The nhflng dfl an ciia hg cudi cflng cflng khdng di de'n dau va cflng khdng cd bang chflng nao cho thay tau budn cua cdng ty Genoese dflde gfli den An Do.. Cdng ty Ddng An P h a p French[r]
(1)CAC CONG TY DONG AN THE KY XVll, XVIIl TRAN THI THANH VAN* B fldc vao thdi cim dai, boat ddng khd k h a n nghiem trgng, dac biet 25 thfldng mai cua An Do Dfldng va nam cudi the ky A n t w e r p (thudc Bi), ca chau A da cd nhflng budc p h a t trien t h a n h phd' tflng la t r u n g t a m tai chinh quan trgng Xd du'dc d a n h da'u mdt each rd thinh vfldng d chau Au, vao n a m 1585 net bang viec h i n h t h a n h "nhung ddng cflng da d a n h m a t vi trf h a n g dau cua thfldng mai" d An Do Diidng va vfldt An minh viec cung ca'p h a n g hda chau Do Diidng Trong the ky XVII va XVIII A cho lay bac Au Thflc te dd da kfch thfch da chflng kien sfl md rong miinh me ve sd' cac thfldng gia tfl bac Ha Lan canh t r a n h Iflgng va gia tri kmi ngach Irong thfldng vdi nhflng the m a n h dgc quyen cua Bd mai dfldng thuy A - Au Dd la ket qua trflc Dao Nha va b a t dau t h a m gia tnic tiep tiep tfl sfl canh t r a n h t h a n g ldi cua ngu'di buon b a n vdi chau A Ngudn vd'n dang ke Ha Lan va Anh trfldc sfl doc quyen cua cua tap doan n h a n h chdng dflde tang ngfldi Bd Dad Nha Tiep theo hai qud'c gia len cflng sfl xua't hien cua cac thfldng gia la Dan Mach, mac dfl d pham vi rat giau cd den tfl A m s t e r d a m , nhflng ngfldi khiem td'n, va P h a p vao nhflng nam cudi da tflng help tac vdi A n t w e r p Nhflng bi the ky XVII Nfla dau the ky XVIII, nhieu quyet dieu khien t a u dflde chuyen gia lao tap doan thudng gia den tfl Oslend (thugc luyen ngfldi Ha Lan, giao sT, n h a thien Bi) va nhieu ndi khac cflng t h a m gia canh van hgc P e t r u s Plancius t r u y e n lai, cdn ky t r a n h va lim each xam n h a p thi trfldng t h u a t cheo lai va nhflng van de khac lai chau A Ly tfldng thfldng mai thuc dan nhd hda da t h a n g the cac nghi vien chau Au Cac cdng ty Ddng An dflde t h a n h lap mdt each d at vdi muc lieu hfldng ve An Do va ca vflng bien rdng ldn d An Do Dfldng chuyen gia ngfldi Ha Lan Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, ngfldi da tflng lam viec d mien ddng Bd Dao N h a nhieu n a m T h a n g n a m 1595, "Cdng ty cua nhflng vflng da't xa" (Company of Far Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan dflcic t h a n h Lands) cd t r u sd tai A m s t e r d a m , cdng ty lap vao nam 1602 theo quyet dinh cua dau tien so' nhflng cdng ty dflcic ggt Qud'c hgi Vao thdi diem boat ddng la lau n a m , da t h u hflt dflde sd'vd'n len tdi budn ban hd tieu vdi An Do cua cac f.290,000 (f la ky hieu ddng tien Guilder thfldng gia Bd Dao N h a dang gap nhieu cua H a Lan) va gfli chiec t a u hang tdi * Ths Triin Thi T h a n h V,in Khoa Lich sif, Dai hoc Vinh (2) Trdn Thi Thanh Vdn - Cdc ccmg ty Dimg An thcky XII Ddng An dfldi sfl chf huy cua trung fly Cornells de H o u t m a n Mgt chiec tau da bj dam va chiec cdn lai trd ve vao t h a n g n a m 1597 chd theo h a t hd tieu, hat nhuc dau kha'u va vd nhue dau kha'u Trong thdi gian dd, h a n g loat cac cdng ty mdi da tien h a n h giao thUdng vdi Ddng An