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SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TP HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LÊ HỒNG PHONG CỘNG HÒA Xà HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự – Hạnh phúc Tp HCM, ngày tháng 12 năm 2020 NỘI DUNG - CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ THI KÌ THI OLYMPIC TRUYỀN THỐNG 30 – LẦN THỨ XXVI TỔ CHỨC TẠI TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LÊ HỒNG PHONG TP HỒ CHÍ MINH – NĂM HỌC 2020-2021 Môn: Tiếng Anh – Khối 10 -11 -o0o A NỘI DUNG - Các chủ điểm đọc hiểu điền từ phù hợp với học sinh trung học (có thể liên quan chủ điểm SGK) - Các điểm ngữ pháp bao gồm: + Articles + Verb forms/ tenses + Relative Clauses and Their reduced Forms + Adverbial Clauses + Noun Clauses + Comparison + Reported Speech + Passive Voice + Subjunctives + Gerund- Infinitive + Participle Phrases + Inversion + Modal verbs + Phrasal verbs + Prepositions B CẤU TRÚC Đề thi gồm hai phần: - TRẮC NGHIỆM ( 80 câu – 40 điểm) - TỰ LUẬN (60 câu - 70 điểm) I PHẦN TRẮC NGHIỆM (Multiple choice questions) bao gồm: 1/ Trắc nghiệm từ vựng (word choice): 10 câu 2/ Trắc nghiệm cấu trúc ngữ pháp (structures and grammar): 10 câu 3/ Trắc nghiệm giới từ cụm động từ (prepositions and phrasal verbs): 10 câu 4/ Trắc nghiệm kết hợp từ (collocations and idioms): 10 câu 5/ Đọc hiểu (Reading comprehension): - 10 câu hỏi (Reading 1) - 10 câu hỏi ( Reading – Bài nâng cao hơn) 6/ Cloze test: - 10 câu hỏi (Cloze Test 1) - 10 câu hỏi ( Cloze Test – Bài nâng cao hơn) II PHẦN TỰ LUẬN bao gồm: 1/ Open cloze test (20 điểm): Điền từ vào chỗ trống đọan văn, đọan 10 chỗ trống - Cloze test (10 chỗ trống) - Cloze test (10 chỗ trống – Bài nâng cao hơn) 2/ Word forms (20 điểm): - 10 câu (Cho dạng từ ngoặc câu) - 10 câu (Dùng 10 từ cho sẵn khung biến đổi dạng từ cho phù hợp để điền vào chỗ trống đọan văn) 3/ Sửa lỗi sai (10 điểm): (Error identification: tìm 10 lỗi sai đoạn văn sửa lỗi sai) 4/ Biến đổi câu - Sentence transformation (20 điểm) : - câu structures - câu idiomatic expression (2 số câu có KEY WORD) - câu collocation ( có KEY WORD) NOUN CLAUSE Mệnh đề danh từ loại mệnh đề sử dụng thường xuyên tiếng Anh Với vẻ bề mệnh đề đóng vai trị danh từ, nguồn gốc đặt tên mệnh đề Mục lục Mệnh đề danh từ gì? Cấu trúc cách dùng Mệnh đề đồng cách cho danh từ Cách thành lập mệnh đề danh từ I Mệnh đề danh từ gì? - Mệnh đề danh từ [noun clause] mệnh đề phụ có chức danh từ Mệnh đề danh từ thường bắt đầu “that” nghi vấn từ: who, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how whether, if - Người ta thường sử dụng mệnh đề danh từ cho câu phức nhằm diễn đạt ý nghĩa dài dòng, sâu xa nhiều ẩn dụ II Cấu trúc cách dùng: Mệnh đề danh từ đóng vai trị danh từ nên có chức tương tự, cụ thể sau: - Đóng vai trị làm chủ ngữ - Làm tân ngữ sau động từ - Tân ngữ sau giới từ - Bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ - Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ Làm chủ ngữ Cấu trúc: Noun Clause + V / to be E.g - That Tom can’t come is disappointing = It is disappointing that Tom can’t come - What he was talking about was interesting - How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery Làm tân ngữ sau động từ Cấu trúc: S + V + Noun Clause + … E.g - I know that you must be tired after a long journey - Please tell me where you live Làm tân ngữ sau giới từ Cấu trúc: S + V / to be (+ adj)+ preposition + Noun Clause E.g - We argued for hours about when we should start - Pay careful attention to what I am going to say Bổ nghĩa cho câu Cấu trúc: Clause + Noun Clause - What surprised me was that he spoke English so well - That is not what I want Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ Cấu trúc: S + to be + adj + Noun Clause + … - I’m happy that you don’t forget me Mệnh đề đồng cách cho danh từ E.g - The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true - Your statement that you found the money in the street will not be believed Lưu ý: Có thể bỏ từ nối “that” mệnh đề “that” mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ câu Nhưng không bỏ “that” mệnh đề danh từ làm chủ ngữ E.g - We know (that) the world is round - That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious Lưu ý: Trong mệnh đề danh từ, chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ Không dùng trật tự từ câu nghi vấn mệnh đề danh từ E.g - I couldn’t hear what he said INVERSION (CÂU ĐẢO NGỮ) Nguyên tắc chung: 1)- Với động từ BE: …… BE + S ……… 2)- Với dộng từ thường: a)- Ở đơn (HT đơn, QK đơn): …… DO/DOES/DID + S + V ………… b)- Ở hồn thành (HTHT , QKHT): …… HAVE/HAS/HAD + S + PP/V3 ………… 3)- Với động từ tình thái (Modal Verbs): ……… Modal verbs + S + V I-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NO VÀ NOT: - I wil lend you no money from now on  - No money will I lend you from now on - I wont lend you any money from now on  - Not any money will I lend you from now on II-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC TRẠNG TỪ PHỦ ĐỊNH: Never(không bao giờ), rarely = seldom = little (ít khi, khi, khơng), hardly (ever) (hầu không bao giờ) - I will never speak to him again  - Never will I speak to him again - He has rarely got mark 10 in maths  - Rarely has he got mark 10 in maths - I seldom listen to rock music  - Seldom I listen to rock music - She little understands me  - Little does she understand me - They hardly (ever) speak in public  - Hardly (ever) they speak in public - She is never late for school  - Never is she late for school II-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI: No sooner …… than; Hardly/Barely/Scarcely…… when/before…… (Vừa … thì…….) 