- Một số các cụm từ mở đầu bằng giới từ để chỉ địa điểm, thời gian, phơng tiện hành động, tình huống hành động cũng đợc coi là phó từ.. Ví dụ: in the office.[r]
(1)COMPARISONS I Adjectives and Adverbs: Một tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ và danh từ Nó đứng trớc danh từ đó Trong tiếng Anh có danh từ đứng sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa đó là: galore ( nhiều, phong phó, dåi dµo) VÝ dô: There are errors galore in the final exam - Mét phã tõ bao giê còng bæ nghÜa cho: + Một động từ - tính từ - và phó từ khác VÝ dô: He runs very fast verb adv adv She is terribly beautiful Adv adj - Adj + ly = adv nhng phải cẩn thận vì không phải từ nào có đuôi ly là phó từ Một số các tính từ còng cã tËn cïng lµ ly VÝ dô: Lovely, friendly, lonely - Một số các cụm từ mở đầu giới từ để địa điểm, thời gian, phơng tiện hành động, tình hành động đợc coi là phó từ Ví dụ: in the office - Một số các phó từ có cấu tạo đặc biệt nh soon, very, almost - Vị trí các phó từ tiếng Anh tơng đối thoải mái nhng có phức tạp Có số quy luật nh sau: + Các phó từ bổ ngữ thờng xuyên đứng cuối câu theo thứ tự u tiên: *1 phơng thức hành động (đuôi ly), *2 địa điểm (here, there, at school ), *3 chØ thêi gian, *4 phơng tiện hành động, *5 tình hành động + Một phó từ không đợc đứng xen vào động từ và tân ngữ VÝ dô: I have terribly a headache (câu sai vì phó từ đứng xen động từ và tân ngữ ) + Nếu câu có phó từ thời gian thì nó thể đứng lên đầu câu VÝ dô: In 1975 I graduated but I didn’t find a job + Các phó từ tần số (always, sometimes ) thờng đứng trớc động từ chính nó là động từ hành động, nhng đứng sau động từ to be VÝ dô: - They have often visited me recently - He always comes in time Nhng: The president is always in time II Degrees of comparison: Equal comparisons: (equal degree) * Form: (+) S1 + be/ V + as + adj / adv + as + S2 + aux E.g: He is as old as my father He drives as carefully as I (do) Mai is as beautiful as her mother (-) S1 + be not / Aux verb+ as/so + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux E.g: He is not as/so old as my father He doesn’t drive as/so carefully as I (do) * Note: - Đại từ làm chủ ngữ luôn sử dụng sau “as”: You are as old as he - We use equal degree when we want to emphasize how many times this object is more than that one E.g: Her husband is twice as old as she (is) (2) - Ý “bằng nhau, nhau” có thể đuqược thay cách diễn đạt khác: S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun Ex: My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his Tom is as old as Mary = Tom and Mary are the same age Adj noun Heavy/ light weight wide/ marrow width deep/ shallow depth long/ short length big/ small size old age Comparatives: * Short adjectives and adverbs: S1 + be/ V + adj/ adv (short) + er + than + noun/ pronoun E.g: You are thinner than he (is) He runs faster than I (do) Today is hotter than yesterday I am three years older than you are * Long adjectives and adverbs: S1 + V + more + adj/ adv (long) + than + noun/ pronoun E.g: He is more intelligent than I (am) He drives more carefully than I (do) - Lu ý: - Đằng sau phó từ so sánh nh than và as phải là đại từ nhân xng chủ ngữ, không đợc phép là đại từ nhân xng tân ngữ ( lçi c¬ b¶n) Eg: John’s grades are higher than his sister’s Today is hotter than yesterday This chair is more comfortable than the other He speaks Spanish more fluently than I He visits his family less frequently than she does This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s - Để nhấn mạnh, ta có thể thêm much, a lot, far, a bit, a little vào trước so sánh Eg: Let’s go by car It’s much cheaper Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first - So sánh kém hơn: S + V + less + Adj/ Adv + than + noun/ pronoun Eg: This book is less difficult than that one He ran less quickly than Bill Superlatives: S + be/V + the + adj/ adv (short) + est + in (danh từ số ít) the most + long adjective/ adverb + of (danh từ số nhiều) the least + adjective/ adverb E.g: Nam is the tallest student in my class Cheetah runs the fastest in the world Nga is the most intelligent of all the students Those shoes are the least expensive of all * Qui tắc thêm “er/ est” vào sau tính từ: - Tính từ âm tiết tận cùng là phụ âm đơn (trừ : w, x, z) đứng trước nguyên âm đơn thì gấp đôi phụ âm cuối + er/ est : big – bigger- biggest - Tính từ âm tiết, tận cùng là : y, le, et, ow, er ta biến đổi tính từ ngắn : clever – cleverer – cleverest Happy – happier – happiest quiet – quieter – quietest - Tính từ âm tiết tận cùng là « e » câm :chỉ thêm ‘r’/ ‘st’ : - Tính