T r o n g sd dd cd m d t ' c d n g ty d Amsterdam, hai d Zeeland va hai cdng ty khac d R o t t e r d a m Hai cdng ty Amsterdam da sap n h a p vao nam 1598 va sau dd trd nen ndi tieng vdi ten ggi "Old Company" Cdng ty da phai chiec tau ldn tdi phUdng Ddng vao mfla xuan nam 1598 Ldi n h u a n thfldng vu dd fldc tfnh len tdi 400% Vao nam 1600, cdng ty khac cung da dflde t h a n h lap d mdt so dia phfldng cfla Ha Lan Ket qua ta't yeu la cd sti t a n g len ve gia gdc cua hd tieu va mdt so'mat h a n g gia vi khac, khien doanh sd ban h a n g sut giam Den lflc ta't ca nhflng hieu ro dflde tiem nang to ldn cfla thi trfldng Ddng An thi deu thay rang can phai lam gi dd de kim ham cudc canh tranh khde het gifla cac cdng ty Vdi the manh cua mgt cdng ty tien phong thi triidng Ddng An, nam 1601, "Old Company" da thinh can Qudc hoi Ha Lan de du'dc phep ddc quyen thfldng mai khu vfle phia Ddng vdng 25 nam De nghi dd da chii'm dflt qua trinh canh t r a n h gifla cac cdng ty Thdng qua nd lflc dieu dinh ciia Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, cac tap doan da di de'n thda t h u a n hdp tac cflng n h a u va lap cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan - Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) vao 20/3/ 1602 Cdng ty dflcfc phep boat ddng ddc quyen d phfa ddng Mui Hao Vgng va phia lay qua eo bidn Magellan vdng X'lll 41 21 nam Vd'n khdi diem cua cdng ty la 6.42 trieu f, dflde quyen gdp cac pham vi ndm gifl tfl f20 den flOO.OOO'" Van de q u a n trgng dflde Cdng ty thao luan lien q u a n de'n so' tau dUde giti den phfa Ddng h a n g n a m cflng vdi sd' Iflcing, danh muc va gia tri h a n g hda dUOc van chuyen cung nhfl cac loai kim loai quy mang theo tren tau Viec sap xep, td chflc ban h a n g hda tfl chau A ve la mdt cong tac rat ky lUdng va cdng phu Cd nguyen tac cd ban ma cdng ty ap dung de sap xep hang hda chau A - dd la hdp ddng ban hang, gia ban cd dinh, b a n theo hinh thflc da'u gia Cac hdp ddng ban h a n g thdng qua dam p h a n vdi cac nghiep doan ldn cfla Ha Lan Dd la chien Ifldc kinh doanh chu yeu dflde ap dung sudi nifa ddu the'ky XVII, nha't la hen quan den hd tieu, mgt mat h a n g quan trgng nha't danh muc h a n g hda n h a p khau cua Cdng ty Cac cudc dam phan, thao luan dflde tien h a n h de hoan t h a n h cac hdp ddng vao 19/10/1623 vdi cac nghiep doan chu yeu nhfl Gert Dircksz, Raedt, Cornells van C a m p e n va H a n s Broer lien quan de'n toan bd sd'hd tieu ban kho cua cdng ty, cflng vdi mgt so' Iflcing hang hda ldn dflde chuyen ve Ha Lan trfldc t h a n g n a m 1624 Tdng gia tri hang hda ban len de'n t n e u ddng florins TroUg sudt nfla ddu the ky XVII, cdng ty thd'ng ITnh va ddc quyen hoan toan vdi nhieu h a n g muc mat hang quy hiem nhfl dinh hfldng, h a t nhuc dau khau va vd nhuc dau "Tdi flu gia ca la ddc quyen", nhien dd khdng phai la mgt nhiem vu de dang Cdng ty da phai tao dflng dflde nhflng anh hfldng va thu bflt dfla gia ban cflng nhfl viec khich (3) 42 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 6/2009 thich tiem n a n g tieu t h u b a n g dfldng budn lau Cd nhfl vay viec budn b a n vdi thi trUdng An Do D u d n g mdi dUa ve sti