Ex: She is less intelligent than her sister/ 3 Degrees of Adjectives: Adjectives can express degrees of modification: Ex : Mary is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Mary, and Skimmy[r]
(1)*** GROUP MEMBERS **** NGUYỄN THỊ TRÚC LY 2.HUỲNH THI HỒNG NHIÊN ADJECTIVE I DEFINITION : - An adjective is a word that describes a noun Ex: The hungry tiger The word “ hungry” describes the nound “tiger” - An adjective usually modifies a noun or pronoun and usually prededes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies Ex : This is a beautiful flower II FUNCTION : An adjective modifies a Noun or Pronoun Some special cases : - An adjective modified by an adverb, a phrare or a clause functioning as an adverb Some nouns, pronouns, participle phrsses can also act as adjectives (2) - The “ a, an ”are also adjectives III POSITION: 1/ In front of nouns which are they describe Ex : I have a small hat 2/After “ tobe”, linking verds such as : appear, become, feel, get, seem Ex: She is lovely After “ How” in exclamatory sentence Ex: How beautiful the sky is ! 4.After adverbs of degree Ex : Her voice is strangely beautiful After a noun: Ex: All the people present approved of the decision In this case, We see an Adj can be used after a Noun because this Adj belongs to a relative clause which is shortened/ omitted 6.After indefinite pronouns Ex: There is something strange in my eyes IV/ CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVE : 1/ Interrogative adjective : which, what, who, Ex: Which plants should be watered twice a week ? Demonstrative adjectives : this, that, these, those Ex: This apartment needs to be fumigated Indefinite adjectives: some, any, many ,few, Ex: Many people belives that he will win in the gold medal in the race 4.Definite adjectives: one, two, one hundred,… * Note : definite adjectives – ordinal adjectives : first, second, third, 5.Exclamatory adjectives : What…!, Such…! Ex: What a pity ! Such a boy ! Possessive adjectives : my, your, his, her,its, our, their, Ex: I can’t complete my excercises because I don’t have a textbook 7.Qualitative adjectives : beautiful, ugly,good, Physical description: a/ Size : big, small, b/ Shape : square, short, long, (3) c/Age : old, young d/ Color: white, red, grey, Origin: American, Italian, Japan 10 Material: silver,metal, gold, wooden, 11.Type : a digital TV 12.Purpose: Ex: An alarm clock ( means a clock used to alarm) 13.Qualifier:/ final limiter often regarded as a part of the noun Ex: Rocking- chair, hunting-cabin (is also called subordinate noun) V FORMATION: 1) Adj + Adj : dark-blue, red-hot 2) N + Adj : snow-white, coal-black 3) Adj + N-ed : dark-eyed, short-haired… 4) V-ed/ V-ing : learned, educated, frightening 5) N+ - en : golden, wooden 6) N + - ern : Sourthern, Northern, 7) N + - ful : beautiful, hopeful, 8) N/ Adj + -ish : childish, blackish 9) N + - less : homeless 10) N + - like : childlike 11) N + - ly : lovely 12) N/ Adj + - some : handsome 13) N + -Y : RAINY, WINDY 14) Adj + Verb : fine-cut 15) Un -/ In - + Adj : uncomfortable, inactive… VI COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVE: 1) Comparative of equality : AS + Adj + As ( Or : not + as + Adj + as ) Ex: He is as tall as his father 2) Comparative of inferriority : Less + Adj + than (4) Ex: She is less intelligent than her sister/ 3) Degrees of Adjectives: Adjectives can express degrees of modification: Ex : Mary is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Mary, and Skimmy is the richest woman in town - The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things The word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the superlative The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable a) Comparatives : - short Adj + -er + than Ex: Today is hotter than yesterday – More + long Adj + than Ex: This chair is more comfotable than the others b) Superlatives: - The + short Adj + - est ( + Noun) Ex: Tom is the tallest boy in my class - The most + long Adj ( + Noun) Ex: She is the most intelligent girl in our class Positive Comparative Superlative rich richer richest (5) lovely lovelier beautiful more beautiful loveliest most beautiful Adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees: Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms good better The best bad worse The worst little less The least much many some more The most far further The furthest ** SOME SPECIAL COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES (DOUBLE COMPARISON) 1) ADJ + - ER AND ADJ + -ER Ex: Mary is younger and younger 2) MORE AND MORE + long ADJ Ex: She becomes more and more beautiful 3) LESS AND LESS + ADJ Ex: My teacher becomes less and less serious 4) THE + comparatives + S + V, THE + comparatives + S + V (6) Ex: The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel 5) THE LESS + ADJ + S+ V, + THE LESS+ ADJ + S+ V VII THE ORDER OD ADJECTIVES : Determine -> Observation->Physical Description -> Orgin -> Matreial-> Qualifier -> Noun The categories in the following table can be described as follows: Determiners — articles and other limiters Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting) Size and Shape — Adjectives can be used to describe size (big, small, little, long, tall, short, same as, etc) Adjectives can be used to describe shape (round, circular, triangular, rectangular, ) 4.Age — Adjectives can be used to describe age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient) Ex: He was an old man." or "She was an old woman." (7) Color — adjectives can be used to describe colour.( blue, red, green, brown, yellow, black, white, etc ) Ex : "The blue bag." or "The blue bags" Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g., French, American, Canadian) Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden) Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover) THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES Physical Determin Observat Descripti er ion on Origin Size Age Shape Material Qualifier Color a beautiful old an expensive antique four gorgeous her our those Italian longstemmed red short black big Noun old some enormous delicious silver mirror silk roses English square several sheepdog wooden young car hair dilapidate little d that touring American hat boxes hunting cabin basketball players Thai Size ->Colour -> Orgin ->Material -> Purpose -> Noun food (8) Ex: The small grey Japan wooden chair The short dark hair The beautiful girls VIII ADJECTIVE AND PREPOSITION : Many Adjectives are followed by specific prepositions Ex: interested in / happy about / crazy about / keen on / suitable for / fond of / afraid of / familiar with / amazed at / embarrassed by/ excited about/ satisfied with/ worried about … Ex: We were worried about the traffic leaving the parking lot This armchair is suitable for your flat IX ADJECTIVES AS NOUNS: We can use adjectives as if they were nouns Ex : The poor The rich The handicapped (9) (10)