từ âm tiết kết thúc :phụ âm +y : đổi y thành i + er/ est Dry – drier/ driest (3) * Iregular adjectives/ adverbs No Equal degree bad/badly/ ill good/ well much little far Near Comparative worse better more less Farther (khoảng cách) / further (thời gian) Older (về tuổi tác) Eldest (về cấp bậc tuổi tác) Nearer late Later old Superlative worst best most least farthest/ furthest oldest/ eldest Nearest (khoảng cách) Next (thứ tự) Latest (time)/ last (thứ tự) Comparions with nouns Danh từ có thể dùng làm so sánh cấu trúc so sánh bằng, hưn kém + S1 + V + as many/ much + N as noun/ pronoun S1 + negative V as/ so few/ little + E.g He earns as much money as I I don’t have as/ so many friends as he does + S1 + V + more/ fewer/ less + N + than noun/ pronoun E.g He has collected more stamps than I have I have collected fewer stamps than he has So sánh gia bội (so sánh gấp nhiều lần) Là loại so sánh gấp rười, gấp đôi gấp ba Cấu trúc này không dùng cho so sánh hơn, kém mà dùng cho so sánh much Subject + verb + béi sè + as + many noun + noun + as + pronoun Bội số có thể bao gồm: half, twice, three times, four times … Thisdictionary costs twice as much as the other one At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year - Ta phải xác định danh từ số ít hay số nhiều để dùng much hay many Double comparisons: 6.1 Càng ngày ….càng; lúc + Short adjective/ adverb: adj/ adv + er and adj/ adv + er + Long adj/ adv: more and more + adj/ adv Children spend more and more time watching TV (Trẻ càng ngày càng dành nhiều thời gian cho ti vi) She is getting fatter and fatter (Cô càng ngày càng béo) She becomes more and more beautiful/ He is more and more studious 6.2 Càng ngày càng it …; càng ngày càng kém Với tính từ ngắn hay tính từ dài, ta theo công thức đây: Less and less + adj/ adv Eg: My father becomes lass and less strong 6.3 Càng …thì càng: (so sánh cấp tiến) + short adj/ adv: The adj/ adv + er S – V, the adj/ adv + er S-V Ex: The richer he gets, the weaker he is The darker it gets, the colder it is The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel (4) The more you study, the smarter you will become + Long adj/ adv: The more + adj/ adv S-V, the more + adj/ adv S-V Ex: The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her husband is - Với động từ: the more……., the more …… Ex: The more I hate him, the more he loves me The more she sings, the more I look at her Note: Nhiều vế không cùng loại tính từ ngắn hay dài mà lẫn lộn Ex: The more she smile, the more graceful she is 6.4 Càng ít …., thì càng ít; càng kém…, thì càng kém Với tính từ ngắn tính từ dài: The lesS + adj …., the less + adj … Ex: The less difficult the lesson is, the less hard-working students are - Với động từ: The less …., the less… Ex: The less I live with him, the less I like him EXERCISES: EXERCISE Give the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in brackets: This chair is ………………… than that one (comfortable) Your flat is .……… than mine (large) The weather today is ……… than it was yesterday (hot) The Nile is the ……………………… river in the world (long) Chinese bicycles are … ……………… than Japanese ones (bad) Mathematics is ………………… … than English (difficult) Ho Chi Minh is the ……………… city in Viet Nam (big) He drives ……………than his friend (careful) She sings ……………………… in this school (beautiful) 10 I read ……………………… than my sister (slow) 11 Grace is ………………… girl in our class (old) 12 This exercise is …….………… than that one (easy) 13 He is twice …….………… as you (fat) 14 Nam is …….………… student of all (noisy) 15 My cold is …….………… today than it was yesterday (good) EXERCISE Choose the best option to complete the following sentences: The more she smiles , she becomes A more graceful B the most graceful C most graceful D the more graceful Hotels have developed …………………… restaurants A as rapidly as B so rapidly as C as rapid as D more rapid Can Tho bridge is the …………………… one in the South of Viet Nam A long B shortest C longest D longer Albert Einstein’s contributions to scientific theory were those of Galileo and Newton A important than B more important C the most important D as important as Impalas cannot move as cheetahs but they are more efficient runners A faster than B fast as C fast D are fast as Both are informative articles, but this one is A best B the best C most D better She is the ………… girl in our town A more beautiful B beauty C most beautiful D more beautifully The harder you learn A The better is your English B The better will be your English C The better becomes your English D The better your English will be Jim is