www.dbebooks.com - Free Books & magazines Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. DATABASES DEMYSTIFIED P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen This page intentionally left blank. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. DATABASES DEMYSTIFIED ANDREW J. OPPEL McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-146960-5 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-225364-9. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071469605 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. To everyone from whom I have learned so much about so many things, including the many teachers, students, and co-workers I have had the pleasure of knowing. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Andrew J. (Andy) Oppel is a proud graduate of The Boys’ Latin School of Mary- land and of Transylvania University (Lexington, KY) where he earned a BA in com- puter science in 1974. Since then he has been continuously employed in a wide variety of information technology positions, including programmer, programmer/ analyst, systems architect, project manager, senior database administrator, database group manager, consultant, database designer, and data architect. In addition, he has been a part-time instructor with the University of California (Berkeley) Extension for over 20 years, and received the Honored Instructor Award for the year 2000. His teaching work has included developing two courses for UC Extension, “Concepts of Database Management Systems” and “Introduction to Relational Database Man- agement Systems.” He also earned his Oracle 9i Database Associate certification in 2003. He is currently employed as the principal data architect for Ceridian, a leading provider of human resource solutions. Aside from computer systems, Andy enjoys music (guitar and vocals), amateur radio (Pacific Division vice director, American Radio Relay League), and soccer (referee instructor, U.S. Soccer). Andy has designed and implemented hundreds of databases for a wide range of applications, including medical research, banking, insurance, apparel manufactur - ing, telecommunications, wireless communications, and human resources. His da - tabase product experience includes IMS, DB2, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle (versions 7, 8, 8i, and 9i). P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click here for terms of use. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. CONTENTS AT A GLANCE CHAPTER 1 Database Fundamentals 1 CHAPTER 2 Exploring Relational Database Components 25 CHAPTER 3 Forms-Based Database Queries 51 CHAPTER 4 Introduction to SQL 89 CHAPTER 5 The Database Life Cycle 129 CHAPTER 6 Logical Database Design Using Normalization 145 CHAPTER 7 Data and Process Modeling 179 CHAPTER 8 Physical Database Design 203 CHAPTER 9 Connecting Databases to the Outside World 227 CHAPTER 10 Database Security 247 CHAPTER 11 Database Implementation 273 CHAPTER 12 Databases for Online Analytical Processing 293 Final Exam 307 Answers to Quizzes and Final Exam 325 Index 329 vii P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen This page intentionally left blank. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. CONTENTS Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix CHAPTER 1 Database Fundamentals 1 Properties of a Database 1 The Database Management System (DBMS) 2 Layers of Data Abstraction 3 Physical Data Independence 5 Logical Data Independence 6 Prevalent Database Models 7 Flat Files 7 The Hierarchical Model 9 The Network Model 11 The Relational Model 13 The Object-Oriented Model 15 The Object-Relational Model 16 A Brief History of Databases 17 Why Focus on Relational? 19 Quiz 20 CHAPTER 2 Exploring Relational Database Components 25 Conceptual Database Design Components 26 Entities 27 ix P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen For more information about this title, click here Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. [...]... CHAPTER 9 Connecting Databases to the Outside World Deployment Models Centralized Model 227 228 228 Databases Demystified xiv Distributed Model Client/Server Model Connecting Databases to the Web Introduction to the Internet and the Web Components of the Web “Technology Stack” Invoking Transactions from Web Pages Connecting Databases to Applications Connecting Databases via ODBC Connecting Databases to Java... blank INTRODUCTION Thirty years ago, databases were found only in special research laboratories where computer scientists struggled with ways to make them efficient and useful, and published their findings in countless research papers Today databases are a ubiquitous part of the information technology (IT) industry and business in general We directly and indirectly use databases every day—banking transactions,... Ceridian Certified Oracle 9i Database Associate CHAPTER 1 Database Fundamentals This chapter introduces fundamental concepts and definitions regarding databases, including properties common to databases, prevalent database models, a brief history of databases, and the rationale for focusing on the relational model Properties of a Database A database is a collection of interrelated data items that are... incentive to find a better way to organize data The Hierarchical Model The earliest databases followed the hierarchical model The model evolved from the file systems that the databases replaced, with records arranged in a hierarchy much like an organization chart Each file from the flat file system became a record type, or 9 Databases Demystified 10 node in hierarchical terminology, but we will use the... are recorded in and served by databases As with many fast-growing technologies, industry standards have lagged behind the development of database technology, resulting in a myriad of commercial products, each following a particular software vendor’s vision Moreover, a number of different database models have emerged, with the relational model being the most prevalent Databases Demystified examines... is a copy of the database software running in memory 1 Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies Click here for terms of use Databases Demystified 2 Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase define a database as a collection of data items that have a common owner, and multiple databases are typically managed by a single instance of the database management software This can be quite confusing if you work... unfortunately similar definitions of files and databases, how can we make a distinction? A number of Unix operating system vendors call their password file a “database,” yet database experts will quickly point out that, in fact, it is not Clearly, we need a bit more rigor in our definitions The answer lies in an understanding of certain characteristics or properties that databases possess that ordinary files... logical layer, and the external layer The original architecture included a conceptual layer, which has been omitted here because none of the modern database vendors implemented it 3 Demystified / Databases D Databases Demystified 4 Figure 1-1 Database layers of abstraction The Physical Layer The physical layer contains the data files that hold all the data for the database Nearly all modern DBMSs allow... data, the implemented database becomes an unwieldy beast that requires constant attention Databases Demystified focuses on transformation of requirements into a working database model with special emphasis on a process called normalization, which has proven to be an effective technique for designing relational databases In fact, normalization can be applied successfully to other database models And,... and instructor to provide you with this self-help guide to the fascinating and complex world of database technology Examples are included using both Microsoft Access and Oracle Publicly available sample databases supplied by these vendors (the Microsoft Access Northwind database and the Oracle Human Resources database schema) are used in example figures whenever possible so that you may try the examples . watermark. xiv Databases Demystified Demystified / Databases Demystified / Oppel/ 225364-9 / FM Distributed Model 229 Client/Server Model 231 Connecting Databases. Transactions from Web Pages 239 Connecting Databases to Applications 240 Connecting Databases via ODBC 240 Connecting Databases to Java Applications 241 Quiz