giau cd cho thUdng gia H a L a n mdt thdi gian dai Mdt cdng ty khdng Id khac cd a n h ldn de'n sU h i n h t h a n h thi trUdng thUdng mai A - Au chfnh la cdng ty Ddng An Anh NgUdi Anh khdi dau mgt each mudn m a n g viec khai thac t u y e n dfldng bien tfl mfli Cape tdi An Do Dfldng va cac vflng xa hdn khdng phai la thieu q u a n tam Cac chuyen di cua J o h n Cabot tfl Bristol dfldi trieu dai vua H e n r y VII (1485-1509) da ing into the E a s t Indies) ddi Tfl n a m 1601 de'n 1612, viec td chflc sap xep 12 chuyen t a u budn tdi thi trUdng An Do Dfldng dflde cdng ty sdm h o a n ta't Sd' vd'n ddng gdp cho chuyen h a n h t r i n h ddu tien vao n a m 1601 la 68,373 b a n g va so' vd'ii cao nha't cho chuyen h a n h trinh thfl la 80,163 bang, dflde cdng khai vao nam 1609 Dot p h a t h a n h chflng khoan huy ddng vd'n dau tien la tfl n a m 1613 de'n 1623, dot thfl la tfl n a m 1617 de'n 1632 va thfl la tfl 1631 de'n 1642'^* N a m 1637, C h a r l e s I da ddng y mgt dac quyen cho Hiep hdi Courteen trfldng (Courteen's Association) de dflde buon hfldng lieu va td t a m d chau A Tuy nhien, b a n mdt p h d n d Ddng An ndi cdng ty Anh nita d a u the'ky XVI, viec thie'u kien chfla t h a n h lap dflde n h a may Tuy nhien thflc ve budn b a n va h a n g hai d An Do Hiep hdi da t h a t bai t h a m hai viec Dfldng da la mdt can trd ldn ddi vdi ngfldi thiet lap q u a n he vdi ngfldi An Cudc ngi Anh cudc d u a t r a n h vdi ngfldi Bd chie'n bflng nd vao nhflng n a m 1640 da Dao Nha Nhflng de'n cudi the ky kien a n h hfldng xa'u tdi ke hoach kinh doanh thflc dia ly ciia ngfldi Anh da tien bd r a t ciia cdng ty Dac quyen kiem soat cua n h a n h Nam 1598 cud'n sach " Itinerario" cdng ty lai bi de dga ddi thii canh cua Linsehoter b a n g tieng Anh da cung t r a n h cua ho la mdt n h d m thfldng gia dflcic thflc hien n h a m vao thi cap thdng tin tdt n h a l ve van de budn b a n thfldng dflcic mieu ta la cdng ty Ddng An va hang hai d An Do Dfldng, gay nen mgt Anh sti quan t a m ldn d London Nhflng chuyen Company) n h a n dflcic dac quyen tfl Nfl t h a m hiem An Do t h a n h cdng ciia mgt sd hoang vao t h a n g n a m 1698 Tap doan ca n h a n ngfldi Anh cflng giflp cac thfldng da cd a n h hfldng Idn xa hdi gia n h a n thflc dflde r a n g dfldng thflc cho Chinh p h u vay trieu bang Vao te nha't de den vdi An Do la vdng qua t h a n g n a m 1702, cdng ty da ddng y mfli Hao Vong Ndi lo sci ngfldi Ha Lan sap n h a p Hdi ddng q u a n tri Sti hdp nha't thd'ng tri thi trfldng gia vi d tay bac Au da cudi cflng dien r a vao 1709 theo quyet hdi thflc mdt nhdm thfldng gia d Ldndon dinh cua Earl of Godolphin Tfl day den de ddn len Nfl hoang xin diidc quyen kiem n a m 1813, va'n de ddc quyen kiem soat soat thiidng mai d Ddng An De nghi dd khdng cdn la thach thflc ddi vdi "cdng ty diidc chap t h u a n va 31 t h a n g 12 me", ma nhflng quy dinh mdi cho mdi (New English East India nam 1600 Cdng ty Ddng An Anh cd ten la phep cac n h a budn rieng le t h a m gia budn Cdng ly thUdng mai Lon don d Ddng An b a n d Ddng An 20 n a m sau, cdng ty (Company of M e r c h a n t s of London trad- khdng cdn la mdt cdng ty thfldng mai nfla (4) Trdn