the in his class A clever B cleverest C cleverer D more clever 10 Of the two shirts, this one is A the prettiest B the most pretty C prettier D the prettier (5) 11 Your house is mine A as bigger as B many times as big as C much big as D not many times big 12 Last year it wasn’t as cold as this year A This year it is as colder than last year B This year it is colder than last year C This year it isn’t as cold as last year D This year it isn’t colder than last year 13 She is older than me A I’m more younger than her B I’m as younger as her C I’m more young than her D I’m younger than her 14 The test is not ………………… A as difficult as it was last month B so difficult as it was last month C more difficult as it was last month D Both A & B are correct 15 The Nile River is ………………… of all A longer B the longest C long D longest 16 we read, we know A The most/ the mostB The more/ the more C Most/ most D More/ more 17 It gets Let’s go swimming A hot and hot B the more hot C more and more hot D hotter and hotter 18 Peter usually drives Mary A more fast B more fast than C more fast D faster 19 The problem seems to be A more serious B more serious than C more serious as D more and more serious 20 Peter can not earn his wife A as many money as B as much money as C as many money than D as much money than 21 Prices get A high and high B highest and highest C more and more high D higher and higher 22 The more manufacturers advise, they sell A the most products B the products more C the more products D most products 23 a car is it is A The more expensive/ the comfortabler B The most expensive/ the most comfortable C The more expensive/ the more comfortable D The less expensive/ the more comfortable 24 Of the five students Mary is A more intelligent B the more intelligent C most intelligent D the most intelligent 25 Steel is than wood A more heavy B as heavy C heavier D more heavier 26 A super market is …………………… a shopping center A less convenient as B less convenient than C not so convenient than D the most convenient as 27 Viet Nam becomes …………………… to foreign tourists A more and most attractive B the more attractive C much and more attractive D more and more attractive 28 This car is …………………… than mine A less expensive B as expensive C expensive D not so expensive 29 Tim’s grades are …………………… than John A worse B worst C as bad D so bad 30 The …………………… we start, the sooner we will be back A early B earliest C earlier D more early EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences using “Double” Comparatives It’s becoming ………………… ……… to find a job (hard) The hole in your pullover is getting ………………… ……… (big) My bags seemed to get ………………… ………as I carried them (heavy) As I waited for my interview, I became ………………… ………(nervous) As the day went on the weather got ………………… ……… (bad) Travelling is becoming ………………… ………(expensive) As the conversation went on, he became ………………… ………… (talkative) Since she has been in England, her English has got …………….(good) EXERCISE 4: Choose the best option to complete each sentence: (6) Of the four dresses, which is ……………… expensive? A the best B the most C the more D the greater The larger the apartment, the the rent A expensive B more expensive C expensively D most expensive The faster we walk,………… we will get there A the soonest B the soon C the more soon D the sooner “ Why did you buy these oranges? ” “They were ……….… I could find ” A cheapest B cheapest ones C the cheapest ones D the most cheapest She plays the piano …………… as she sings A as beautifully B more beautifully C as beautiful D the most beautifully The streets are getting more and …………… these days A crowded B less crowded C more crowded D most crowded The larger the city, …………… the crime rate A highest B higher C the highest D the higher You must explain your problems ………… A as clear as you can B as clearly as you can C as clear than you are D as clearly as you are Pil is ……………… person we know A the happier B the happiest C happier D happiest 10 Which woman are you going to vote for? –I’m not sure Everyone says that Joan is………… A smarter B the smarter C more smarter D more smart 11 Bill is ……………… A lazier and lazier B more and more lazy C lazier and more lazy D more lazy and lazier 12 It’s too noisy here Can we go somewhere …………………? A noisier B more quiet C more noisy D quieter 13 ……………… the time passes, …………….I feel ! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it A The faster / the nervous B The more fast / the nervous C The fast / the more nervous D The faster / the more nervous 14 China is the country with………………… population A the larger B the more large C the largest D the most large 15 She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting…………….Finally she exploded A more and more angry B the more angry C angrier and angrier D the most angry 16 For ……………… , it is certain that in the future some things will be very different A the better or the worse B the good or the bad C good or bad D better or worse 17 Her grandfather’s illness was………………… we thought at first A more seriously as B as seriously as B more serious than D as serious than 18 My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed………… usual A more early than B as early as C more earlier as D earlier than 19. _ you study for these exams, _ you will A The harder / the better B The more / the much C The hardest / the best D The more hard / the more good 20 His house is _ mine A twice as big as B as twice big as C as two times big as D as big as twice 21 No one else in the class plays the guitar John A as well B as far as C so well as D as soon as 22 The town was nearer _ we thought it would be A then B that C as D than 23 the economic conditions today are _ they were in the past A much more good B much better than C much better D the best than 24.Peter is student in my class A taller than B so tall as C the talllest D tallest 25.The deep oceans contain some of the of all living creatures A strangest B strange C as strange as D stranger 26.Jane is not _ her brother A more intelligent as B intelligent as C so intelligent as D so intelligent that 27.He drives as his father does (7) A careful as B more carefully C the most careful D carefully as 28.What’s the film you’ve ever seen A good B best C better D the best 29.Jane is age as Mary A as same B the most same C the same D more same 30.I’ll be there _ I can A sooner as B no sooner as C as soon as D soonest as 31.This shirt and that one A alike B are alike C as like as D the same 32.I would rather any job be jobless A beeter than B more than C than D so than 33.It is not so hot today as it yesterday A is B was C will be D has been 34.Mr Lam cannot earn _ his wife A as many money as B as much money as C as many money than D as much money than 35.I like Enlish French A than B more C less D better than 36.The salary of a bus driver is much higher _ a teacher A as that of B than that of C for D to compare with 37.Lili cannot swim as fast as can A I B me C my D mine 38.My car is _ yours A more fast and economical than B more fast and more economical than C faster and economical as D faster and more economical than 39.I want to buy some shoes _ the ones you have on A like B are like C are alike D likely 40.Mary and her mother not _ A alike B look like C look alike D like 41.Despite its smaller size, the Indian Ocean _ the Alantic Ocean A as deep as B is the same deep as C deeper as D is as deep as 42.Sharon from other women I know A different B as different C differsD more different 43.This one is prettier, but it costs _ as the other one A as much as B twice as much C as many D twice as many 44.You can take as you want A as many B as much C so much D too many 45.Of the two sisters, Linda _ A is beautiful B the most beautiful C is more beautiful D is so beautiful as 46.The lab is _ from the bus stop than the library A far B farther C furthur D B and C 47.The accident in the history of the city occurred last night on the Freeway A badest B.most bad C worse D worst 48.He finished the test _ of all A rapidly B the most rapidly C most rapidly D more rapidly 49.Many chemicals react in acid solutions A more quick B more quickly C quicklier D as quickly more 50.It’s becoming to find a job A more difficult and more B more and more difficult C most and more difficult D more difficult than 51. electricity you use, _ your bill will be A more / higher B the most / the higher C the more / the high D the more / the higher 52.The more I got to know Tom, _ I liked him A least B the less C the least D the fewer 53.The room in the front noisier than those in the back A are more B are little C are much D are very 54. you are, you concentrate (8) A Tired / the least hard B The more tired / the harder C The tireder / the harder D The tired / the harder 55. the man gets, he becomes A the more old / the more weak B the older / the weaker C the older / the weakest D older / weaker 56.Of all the candidates, Mr Hung is probably A the less qualified B the qualified less C the most little qualified D the least qualified 57. _ a car is, it is A the expensive / the comfortabler B the most