1)- No sooner had S PP/V3 than clause (QKĐ) 2)- Hardly/Barely/Scarcely had S PP/V3 when/before clause (QKĐ) -I had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang  - No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang -I had hardly arrived home when/before the phone rang  - Hardly had I arrived home when/before the phone rang III-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI ONLY: - Only after N/V-ing: sau - Only later: Chỉ sau - Only once: lần - Only then : đến lúc - Only when clause : chi đến - Only if clause : - Only by N/V-ing: cách - Only with N/V-ing: với - Only in this/that way : cách này/đó E.g - I realized that I had forgotten to put on a stamp only after posting the letter  - Only after posting the letter did I realize that I had forgotten to put on a stamp - She will love him only when she understands him  - Only when she understands him will she love him - We can pass the exam only by working harder  - Only by working harder can we pass the exam - We will be successful only in this way  - Only in this way will we be successful - You are allowed to enter this room only if I have given permission  - Only if I have given permission are you allowed to enter this room IV- ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC CỤM GIỚI TỪ CÓ NO: - At no time : chưa - In no way : khơng cịn cách - On no condition : tuyệt đối không - On no account : khơng lí - Under/In no circumstances:trong hồn cảnh khơng - For no reasons = On no account : không lí - No longer: khơng Ex: - He never knew she came from a rich family  - At no time did he know she came from a rich family  - Never did he know she came from a rich family - Keith certainly cant be held responsible for the accident  - In no way can Keith be held responsible for the accident - Passengers arent permitted to open the doors under/in any circumstances  - Under/In no circumstances are passengers permitted to open the doors - He no longer works as an accountant He has just found another job  - No longer does he works as an accountant He ………………………… V-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI SO ………… THAT VÀ SUCH ……… THAT : 1)- SO ……… THAT : - He worked so hard that he forgot his lunch  - So hard did he worked that he forgot his lunch - The play is so interesting that the theatre is likely to be full every night  - So interesting is the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night  - Such is the interest of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night - He bought so many books that he couldn't read them all  - So many books did he buy that he couldn't read them all - Alice has so much homework that she can't finish it all  - So much homework does Alice have that she can't finish it all Note: Dùng SO MANY/FEW/MUCH/LITTLE N không dùng SUCH 2)- SUCH …………… THAT : - It was such a boring speech that I got sleepy  - Such was a boring speech that I got sleepy Note: trường hợp BE SO MUCH/GREAT đổi thành SUCH BE NOUN - The force of the storm was so great that trees were uprooted  - Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted VI-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI : NOT ONLY ………… BUT ALSO (khơng mà cịn) NOT ONLY mệnh đề đảo BUT ……… ALSO mệnh đề thường - He is not only good at English but he can also draw very well  - Not only is he good at English but he can also draw very well VII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI: NOT UNTILL/TILL (THEN/LATER) NOT UNTILL/TILL mệnh đề thường mệnh đề đảo (mãi đến khi) - I didnt know where I was untill I asked a passer-by  - Not untill I asked a passer-by did I know where I was NOT UNTILL/TILL THEN/LATER mệnh đề đảo (mãi đến lúc đó/sau này) - I didnt recognize him untill later  - Not untill later did I recognize him VIII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER/NOR VÀ SO: - They dont like chicken, and neither/nor I - She can play the guitar, and so can I * ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER……………… NOR : - There is neither excitement nor entertainment in this small town  Neither is there excitement nor entertainment in this small town IX-ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG SO SÁNH VỚI AS VÀ THAN: - The cake was excellent, as the coffee was  - The cake was excellent, as was the coffee - I thought, as my friend did, that the exam would be difficult  -I thought, as did my friend, that the exam would be difficult - He has more money than you  - He has more money than you X-ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN: 1-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: IF S V …… -> SHOULD S V ……… - If you hear the fire alarm, leave the building at once  - Should you hear the fire alarm, leave the building at once - If anybody phones me, please tell them Im busy  - Should anybody phone me, please tell them Im busy 2-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2: a-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ TO BE: IF S WERE ………………… > WERE S ……………… - If I were you, I wouldnt that  -Were I you, I wouldnt that b-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG: IF S P/V2 ………………… -> WERE S TO V …………… - If he worked more slowly, he wouldnt make many mistakes  -Were he to work more slowly, he wouldnt make many mistakes 3-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: IF S HAD PP/V3 ……………………… -> HAD