CliffsTestPrep ™ TOEFL ® CBT by Michael A. Pyle IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. An International Data Group Company Foster City, CA ■ Chicago, IL ■ Indianapolis, IN ■ New York, NY For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org CliffsTestPrep ™ TOEFL ® CBT Published by IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. An International Data Group Company 919 E. Hillsdale Blvd. Suite 400 Foster City, CA 94404 www.idgbooks.com (IDG Books Worldwide Web Site) www.cliffsnotes.com (CliffsNotes Web Site) Copyright © 2001 IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book, including interior design, cover design, and icons, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETE- NESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THE DESCRIPTIONS CONTAINED IN THIS PARA- GRAPH. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS. THE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS STATED HEREIN ARE NOT GUARANTEED OR WAR- RANTED TO PRODUCE ANY PARTICULAR RESULTS, AND THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES. NOTE: THIS BOOK IS INTENDED TO OFFER GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE TOEFL CBT. THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER ARE NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, TAX, ACCOUNTING, INVESTMENT, REAL ESTATE, OR SIMILAR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. ALTHOUGH LEGAL, TAX, ACCOUNTING, INVESTMENT, REAL ESTATE, AND SIMILAR ISSUES ADDRESSED BY THIS BOOK HAVE BEEN CHECKED WITH SOURCES BE- LIEVED TO BE RELIABLE, SOME MATERIAL MAY BE AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN THE LAWS AND/OR INTERPRETATION OF LAWS SINCE THE MANUSCRIPT IN THIS BOOK WAS COMPLETED. THEREFORE, THE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN AND THE OPINIONS THAT HAVE BEEN GENERATED ARE NOT GUARANTEED OR WARRANTED TO PRODUCE PARTICULAR RESULTS, AND THE STRATEGIES OUTLINED IN THIS BOOK MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL. IF LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, TAX, INVEST- MENT, REAL ESTATE, OR OTHER EXPERT ADVICE IS NEEDED OR APPROPRIATE, THE READER IS STRONGLY ENCOURAGED TO OBTAIN THE SERVICES OF A PROFESSIONAL EXPERT. Trademarks: TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service. Cliffs, CliffsTestPrep, CliffsNote-a-Day, CliffsNotes, and all related logos and trade dress are registered trademarks or trademarks of IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. IDG Books Worldwide is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. is a registered trademark under exclusive license to IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., from International Data Group, Inc. About the Author Michael A. Pyle earned a bachelor’s degree in English in 1977 and a master’s degree in Linguistics in 1979. He has been involved in the field of English as a Second Language since he began work on his master’s degree in 1977. The original TOEFL test preparation book that he co-authored was created while Mike was teaching at the University of Florida’s English Language Institute and Santa Fe Community College in Gainesville, Florida in 1982. He also wrote Cliffs Advanced Practice for the TOEFL in 1992. Although Mike no longer actively teaches for any institution, he periodically makes presentations to individual classes at Daytona Beach Community College and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida. He is a member of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) and regularly attends its annual meetings. He has made presentations on teaching techniques related to TOEFL at TESOL annual meetings from time to time. PublisherÕ s Acknowledgments E ditorial Project Editor: Joan Friedman Copy Editor: Billie A. Williams Editorial Assistant: Alison Jefferson Special Help: Constance Carlisle, audio CD producer; ripple FX, audio CD engineering; Voice Scouts, audio CD talent; Brian Talbot, Becky Wilmes, and Chuck Campbell, audio CD narration Production Proofreader: Arielle Carole Mennelle IDG Books Indianapolis Production Departmen t Note: If you purchased this book without a cover, you should be aware that this book is stolen prop- erty. It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher has received any payment for this “stripped book.” For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Author’s Acknowledgments Writing a book requires a considerable amount of research and work, and once it is completed, it is natural to feel a great relief. I only hope that you find it as helpful as students have found the two earlier texts I wrote. I very much appreciate the feedback I have received from students and teachers over the years on the original texts. I am grateful to Joyce Pepple and Greg Tubach for asking me to write an- other Cliffs book. I am particularly thankful to Joan Friedman for all the work that she and her staff did in the actual production, revision, and completion of the text itself. My father-in-law, Dr. Manuel Lopez Figueras, of Merida, Venezuela, again helped me write a new passage about his specialty, lichens. My friend Dr. Arnold Vera, a physician specializing in endocrinology in Ormond Beach, Florida, assisted me greatly in writing the passage about diabetes. I also wish to thank Alejandro Muñoz and his family for taking us all over Mexico, including on a tour of the Don Julio Tequila processing plant in Atotonilco-Jalisco. Nowadays, I am a lawyer with a busy law office. I very much appreciate those members of my staff who were sometimes affected by my work on the book, espe- cially when they had to handle the legal work for clients because I was locked in my room trying to meet a deadline. Those employees are Trisha Dellinger, Stacey Rahm, Michelle Hall, Tracy Stafford, Kathy Strawn, and Sheila Semanisin. Sheila regularly had to fax and overnight documents. Tracy even stepped in to draw fig- ures for me on short notice. And Steve Rahm has done a magnificent job creating our toeflcourse.com Web site. I appreciate Verna Londoño and the administrators of Daytona Beach Community College and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University for inviting me to speak to their students from time to time so that I could gauge the quality of what I had written. I also appreciate how open and cooperative Gena Netten and others in the TOEFL office have been with me and other TOEFL authors. Without information from them, we would all be guessing about what to present to the readers. As always, I am grateful to my wife, Maria, and children, Michelle and Michael, Jr., for putting up with my working so many hours as well as providing ideas for sample items. I was even receiving and returning text via e-mail while on a cruise with the family in the Carribean. And most of all, thanks to you, the reader, for choosing this book. I hope that you will find it useful and I welcome your feedback. Visit the Web site and e-mail me with your comments and questions. iii For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv To the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Study Guide Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE TOEFL COMPUTER-BASED TEST GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 How Colleges and Universities Use TOEFL Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Computer-Based versus Paper-Based Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Computer Tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Institutional Testing Program (ITP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 STRUCTURE OF THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Listening Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Structure Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Reading Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Writing Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 QUESTIONS COMMONLY ASKED ABOUT THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 COMPUTER BASICS FOR TAKING THE TOEFL TEST . . . . . . . 11 TAKING THE TOEFL TEST: A SUCCESSFUL OVERALL APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Preparing for the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The Day of the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 During the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 PART II: ANALYSIS OF EXAM AREAS LISTENING SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Part A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Part B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Preparing for the Listening Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 STRUCTURE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Incomplete Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Choosing the Incorrect Word or Phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 How to Prepare for the Structure Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 v For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org READING SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Preparing for the Reading Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 WRITING SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 How to Prepare for the Writing Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 A Patterned Plan of Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 PART III: DETAILED REVIEW OF ITEMS TESTED LISTENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Tenses and Time Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Passive Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Modals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Conditional Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Wish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Comparisons and Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Equal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Unequal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Double Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Limiting Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Already and Yet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Affirmative Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Negative Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Tag Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Because and Because Of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 So . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The Reason . . . That . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Other Phrases Indicating Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Causatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Have and Get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Words that Sound Alike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Problem Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 No Sooner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Remember, Stop, and Forget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Let and Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Used To and Be Used To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Would Rather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 vi CliffsTestPrep TOEFL CBT For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Phrasal Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Idioms of Suggestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Commands and Indirect Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Practice Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 CD A, Track 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Answers for the Practice Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Nouns and Noun Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Other Types of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Verbs and Verb Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Phrases and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Structure Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Recognizing Unusual Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Infinitives and Gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 That Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Question Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Complex Sentence Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Passive Voice Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Conditional Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Real (Possibly True) Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Unreal (Not True) Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Relative or Adjective Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 That and Which . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Who, Whom, and Whose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Reduced Relative (Adjective) Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Reduced Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Active Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Passive Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Adjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Structure Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Reverse Order Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Reversed Conditional Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Reversed Order Limiting Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Direct and Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Illogical Participial Modifiers (Dangling Participles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Because/Because Of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Word Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Order of a Superlative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Order of an Intensifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Order of Verb Modifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Order of Adjectives and Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Structure Quiz 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 vii Table of Contents For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Word Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Need and In Need of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 So and Such . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Adverbs and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Adjective Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Linking Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Parallel Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Pronoun Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Noun/Pronoun Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Verb Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Basic Verb Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Regular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Simple Present Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Present Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Simple Past Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Past Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Present Perfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Present Perfect Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Past Perfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Past Perfect Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Modals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Subject/Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Noun Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Distracting Words and Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 A Number of or The Number of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Sentences with Two or More Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Combining Verb Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Subjunctive Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Verbs Used as Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Verbs Complementing Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Verbs Following Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Verbs Following Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Verbs Used as Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Nouns Used as Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Structure Quiz 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Word Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Idiomatic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Completing a Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Not Only . . . But Also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Count and Non-Count Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Definite and Indefinite Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Another, Other, and Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Comparisons and Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Equal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Unequal Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Double Comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Problem Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 No Sooner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Despite/In Spite of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Rise/Raise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Lie/Lay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Sit/Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 viii CliffsTestPrep TOEFL CBT For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 During . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 By . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Into . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 At . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Structure Quiz 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Missing and Extra Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Missing Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Missing Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Missing Conjugated Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Extra Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Extra Nouns and Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Structure Quiz 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Answers and Explanations for Structure Quiz 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Identifying Main Ideas and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Studying the Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Testing Your Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 a- or ab- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 a- or an- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 ad- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 ante- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 anti- or ant- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 bi- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 circum- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 con- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 contra- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 de- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 dis- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 dys- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 eu- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 ex- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 in- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 inter- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 intro- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 per- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 post- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 pre- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 pro- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 re- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 retro- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 sub- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Prefix Practice Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 -cide- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 -corp- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 -cred- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 ix Table of Contents For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org . ™ 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