expensive /the most comfortable C the more expensive / the more comfortable D the less expensive / the more comfortable 58.His house is _ mine A larger and more comfortable than B the most large and comfortable than C more large and comfortable than D the largest and more comfortable than 59. _ 100 billion stars are in the Milky Way A As many as B As much as C As more as D As most as 60.The CDs here are more expensive over there A those B than those C than that D than this 61.These two girls that I can’t tell them apart A are so like B are so alike C are too alike D alike enough 62. _ other mammals, whales not have a sense of smell A Not alike B Unlike C Unlikely D Dislike 63.The stomach of a cow, that of other ruminants, is divided into four compartments A likely B similar C same D like 64.The larger the drop of water, freezing temperature A the higher its B its higher C higher than its D higher of its 65.Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more energy per passenger A trains B as trains C as are trains D than trains 66.“would you like to try this hat?” “Have you got one ” A with a wider brim B a wider brim C wich a wider brim D a wider brim than 67.A cat would be _ to look after a dog A easy / than B easier / than C easy / to D the easiest / than 68.The Duke of Westminster is _ A second richest person B the richest second person C the second richest person D the richest the second 69.The younger you are, _ it is to learn A easier B you are easier C the easier D the easy 70. _ porpoises and dolphins, whales are mammals A As B Also C Like D When EXERCISE Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it has the same meaning as the sentence printed before it My kitchen is smaller than yours Your kitchen ……………………………………………………………………………………………… No one in the class is taller than Dave Dave is …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mum doesn’t speak English as well as Dad Dad ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……… Lan is better cook than Hoa Hoa can’t ………………………………………………………………………………………… …… No restaurant in the city is better than that one That restaurant is ………………………………………………………………………………………… This watch is worse than that one That watch ………………………………………………………………………………………….…… My sister writes more carefully than she did My sister ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (9) This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever read This is the ………………………………………………………………………………………………… She is the most beautiful girl I have ever known I’ve never 10 Peter does not drive so carefully as Tom Tom ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 This is the most delicious cake I have ever tasted I have 12 I have never met any more dependable person than Gorge Gorge is 13 There isn’t anybody as kind-hearted as your mother Your mother 14 There is no better teacher in this school than Mr John Mr John 15 Have you got any bigger than that one? It this 16 No one I know is taller than he is He is 17 Summer nights in Cairo are much warmer than in London In London 18 Fewer people die from flu than 50 years ago Not as 19 There is less rain in Tokyo than in Athens in January More rain 20 There are fewer people in Taiwan than in Korea The population of Korea EXERCISE Identify the mistake in each sentence by choosing a suitable option Mr Mender learned English rapidly and easy A B C D The maid was careful to keep the room cleanly A B C D His knowledge of English grammar is quite well A B C D The last story was as interested as the other ones A B C D Mr Slater’s house is biger than ours A B C D That brown chair is most comfortable than this one A B C D Lan is the most pretty of all the girls A B C D That lesson is a most difficult of all the lessons A B C D Does your country have worse weather as this? A B C D 10 This girl is the most beautiful of the two daughters that he has A B C D 11 Frank plays tennis worse of all the players A B C D 12 The most he tries, the more he succeeds A B C D 13 She can pronounce English words more correct than she could last term A B C D 14 In this class, the students are talking more loudlier than the teacher A B C D 15 This summer is hotter and winder than last summer A B C D 16 You should practise English oftener to be a better speaker of English A B C D 17 Ha Anh can now speak English more well than the last time I met him (10) A B C 18 She is much more intelligent than Nam does A B C D 19 The more rich he is, the more miserable he gets A B C D 20 The harder we studied, the most confused we got A B C D D EXERCISE 