S PP/V3 ………… -If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently  -Had they realized the danger, they would have done it differently Note: Đối với ba loại câu điều kiện, mệnh đề IF phủ định ta đặt NOT sau chủ từ - If you dont believe what I said, ask your mother  - Should you not believe what I said, ask your mother - If she were not shy, she would have a good time at the party  - Were she not shy, she would have a good time at the party - If I hadnt seen it, I wouldnt have believed it  - Had I not seen it, I wouldnt have believed it XI-ĐẢO NGỮ SAU CÁC TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ PHƯƠNG HƯỚNG HOẶC VỊ TRÍ: Khi câu có từ cụm trạng ngữ phương hướng vị trí nội động từ đảo lên trước chủ ngữ - David began to open the parcels A dictionary was inside the first  - David began to open the parcels Inside the first was a dictionary - A portrait of Lenin was above the fiòlace  - Above the fiòlace was a portrait of Lenin - His father sat in an armchair  - In an armchair sat his father Note: -Động từ TO BE thường sử dụng dạng đảo ngữ này, ngồi ta cịn dùng nội động từ chuyển động như: CLIMB, COME, FLY, GO, HANG, LIE, RUN, SIT, STAND, …… -Thường dùng dạng đảo ngữ động từ khứ đơn -Trường hợp đảo ngữ này, không sử dụng trợ động từ mà sử dụng trực tiếp động từ đặt trước chủ từ -Không đảo ngữ chủ từ đại từ (sai): In an armchair sat she MODAL VERBS 1: MUST/CAN/SHOULD, OUGHT TO I MUST MEANING We use MUST when we want to say that it is necessary or very important that something happens in the present or future E.x - I must work hard on my English! (note: this expresses an obligation that you place on yourself.) - Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school - You must take some medicine for that cough strong recommendation - Plants must have light and water to grow Note: Negative form is: Don’t have to E x You don’t have to clean the floor Past form: Had to do/didn’t have to E x I had to clean the house yesterday MEANING We use MUST to make an assumption or to reach a logical conclusion about something that is very likely to be true E x - You must be so tired after running that marathon! (note: this means ‘I assume that you are so tired.’) - It’s not very warm and you are not wearing a coat You must be cold (= I'm sure you are cold.) - Mrs Woods must know London very well She has lived there all her life.(= I’m sure she knows London very well.) - You’ve been travelling all day You must be tired - Carol does the same thing every day She must get bored in her job - Jack must be home I heard a noise coming from his room Note: Negative: Can’t E x - You've just get lunch You can’t be hungry - They haven’t lived here very long They can’t know many people Past form: Must have done/Can’t have done E x - My bicycle has disappeared – someone must have stolen it (note: this means ‘I assume that someone has stolen it.’) - You must have been so cold when you were locked out of your house in the snow! (note: this means ‘I assume that you were so cold.’) - Those jackets you bought are very nice They must have been expensive - I’ve lost one of my gloves I must have dropped it somewhere - He has rung the doorbell three times but nobody has answered it They must have gone out - The ground was wet this morning It must have rained last night - He didn’t eat any lunch – he can’t have been hungry (note: this means ‘ I assume that he was not hungry.’) - Jane walk past me without speaking She can’t have seen me - You can’t have been at the cinema yesterday The cinema was closed all day yesterday CAN’T HAVE DONE = COULDN’T HAVE DONE MEANING We use MUST to give emphasis to an opinion E.x - I must admit, it was a frightening experience (note: we use ' I must admit' before a surprising or negative comment.) - I must say, this food is delicious! (note: in this sentence, we would not say ‘I must admit, this food is delicious!’ because it would mean that we did not expect the food to be delicious This would sound a little rude!) - I must admit, I didn’t like him much when I first met him - I must say, you look really well! Have you been on holiday? MEANING We use MUST to emphasise that we think it is a good idea for someone to something pleasant It is a way of giving a recommendation Examples: - You must come and visit us while you are in London! - We must go and see that film - I have heard it is excellent! MUST can also be used as a NOUN Meaning: We say something is a MUST if it is really necessary to have it E x If you are visiting London, a good map is a must MUSTN’T The negative is Mustn't which refers to prohibition (negative obligation)         You mustn't use your smart phone while you are driving You mustn't get on the subway if you haven't paid for the ride You must not open the gift until it is your birthday We must not tell anyone You must keep it a secret You mustn’t tell anybody else This food must not be eaten It has gone bad Pupils must not run in the corridors (note: here, ‘must’ expresses a school rule.) Jenny, you must not play in the street! My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow c Both and ( lẫn ) Công thức dùng gièng hƯt nh­ tr­êng hỵp Not only but also Lưu ý: Both dùng với and không dïng víi as well as Eg Robert is both talented and handsome./ Beth plays both the guitar and the violin TÝnh tõ tÝnh tõ ®anh tõ danh tõ He writes both correctly and neatly./ Marta excels both in mathematics and in science phã tõ phã tõ Ng÷ giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music ®éng tõ ®éng tõ The norminal clause: Mệnh đề danh từ (tương ứng danh từ, làm S, C, O câu) a That – clauses: Theo sau động từ có ngụ ý giải thích với that, đảo lên đầu câu làm chủ ngữ Eg The reason she left was that she dissatisfied with her work = That she dissatisfied with her work was the reason she left b Wh – clauses: Đây hình thái mệnh đề danh từ phổ biến, thường theo sau ngoại động từ, ngoại động từ đa, đặc biệt cấu trúc câu gián tiếp Eg He didn’t know what to first They told them how to deal with the problem Ha asked where he was going She wanted to know what time the next train arrived c Whether/ if – clauses: Dùng với cấu trúc câu hỏi nghi vấn câu gián tiếp Eg She asked if I could answer the phone They wanted to know whether the train was any late ADVERBIAL CLAUSES A CLAUSES OF CONCESSION I Mệnh đề trạng ngữ nhượng thường giới thiệu bằng: Although, Though, Even though, Even if Although, though, eventhough, even if Although + a clause Though Even though Even if Ex: - Although/Though it rained heavily, they went out with their family - Even if you don’t like me, I will be here with you - Even if it takes 10 years, I still wait for her - Although / though / Even though / Even if he tried very hard, he couldn’t lift the box up Note: Sau mệnh đề nhượng dùng dấu phẩy (,) không dùng “but” 2/- Despite, In spite of: Despite Inspite of noun phrase (cụm danh từ) + V_ing the fact that + S + V Ex: - Despite his poverty/ In spite of his poverty, he succeeded in his life - Despite the bad weather, they continued climbing the mountains - In spite of her sadness, she managed to smiled * Khi hai mệnh đề chủ ngữ ta có thĨ chun mƯnh chÝnh vỊ d¹ng V.ing * Mệnh đề có There be + noun, chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ there be There + be + Noun  x+ Noun E.x - Although there are many people, they…  Despite many people there, ……………………… II Các cấu trúc khác mệnh đề trạng ngữ nhượng bộ: No matter + Wh- word+ S + V, S + V Ex: - No matter who you are, I still love you - No matter what she says, I don’t believe her - No matter how you treat me, I still love you - No matter what he does, he always tries his best - No matter when she comes, I always welcome her - No matter where he lives, I always find him Chú ý: với No matter how No matter What - No matter what jobs he got, he was not satisfied - No matter how cold it was, he didn’t wear warm clothes - No matter how hard I try, can’t get you off my mind Chú ý: No matter who = Whoever = It doesn’t matter who No matter what = Whatever = It doesn’t matter what No matter when = Whenever = It doesn’t matter when No matter where = Wherever = It doesn’t matter where No matter how = However .= It doesn’t matter how Ex: - Whoever you are, I still love you = It doesn’t matter who you are, I… - Whatever others may say, you are certainly right - Whenever you return, she waits for you - Whoever he may be, I won’t believe what he says - Whatever you do, I will favour you - However rich he is, he never helps the needed - Whatever books he reads, he will never learn anything Adj / Adv + as/ though + S + (may) + V + E.x – Although he is patient, he had no intention of waiting for three hours  Patient as he was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours - Although I had spoken quietly, the medical superrintendent heard  Quietly though I had spoken, the medical superrintendent heard Much as + S + V = Mặc dầu (kết hợp nghĩa although very much ) E.x – Although he tried very hard, he failed in the exam  Much as he tried, he failed in the exam - Although I love you very much, I can’t forgive you  Much as I love you, I can’t forgive you B CLAUSES OF PURPOSE - Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích thường bắt đầu bằng: so that; in order that (để mà); lest/in case (phòngkhi); for fear that (e rằng, sợrằng), Form : S + V1/s/es + O So That S + can/will + V0 + O In Order S + V2/ed + O S + could/would + V0 + O That Lưu ý:Thơng thường khơng có NOT dùng can /could cịn có NOT dùng won't / wouldn't ,trừ trường hợp có ý ngăn cấm dùng can't/couldn't ex1: I study hard so that I can pass the exam ex2: I study hard so that I won't fail the exam ex3: I hide the toy so that my mother can't see it ( tơi giấu đồ chơi để mẹ tơi khơng thể thấy -> ngăn khơng cho thấy ) VD: - He learned hard so that he could pass the exam - She has learned English in order that she can travel all over the world - We left the house early lest we would miss the first train - I have to finish my report for fear that I will be punished by my manager - Để diễn tả mục đích cịn sử dụng từ cụm từ sau: a) in order for SO/ST to ST: ai/ làm VD: - In order for a film to be interesting, it must have a good plot - In order for your child to be respectful, you must educate him very early b) for + N/Ving: để làm VD: - She went to market for some eggs c) to so as to + V (nguyênthể): để làm in order to VD: - She is studying hard to/so as to/ in order to be able to pass the next exam Hình thức phủ định: so as not to + V(nguyênthể) in order not to + V(nguyênthể) VD: - We left the house early so as not to miss the first train d) with a view to(prep) (not) V-ing : để (đừng) làmgì VD: - We left the house early with a view to not missing the first train - She is studying hard with a view to being able to pass the next exam C ADVERB CLAUSES OF CAUSE REASON (Mệnh để trạng từ nguyên nhân.) Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý mệnh đề phụ thường bắt đầu liên từ: because, since, as, for, now that/seeing that (do; vì; vì) S1 + V (main clause) + because/ since/ as/for/now that + S2 + V (adverb clause of reason) Ví dụ: - I turned the heating on because it was cold - We watched TV all evening as we had nothing better to - Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off Có thể rút gọn Because of/due to/owing to Clauses +because of/due to/owing to +Noun/Pronoun/Gerund Ví dụ: - We cancelled our flight because of the bad weather - Owing to his carelessness, we had an accident - She didn't go out due to feeling unwell ** Lưu ý: - Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý đứng trước sau mệnh đê Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ đứng trước, hai mệnh đề có dấu phẩy (,) - Mệnh đề trạng từ nguyên nhân với FOR đứng sau mệnh đề E.g The old man gets tired for he walks a long way ARTICLES I DEFINITON: Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific Consider the following examples: - After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good - After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day II TYPES OF ARTICLES: English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite Let’s discuss them now in more detail The Definite Article: The The definite article is the word the It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing For example, your friend might ask, “Are you going to the party this weekend?” The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about The definite article can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns Below are some examples of the definite article the used in context: - Please give me the hammer - Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small - Please give me the nail - Please give me the large nail; it’s the only one strong enough to hold this painting - Please give me the hammer and the nail a THE dùng trước: - Những vật Ex: the sun, the moon, the world, the president, the king, the earth, the wind… - Các danh từ xác nhận cụm tính từ - The house with green fence is hers mệnh đề tính từ - The man that we met has just come - Các danh từ xác định qua ngữ cảnh Ex: Finally, the writer killed himself đề cập trước - I have a book and an eraser The book is now on the table - Các danh từ giải trí Ex: the theater, the concert, the church, the radio, the cinema - Trước tên tàu thuyền, máy bay Ex: The Titanic was a great ship - Các sông, biển, đại dương, dãy núi, quần đảo, Ex: the Mekong River, the East Sea, the kênh đào, sa mạc Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas, The Sahare - Một nhóm đảo quốc gia Ex: the Philippines, the United States - Tính từ dùng danh từ tập hợp, Ex: You should help the poor nhóm người có đặc điểm, phẩm chất - Trong so sánh Ex: Nam is the cleverest in his class - Tên người số nhiều (chỉ gia đình) Ex: The Blacks, The Blues, the Nams - Các danh từ đại diện cho loài Ex: The cat is a lovely home pet - Các trạng từ thời gian, nơi chốn Ex: in the morning, in the street, in the water - Số thứ tự Ex: the first, the second, the third - Chuỗi thời gian không gian b THE không dùng được: - Trước danh từ số nhiều nói chung - Danh từ trừu tượng, khơng đếm - Các danh từ màu sắc - Các môn học - Các vật liệu, kim loại - Các tên nước, châu lục, thành phố - Các chức danh, tên người - Các bữa ăn, ăn, thức ăn - Các trò chơi, thể thao - Các loại bệnh tật - Ngơn ngữ, tiếng nói - Các kỳ nghỉ, lễ hội - Các mũi đất (nhô biển, hồ, núi) Ex: the next, the following, the last Ex: They build houses near the hall Ex: Independence is a happy thing Ex: Red and white make pink Ex: Math is her worst subject Ex: Steel is made from iron Ex: Ha Noi is the capital of Vietnam Ex: President Bill Clinton, Ba, Nga Ex: We have rice and fish for dinner Ex: Football is a popular sport in Vietnam Ex: Cold is a common disease Ex: English is being used everywhere Ex: Tet, Christmas, Valentine Ex: Cape Horn, Lake Than Tho, Mount Cam, Mount Rushmore *But: the Cape of Good Hope, the Great Lake, the Mount of Olive The Indefinite Articles: A, An * The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than a particular thing For example, you might ask your friend, “Should I bring a gift to the party?” Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item “I am going to bring an apple pie,” your friend tells you Again, the indefinite article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie Your friend probably doesn’t even have any pie yet The indefinite article only appears with singular nouns Consider the following examples of indefinite articles used in context: - Please hand me a book; any book will - Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will - An đứng trước danh từ đếm số bắt đầu nguyên âm (u, e, o, a, i) “h” câm - A đứng trước danh từ đếm số bắt đầu phụ âm a A/ An dùng trước: - Danh từ đếm được, số Ex: a doctor, a bag, an animal, an hour……… Ex: an aminal, an hour - Trong cấu trúc: Ex: She is so pretty a girl so + adj + a/an + noun - It's such a beautiful picture such + a/an + noun - She is as pretty a girl as her sister as + adj + a/an + noun + as - How beautiful a girl you are! How + adj + a/an + noun + verb! - Chỉ người đề cập qua tên Ex: A Mrs Blue sent you this letter - Trước danh từ ngữ đồng vị Ex: Nguyen Du, a great poet, wrote that novel - Trong cụm từ số lượng Ex: a pair, a couple, a lot of, a little, a few, a large/great number of…… A/ An không dùng: - ONE sử dụng thay A/An để nhấn mạnh Ex: There is a book on the table, but one is not - Trước danh từ không đếm - Trước danh từ đếm số nhiều enough Ex: Coffee is also a kind of drink Ex: Dogs are faithful animals REPORTED SPEECH I USES: Chúng ta dùng câu tường thuật để nhắc lại, kể lại lời nói trước E.g Tom: What did you at school yesterday, Jerry? Jerry: I played football (Tom: Bạn làm trường hơm qua Jerry? Jerry: Mình chơi bóng đá) Tom asked Jerry what he had done at school the day before Jerry replied that he had played football II FORM: Thông thường chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp ta lùi lại Statement: Câu tường thuật Form: S + said to sb/ told sb + that + Mệnh đề lùi Ex: “I will come back tomorrow” Mary said Mary said that she would come back the next day Note: said => said that / said to sb => told sb that Reporting verbs (động từ tường thuật): say, tell, inform, persuade , announce, believe, claim, explain, reply, say, think (+that) Commands, requests: Câu yêu cầu, đề nghị Form: S+ asked / told + sb + (not) + to V Ex: “Don't talk in class” The teacher said to us The teacher told us not to talk in class Offers and Advice: We can use “to do” to report orders and advice Form: S+ offered to S + advised sb to E.x – “I’ll help you to write your CV  My brother offered to help me - “I think you should learn how to use computer.”  My teacher advised us to learn how to use computer Yes / No Questions Form: S + asked/wondered/wanted to know + (sb) + if / whether + Mệnh đề lùi Ex: "Can you speak English, Diep?" I asked  I asked Diep if she could speak English Wh-Question Form: S + asked + (sb) + Wh + Mệnh đề lùi Ex: “Where are you from?” He asked me  He asked me where I were from Không lùi thì: Ta khơng lùi tường thuật việc ln ln cịn e.g “The sun moves around the "earth." → She said that the sun moves around the earth Form: Ex: S+ V (hiện tại) + (sb) + Mệnh để không lùi “I'm very exhausted now” she says She says she is very exhausted now * BẢNG LÙI THÌ DIRECT SPEECH Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Simple past Past continuous Future (will/shall) Near future (be going to V) Can May Must Needn’t * BẢNG LÙI TRẠNG NGỮ DIRECT SPEECH this these here now ago today tonight tomorrow yesterday next + N last + N REPORTED SPEECH Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect Past perfect continuous Future in the past (would/ should) Was/were going to V Could Might Had to Didn’t have to REPORTED SPEECH that those there then before (earlier) that day that night the next day the following day the day after the previous day the day before the following + N the N + after the previous + N the N + before Tổng hợp idioms thường gặp đề thi THPT Quốc Gia RAINING CATS AND DOGS: rain heavily (Mưa nặng hạt) Ex:–> It’s raining cats and dogs = It’s raining heavily CHALK AND CHEESE: very different from each other (rất khác nhau) Ex:–> I don’t have anything in common with my brother We’re like chalk and cheese HERE AND THERE: everywhere Ex:–> I have been searching here and there for the gift I bought for my girlfriend A HOT POTATO: something that is difficulut or dangerous to deal with ( vấn đề nan giải ) Ex:–> The abortion issue is a hot potato in the US AT THE DROP OF A HAT: immediately, instantly ( Ngay lập tức) Ex:–> If you need me, just call me I can come at the drop of a hat BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD: time to start from the beginning; it is time to to plan something over again (bắt đầu lại) Ex:–> My plans to create a tiny car made of glasses were unsuccessful, so I guess it’s back to the drawing board for me BEAT ABOUT THE BUSH: avoiding the main topic, not speaking directly about the issue (nói vịng vo, lạc đề) Ex:–> Stop beating about the bush and answer my question BEST THING SINCE SLICED BREAD: a good invention or innovation, a good idea or plan Ex:–> Portable phones are marketed as the best thing since sliced bread; people think they are extremely good BURN THE MIDNIGHT OIL: to stay up working, especially studying late at night (thức khuya làm việc, học bài) Ex:–> I will have a big exam tomorrow so I’ll be burning the midnight oil tonight 10 CAUGHT BETWEEN TWO STOOLS: when someone finds it difficult to choose between two alternatives (tiến thoái lưỡng nan) 11 BREAK A LEG : good luck! ( thường dùng để chúc may mắn ) Ex:–> I have heard that you’r gonna take a test tomorrow, break a leg, dude!!! (sounds funny hah???) 12 HIT THE BOOKS : to study (học) Ex:–> I can’t go out tonight I’ve got to hit the books I’m having an exam tomorrow 13 WHEN PIGS FLY : something will never happen (điều vô tưởng, xảy ra, nhớ “pigs” đừng nhầm với vật khác nhé) 14 SCRATCH SOMEONE’S BACK: help someone out with the assumption that they will return the favor in the future (giúp đỡ người khác với hy vọng họ giúp lại mình) Ex:–> “You scratch my back and I will scratch yours later,” the customer said when we talked about the new sales contact 15 HIT THE NAIL ON THE HEAD : or say something exactly right (nói xác, làm xác) Ex:–> Mike hit the nail on the head when he said most people can use a computer without knowing how it works 16 TAKE SOMEONE/SOMETHING FOR GRANTED: coi nhẹ Ex:–> One of the problems with relationships is that after a while you begin to take each other for granted!! 