Thi Thanh Vdn - Cdc cirng ty Dong An the'ky X'U, Xv'lU ma trd t h a n h mdt chinh quyen thflc dan d thudc dia Cdng ty hi giai t a n vao nam 1858 va chuyen giao quyen kiem soat An Do cho Nfl hoang Anh Cdng ty Ddng An Dan Mach (The Dansk Ostindiske Kompagni) dflde vua Christian IV ban dac quyen vao 17/3/1616 theo sang kien cfla ngUdi nhap cU tfl H a Lan Sfl a n h hfldng cua cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan den hien chfldng cua cdng ty Ddng An Dan Mach la kha rd net Mac dau cd ngudn vd'n nhflng thflc sfl cdng ty cdn nhieu khd k h a n va cdng viec kinh doanh cd the phai dfla tren sfl bao trci cua chinh phu Ngoai ra, tfl khoang nam f630 trd di Christian IV sd hflu phan niia sd' vd'n cdng ty Dieu dd da dan den sfl pha san cua cdng ty vao nam 1650 Mdt cdng ty Ddng An thfl ddi va boat ddng tfl nam 1670 den 1729, cflng tham gia budn b a n h a n g gia vi tfl Borneo va budn trai phep vdi Manila Dd la Cdng ty chau A D a n Mach (Danish Asitic Company) dflde ban dac quyen vao t h a n g nam 1732, boat dgng thiidng mai chu yeu la d T r u n g Qud'c nhflng cflng khdng kha'm kha hdn cdng ty trfldc dd Tfl Trung Qud'c tuyen bd md cita tU vao nam 1772, cac thiidng gia Dan Mach da t h a m gia vao thi trUdng Trung Qud'c va dT nhien la nhdm muc dich md rdng thdng thfldng gifla Dan Mach va qud'c gia rdng ldn, day ha'p dan Tuy nhien, Dan Mach cung khdng hen quan nhieu den hoat ddng thfldng mai A - Au Mdt cdng ty Ddng An khac dflcic hinh vao nifa dau the'ky XVll la Cdng ty Ddng An Genoese (Compagnia Genoese delle Indie Orientali) cua Italia Cdng ty dUdc t h a n h lap vao n a m 1647 nhd sU 43 khdi xUdng ciia hai thUdng gia ngUdi Ha Lan la Willem va hendrik M e u l m a n cflng vdi ddi tac ciia hg la J a k o b van den Heuvel The nhflng dfl an ciia hg cudi cflng cflng khdng di de'n dau va cflng khdng cd bang chflng nao cho thay tau budn cua cdng ty Genoese dflde gfli den An Do Cdng ty Ddng An P h a p (French Compagnie des Indes Orientates) ddi tfl sfl ung hg dac biet cua Chinh phu Cdng ty dflde J e a n - Baptiste Colbert t h a n h lap vao 1/9/1664 The nhflng, sfl hd trd cua Chfnh phii, d mdt khia canh nao dd, cung khdng du m a n h de giflp Cdng ty canh t r a n h vdi cac cdng ty Ddng An khac Cdng ty boat ddng khudn khd phap ly cua Chfnh phu vdi tai san chi tieu nhieu hdn tai san sd hflu Cd sd phap ly lai bd huge nhieu ve trach nhiem nen cudi cflng da dan den sfl t h a t bai kinh doanh cua P h a p d chau A Cdng ty t h a n h lap nam 1664 va pha san vao nam 1684 Khoang 78% cd ddng ciia cdng ty pha san da phai rflt khdi Cdng ty Mgt nam sau mgt cdng ty mdi ddi, cung dfldi sfl kiem soat chat che cua Chfnh phu Hoat ddng cua tap doan mdi h a u nhfl that bai De'n t h a n g nam 1719 sac lenh hdp nha't da sap n h a p cac cdng ty t h a n h Cdng ty Ddng An (Compagnie des Indes Orientales) cflng vdi viec md rdng boat ddng kinh doanh cua J o h n Law Cdng ty Ddng An mdi (Compagnie des Indes ) da phai m a t n a m de sap xep, kien toan lai cd ca'u boat ddng t h a n h mdt cdng ty vdi ten ggi la Compagnie Perpetuelle des Indes va tdn tai de'n nam 1769 Tfl thdi diem thfldng mai Ddng An dflde md rdng vdi nhflng boat