7: Combine the ideas given into a double comparative: 1-As he got older, he became more and more bad-tempered ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2- He worked hard He felt very bad ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3- When we think of the exam, we get more and more excited ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4- As this road gets busier, it becomes more and more dangerous ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5- When you get near to the Equator, the temperature becomes high ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6- If she stays in England a long time, her English will be very good ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7- When I write fast, my writing becomes illegible ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8- She sings well A lot of people admire her ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9- She visited many countries She had lots of friends ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10- He works harder He feels more tired ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11- The value of a picture depends on how famous the artist is ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12- How well I sleep depends on how late I go to bed ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14- I don't spend much time with my family because I work so hard ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15- The traffic moves very slowly as more cars come into the city ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16- The idea becomes less attractive as I think about it more ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17- The service of a hotel depends on how expensive it is ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXERCISE 8: Choose the best answer: Of the four dresses, which is ……………… expensive? A the best B the most C the more D the greater The larger the apartment, the the rent A expensive B more expensive C expensively D most expensive The faster we walk,………… we will get there A the soonest B the soon C the more soon D the sooner “ Why did you buy these oranges? ” “They were ……….… I could find ” A cheapest B cheapest ones C the cheapest ones D the most cheapest She plays the piano …………… as she sings A as beautifully B more beautifully C as beautiful D the most beautifully The streets are getting more and …………… these days A crowded B less crowded C more crowded D most crowded The larger the city, …………… the crime rate (11) A highest B higher C the highest D the higher You must explain your problems ………… A as clear as you can B as clearly as you can C as clear than you are D as clearly as you are Pil is ……………… person we know A the happier B the happiest C happier D happiest 10 Which woman are you going to vote for? –I’m not sure Everyone says that Joan is………… A smarter B the smarter C more smarter D more smart 11 Bill is ……………… A lazier and lazier B more and more lazy C lazier and more lazy D more lazy and lazier 12 It’s too noisy here Can we go somewhere …………………? A noisier B more quiet C more noisy D quieter 13 ……………… the time passes, …………….I feel ! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it A The faster / the nervous B The more fast / the nervous C The fast / the more nervous D The faster / the more nervous 14 China is the country with………………… population A the larger B the more large C the largest D the most large 15 She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting…………….Finally she exploded A more and more angry B the more angry C angrier and angrier D the most angry 16 For ……………… , it is certain that in the future some things will be very different A the better or the worse B the good or the bad C good or bad D better or worse 17 Her grandfather’s illness was………………… we thought at first A more seriously as B as seriously as B more serious than D as serious than 18 My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed………… usual A more early than B as early as C more earlier as D earlier than 19. _ you study for these exams, _ you will A The harder / the better B The more / the much C The hardest / the best D The more hard / the more good 20 His house is _ mine A twice as big as B as twice big as C as two times big as D as big as twice 21 Nobody is happy than Miss Snow is ( happier) 22 He needs many more sugar than I (much) 23 Does Mary feel weller today than she did yesterday? (better) 24 It’s becoming hard and harder to find a job (harder) 25 The more you have, the most you want (The more) (12)