17 TAKE SOMETHING INTO ACCOUNT/ CONSIDERATION: to remember to consider something (tính đến gì, xem xét việc gì) Ex:–> We will take your long year of service into account when we make our final decision 18 PUT SOMEONE/SOMETHING AT SOMEONE’S DISPOSAL: to make someone or something available to someone (có sẵn theo ý muốn ai) Ex:–> I’d be glad to help you if you need me I put myself at your disposal 19 SPLITTING HEADACHE: a severe headache (đau đầu búa bổ) (khi thi hỏi từ “Splitting”) Ex:–> I’ve got a splitting headache I’m going upstairs for a nap 20 ON THE HOUSE: trả tiền Ex:–> I went to a restaurant last night I was the ten thousandth customer, so my dinner was on the house 21 HIT THE ROOF = GO THROUGH THE ROOF = HIT THE CEILING: to suddenly become angry (giận dữ) Ex:–> I”m afraid he will hit the roof when he finds out our vacation is canceled 22 MAKE SOMEONE’S BLOOD BOIL: làm sôi máu, giận 23 BRING DOWN THE HOUSE: làm cho khán phòng vỗ tay Ex:–> G-Dragon brought the house down He really brought down the house with his fantastic song 24 PAY THROUGH THE NOSE: to pay too much for something (trả giá đắt) Ex:–> If you want a decent wine in a restaurant , you to have to pay through the nose for it 25 BY THE SKIN OF ONE’S TEETH: sát sao, sát Ex:–> I got through calculus math by the skin of my teeth Ex:–> I got to the airport a few minutes late and missed the plane by the skin of my teeth 26 PULL SOMEONE’S LEG: chọc Ex:–> You don’t mean that You’re just pulling my leg 27 IT STRIKE SOMEBODY AS/THAT A STRANGE: lấy làm lạ Ex:–> It strikes as a strange to me that he failed the exam because he is so smart and diligent a student 28 TAKE IT AMISS: to understand as wrong or insulting, or misunderstand (hiểu lầm) Ex:–> Would you take it amiss if I told you I thought you look lovely? I was afraid you’d take it the wrong way 29 HIGH AND LOW = HERE AND THERE: everywhere Ex:–> I have been searching high and low for the gift I bought for my girlfriend Thành ngữ tiếng Anh (idioms) hay gặp đề thi 30 THE MORE, THE MERRIER: đông vui Ex:–> Can I bring some friends with me?Yeah sure, the more, the merrier 31 SPICK AND SPAN: ngăn nắp gọn gàng 32 EVERY NOW AND THEN: sometimes Ex:–> Every nowand then, I want to be alone 33 PART AND PARCEL: integral, crucial ( thiết yếu, quan trọng) 34 GO TO ONE’S HEAD: khiến kiêu ngạo Ex:–> Too much success will go to her head 35 ONCE IN A BLUE MOON: (rare) Ex:–> Once in a blue moon, I stop thinking about her If only she knew how much I loved her 36 FEW AND FAR BETWEEN : rare (hiếm gặp) Ex:–> Go and tell her that you love her! That kind of girl is really few and far between 37 ON THE SPOT:(1) immediately (ngay lập tức) Ex:–> I expect you to be on the post when and where trouble arises (2): in trouble; in a difficult situation (gặp rắc rối) Ex:–> I hate to be on the spot when it’s not my fault 38 ON THE VERGE OF = ON THE BRINK OF = IN THE EDGE OF: bờ vực (cẩn thận với giới từ “on” “in” nhé!) Ex:–> Unless we take measures to protect tigers, they will be on the verge of extinction (lưu ý: take measures: đưa biện pháp) 39 IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS: good or bad things not just happen a few at a time, but in large numbers all at once (họa vơ đơn chí) Ex:–> First of allit was the car breaking down, then the fire in the kitchen and now Mike’saccident 40 BE ON THE WAGON: kiêng rượu Ex:–> Bob’s old drinking buddies complained that he was no fun when he went on the wagon 41 LED SOMEBODY BY THE NOSE: to control someone and make them exactly what you want them to (nắm đầu, dắt mũi ai) Ex:–> They simply didn’t know what they were doing and they were led by the nose by a manipulative government 42 AT THE ELEVENTH HOUR: vào phút chót Ex:–> She always turned her term paper in at the eleventh hour 42 SELL/GO LIKE HOT CAKES: bán đắt tôn tươi Ex:–> The book has only just been published andcopies are already selling like hot cakes in both Britain and America 43 FIND FAULT WITH: trích, kiếm chuyện, bắt lỗi Ex:–> It is very easy to find fault with the work others 44 OFF AND ON/ ON AND OFF: không đặn, Ex:–> We don’t often go there- just off and on 45 MAKE BELIEVE: giả bộ, giả vờ Ex:–> I tried to make believe she was happy, but knew deep down it was not true 46 MAKE GOOD TIME: di chuyển nhanh, nhanh Ex:–> We made good time and were at the hotel by lunch time 47 LOOK DAGGERS AT SOMEONE: giận giữ nhìn Ex:–> Their relationship is not free and easy but at least he is no longer looking daggers at her 48 BE OUT OF THE QUESTION: Ex:–> You cannot get married until you are 18, it’s out of the question 49 ALL AT ONCE = suddenly: Ex:–> All at once, there was a loud banging on the door 50 BLOW ONE’S TRUMPET: bốc phét, khoác lác Ex:–> Anyone will tell you she’s one of the best journalist we’ve got, although she’d never blow her trumpet 51 SLEEP ON IT: suy nghĩ thêm điều Ex:–> You don’t have to give me your decision now Sleep on it, and let me know tomorrow 52 FIGHT TOOTH AND CLAW/NAIL: đánh dội, cấu xé Ex:–> We fought tooth and claw to retain our share of business 53 PLAY TRICKS/JOKES ON: chọc phá, trêu ghẹo, chơi khăm Ex:–> The kids are always play jokes on their teachers 54 DOWN THE DRAIN: đổ sông đổ biển (công sức, tiền bạc) Ex:–> It’s just money down the drain 55 SMELL A RAT: hồi nghi, linh cảm chuyện khơng ổn Ex:–> The minute I came in, I smelled a rat 56 THE LAST STRAW: giọt nước tràn ly Ex:–> When she showed up late a third time, that was the last straw We had to fire her 57 GET THE HAND OF SOMETHING: nắm bắt được, sử dụng Ex:–> After three weeks of using this computer, I think I’ve finally got the hand of it 58 HARD OF HEARING: lãng tai, nặng tai Ex:–> Tom is hard of hearing Therefore, we have to speak loudly so that he can hear us 59 KEEP AN EYE ON: coi chừng, ngó chừng Ex:–> Please