds are shed through valves which open on the top of the fruit It produces roots throughout the soil profile, rooting several feet deep in some soils 98 Xa đen Celastrus Hindsii Celastrus Celastraceae Evergreen shrubs Leaves alternate, low- Benth et Hook (Họ dây gối) toothed edges Inflorescences on tops or axillary, white petals Ovoid capsule, seed beads hong.Hoa shirt 3-5 months, 8-12 months results 99 Cay toi Allium Sativum L Allium Liliaceae Allium sativum is a bulbous plant It grows up (chi hành) (Họ hành) to 1.2m in height It produces hermaphrodite flowers Pollination occurs by bees and other insects 100 Buoi Citrus Grandis Citrus Rutaceae It is usually pale green to yellow when ripe, (Họ cam) with sweet white (or, more rarely, pink or red) flesh and very thick albedo (rind pith) It is a large citrus fruit, 15–25 cm diameter, usually weighing 1–2 kilograms Leaf petioles are distinctly winged.The fruit tastes like a sweet, mild grapefruit (which is itself believed to be a hybrid of Citrus maxima and the orange, though the typical pomelo is much larger than the grapefruit It has none, or very little, of the common grapefruit's bitterness, but the enveloping membranous material around the segments is bitter, considered inedible, and thus is usually discarded 101 Tia to Perilla frutescens Perilla Lamiaceae The body grass grows standing , trunk and (L.) Britt (họ hoa môi) square branches concave side, blue or purple, with many feathers The petition, springing to cross Cross, blade, wide ovoid Investment picked fruit ovoid or nearly spherical 102 Chay gan Xa Cymbopogon citratus Cymbopogon Poaceae Leaves is linear, up to m long and cm (Họ lúa) wide, tapering towards the sheath They are smooth and hairless, white on the upper surface and green beneath The ligules (appendage between the leaf sheaf and blade) are less than mm long, and are rounded or truncate (ending abruptly as if cut off) The inflorescence is a loose, nodding panicle, about 60 cm long and reddish to russet in colour The pedicels (stalks of the spikelets) are tinged with purple 103 Ngai cuu Artemisia Artemisia Vulgaris L Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris is a tall herbaceous (Họ cúc) perennial plant growing 1–2 m tall, with a woody root The leaves are 5–20 cm long, dark green, pinnate and sessile, with dense white tomentose hairs on the underside The erect stems are grooved and often have a redpurplish tinge The rather small florets are radially symmetrical with many yellow or dark red petals The narrow and numerous capitula (flower heads), all fertile, spread out in racemose panicles It flowers from midsummer to early autumn 104 Mach mon đong Tuber Ophiopogon Ophiopogoni Liliaceae It is an evergreen, sod-forming perennial plant (họ hành) The leaves are linear, 20–40 cm long The flowers are white through pale lilac, borne in a short raceme on a 5–10 cm stem The fruit is a blue berry mm diameter Underground, this species has large stolens with tuberous roots 105 Dua dai Pandanus Odoratissimus Pandanus Pandanaceae It can grow to a height of 15 m Stems are (Họ dứa) hollow Leaves are sword like, to m long L.f (P tectorius and to cm wide, arranged spirally in three Park ex Z.), rows at the tips of the branches In fully exposed leaves, the midrib is bent, and the upper third or so of the leaf hangs down, giving Pandanus plants their characteristic drooping appearance Leaf apex is long and flagella like Underside the leaves, especially at the base two clearly demarcated very pale dull green strips are present, one on either side of the midrib Margin of the leaves and midrib are prickled Prickles are white or with dark tip, to mm long, slender and slightly curved Fruits are variable in shape, ovoid, ellipsoid, sub-globose or globose with tightly bunched, wedge shaped fleshy drupes Fruits are green when unripe, orange or red or vermilion when ripe 106 Tập bầy Sli Đau van Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus Fabaceae Bushes 20–60 cm tall, while pole or running varieties form vines 2–3 m long The white, pink, or purple flowers are about cm long, and they give way to pods 8–20 cm long and 1–1.5 cm wide Fruit have green, yellow, black color, containing 4–6 beans The beans are smooth, plump,kidney-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long  Pictures of some medicinal plants Acronychia pedunculata E thymifolia Burm Pandanus Odoratissimus L.f (P tectorius Park ex Z.), (Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr.) Achyranthes aspera Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms Celastrus hindsii Stephania Dielsiana Y.C Wu Spatholobus suberectus Dunn Potygonum sinense Phyllanthus urinaria L Plantago  Picture of research illustrations Cinnamomum verum Adenosma caeruleum R Br ... for local in using and economic value ―Conservation of genetic resources of traditional medicinal plants? ?? in Binh Duong (Ving Tuong, Vinh Phuc) was conducted in 1999 by Global Environment Facility... sedative, tonic and disease in children It refers the riches of experience in using medicinal plants of Dao ethic people in Ba Vi commune 4.3 Some traditional medicines of Dao people in Ba Vi commune. .. conservation of traditional knowledge and medicinal plant resources in Ba Vi commune, the author conducted this thesis with the titile of ? ?Indigenous knowledge of Dao ethnic people on using medicinal