ddng rieng re ciia (5) 44 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009 cdng ty The ky XVIII cflng chflng kien sfl t h a n h lap cac cdng ty Ddng An cua nhieu nflde chau Au Dieu thfl vi nha't la sfl xua't hien cua cac cdng ty Ddng An T h u y Dien va Ostend (thugc Bi) Ve cd ban, nhflng tap doan khdng cd nhieu sfl bao trg cua cac chfnh p h u chau Au Cdng ty Ostend la mgt khdi lien ket bao gdm ca ngfldi H a Lan, Ai-len, D a n Mach va ca Flemish (Bi) cd cflng quyen ldi, dflde hoang de Ao-Hung Charles VI d Vienna b a n dac quyen vao n a m 1722, mac dau cac chuyen h a n h t r i n h tdi phfldng Ddng da dflcic nhdm thfldng gia len ke hoach tfl dau n a m 1713 (sau the che h a n h chinh ciia Ao dflde t h a n h lap d Ha Lan) Sfl ddi ciia cdng ty da de dga tdi quyen ldi cua cac thfldng gia ngfldi Au dang lam giau d An Do Diidng vi the cdng ty Ddng An Anh va cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan da gay ap lflc vdi h o a n g de Habsburg Luc Hoang de d a n g can sti img hd ciia ngfldi Ha Lan ehd'ng lai Tay Ban N h a n h a m giai cflu chau gai ciia minh la Maria Theresia Trfldc ap lflc cua Chi'nh phu, Ostend ngflng h e a t ddng vao n a m 1727 va giai the vao n a m 1731 t a u budn trd ve chau Au, theo ke khai la ciia cdng ty Ddng An T h u y Dien, chi cd chiec (vao nhflng n a m 1735, 1740, 1742) chd bdng, td lua va lua thd tfl Bengal Mdt ben cang khac cung thfldng dflde tau cua cdng ty Thuy Dien cap ben la cang Surat, la ndi dien b o a t ddng giao thfldng vao nhflng n a m 1752, 1756 va 1762<3> Cd the ndi, d nhflng t h e ky d a u thdi can dai, thfldng m a i d An Do Dfldng da la "diem ndng" nhflng chfnh sach cua cac chfnh p h u phfldng Tay Nd cd vfl che "tinh t h a n hfldng ngoai" d a n g ngfl tri tfl cua cac ca n h a n du mgi tang ldp, tfl thfldng gia cho den chfnh tri gia, tfl binh linh cho de'n cac n h a t r u y e n dao Cac cdng ty Ddng An da dam nhiem dflcic vai trd cila cac cdng ty dgc quyen, thay mat cho chfnh phu, dfla Idi n h u a n ve cho qud'c gia Hdn the nfla, nd cdn la "cdng cu" dac lflc va cd hieu qua viec b a n h trfldng the life thtic dan Tfl sfl h i n h t h a n h thi trfldng thfldng mai, tiep theo la sfl phat trien cua chfnh sach thflc dan, hai giai doan cua qua t r i n h xam n h a p va xam lUdc cita phfldng Tay d c h a u A./ Nhieu thfldng gia lien q u a n de'n cdng ty Ostend da chuyen vd'n cua hg sang Cdng CHU THICH ty chau A D a n Mach (Danish Asiatic Company), dflde t h a n h lap vao n a m 1732 Mdt sd' khac da cd dflcic dac quyen cua cdng ty Ddng An T h u y Dien (Swedish East India Company), ddi vao n a m 1731 Cflng gid'ng nhfl cdng ty chau A Dan Mach, mdi ban t a m chu yeu cua cdng ty Ddng An Thuy Dien la budn b a n vdi T r u n g Qud'c hdn la vdi An Do Tfl gifla nam 1733 de'n n a m 1767, 61 chiec J.R.Bruijn, F.S.Gaastra, Duck - Asiatic shipping in the 17"^ and 18"^ centuries, vol 1, The Hague, 1987, p.9 K.N Chaudbun, The trading World of Asia and the English East India Company 16601760, Cambndge 1978, pp 22, 28, 209 Cm Prakash, European commercial enterprise in pre-colonial India, The new Cambridge history of India, Cambridge University Press 2000, p,81 (6)