keep an eye on my baby while I’m out for a while 60 HAVE A BEE IN ONE’S BONNET (ABOUT SOMETHING): đặt nặng chuyện gì, chấp chuyện Ex:–> She has a bee in her bonnet about going to America 61 GET/HAVE COLD FEET: hết can đảm, chùn bước Ex:–> I’m worried my members in this page may be getting cold feet about the university entrance exam Therefore, I will try my best to help them overcome this severe exam ^O^ *tặng Fans dethithu.net* 62 ON SECOND THOUGHTS: suy nghĩ kĩ Ex:–> On second thoughts, it was a dumb movie 63 IN VAIN: uổng công, vô ích Ex:–> Government agents tried in vain kidnap him 64 CHIP IN: khuyên góp, góp tiền Ex:–> If everyone chips in, we will be able to buy her a nice present 65 OFF ONE’S HEAD: điên, loạn trí Ex:–> The old man has been off his head for at least a year 66 RUN AN ERRAND: làm việc vặt Ex:–> I’ve got to run an errand I’ll be back in a minute 67 JUMP THE TRAFFIC LIGHTS: vượt đèn đỏ Ex:–> They ignore people who jumps the traffic lights 68 FLY OFF THE HANDLE: dễ giận, phát cáu Ex:–> No one will fly off the handle for no reason 69 THE APPLE OF ONE’S EYES: đồ quý giá Ex:–> You are the apple of my eyes ^O^ 70 BUCKET DOWN: mưa xối xả, mưa to Ex:–> It’s been bucketing down all day 71 CLOSE SHAVE = NARROW ESCAPE: thoát chết gang tấc Ex:–> Phew, that was a close shave I was so lucky 72 DROP A BRICK : lỡ lời, lỡ miệng Ex:–> I dropped a brick when talking with my best friend, and now she doesn’t want to talk to me 73 GET BUTTERFLIES IN ONE’S STOMACH: cảm thấy bồn chồn Ex:–> I always get butterflies in my stomach when it comes to taking test 74 OFF THE RECORD: khơng thức, khơng cơng bố Ex:–> What the president said is not to be printed It’s off the record 75 ONE’S CUP OF TEA: thứ mà ta thích Ex:–> SNSD is my cup of tea They are so beautiful and talented Especially Seohyun, she looks so cute 76 CUT IT FINE: đến sát Ex:–> Only allowing half an hour to get from the station to the airport is cutting it fine, isn’t it? 77 GOLDEN HANDSHAKE: tiền hậu hĩnh dành cho người nghỉ việc Ex:–> The manager got early retirement and a 600,000$ golden handshake when the company was restructed 78 PUT ON AN ACT: giả bộ, làm Ex:–> We’ve known you are a good swimmer – stop putting on an act 79 COME TO LIGHT: biết đến, phát hiện, đưa ánh sáng Ex:–> Four soldiers have faced charges since the scandal came to light last fall 80 TAKE THINGS TO PIECES: tháo mảnh Ex:–> Men like to take things to pieces and put them together 81 PUT ONE’S FOOT IN IT: gây nhầm lẫn, bối rối, phạm sai lầm gây bối rối Ex:–> I really put my foot in it when I asked her about her job I didn’t know she’d just been fired 82 PULL ONE’S WEIGHT: nỗ lực, làm tròn trách nhiệm Ex:–> The rest of the team complained that Sarah wasn’t pulling her weight 83 MAKE ENDS MEET: xoay sở để kiếm sống Ex:–> I have to work at two jobs to make ends meet 84 GET THE HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK: hiểu nhầm Ex:–> I think I must explain to her that she got hold of the wrong end of the stick again 85 CUT AND DRIED: cuối cùng, thay đổi, rõ ràng, dễ hiểu Ex:–> Although a deal has been agreed, it is not yet cut-and-dried Ex:–> The human rights issue is by no means cut-and-dried 86 STAY/KEEP ON ONE’S TOE: cảnh giác, thận trọng Ex:–> We had better keep on our toes while we’re walking along the dark portions of this street 87 SEE EYE TO EYE: đồng tình Ex:–> I’m glad that they see eye to eye on the matter of the conference location 88 HAVE IN MIND: suy tính, cân nhắc Ex:–> I don’t want to see a movie now, I have in mind going to the park 89 A LOST CAUSE: hết hy vọng, khơng thay đổi Ex:–> It seems that Charles will give it up I suppose he is a lost cause 90 TO BE BOUND TO: chắn Ex:–> You’re bound to be late if you don’t hurry 91 AT HEART: thực chất, (basically, fundamentally) Ex:–> James sometimes seems quite unfriendly but at heart he’s a good person 92 TO KNOW BY SIGHT: nhận (recognize) Ex:–> The woman said that she would know the thief by sight if she ever saw him again 93 NOW AND THEN = NOW AND AGAIN = AT TIMES = FROM TIME TO TIME = OFF AND ON = ONCE IN A WHILE = EVERY SO OFTEN : sometimes (thỉnh thoảng, không thường xuyên) 94 TO TAKE PAINS: làm việc cẩn thận tận tâm Ex:–> She takes pains to everything well 95 TO MAKE DO: xoay sở, đương đầu (to manage, to cope) Ex:–> During difficult economic times, many people have to make with less 96 CLOSE CALL = CLOSE SHAVE = NARROW ESCAPE: thoát nguy hiểm gang tấc, mém chết! 97 SELL SOMEONE SHORT: đánh giá thấp 98 FACE THE MUSIC: chịu trận Ex:–> Mary broke a dining-room window and had to face the music when her father got home 99 LET THE CAT OUT OF THE BAG: to reveal a secret or a surprise by accident ( để lộ bí mật) Ex:–> It’s asecret Try not to let the cat out of the bag 100 ON PROBATION: thời gian quản chế Ex:–> While Anne was on probation, she reported to the police regularly Ex:–> John was on probation for a year ... first, the second, the third - Chuỗi thời gian không gian b THE không dùng được: - Trước danh từ số nhiều nói chung - Danh từ trừu tượng, không đếm - Các danh từ màu sắc - Các môn học - Các vật liệu,... must say, this food is delicious! (note: in this sentence, we would not say ‘I must admit, this food is delicious!’ because it would mean that we did not expect the food to be delicious This would... diễn tả lý do, nguyên nhân biết, nội dung quan trọng cần nhấn mạnh Mệnh đề As, Since khơng đứng riêng lẻ mà phải dùng tích hợp câu Because dùng để diễn tả thông tin mới, lý chưa biết, cần thông báo,