Tài liệu ASM Metals HandBook P15 docx

ASM INTERNATIONAL ® Publication Information and Contributors Introduction Mechanical Testing and Evaluation was published in 2000 as Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook. The Volume was prepared under the direction of the ASM Handbook Committee. Volume Coordinator The Volume Coordinators were Howard Kuhn, Concurrent Technologies Corporation and Dana Medlin, The Timkin Company. Authors and Contributors • LAMET UFRGS • John A. Bailey North Carolina State University • John Barsom Barsom Consulting Limited • Peter Blau Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Kenneth Budinski Eastman Kodak Company • Vispi Bulsara Cummins Engine Company • Leif Carlsson Florida Atlantic University • Norm Carroll Applied Test Systems, Inc. • Srinivasan Chandrasekar Purdue University • P. Dadras Wright State University • K.L. DeVries Univerisity of Utah • George E. Dieter University of Maryland • James Earthman University of California, Irvine • Horatio Espinosa Northwestern University • Henry Fairman MQS Inspection, Inc. • Thomas Farris Purdue University • Andrew R. Fee Consultant • William W. Gerberich University of Minnesota • Jeffrey Gibeling University of California, Irvine • Amos Gilat The Ohio State University • Peter P. Gillis University of Kentucky • William Glaeser Battelle Memorial Institute • Blythe Gore Northwestern University • George (Rusty) Gray III Los Alamos National Laboratory • Amitava Guha Brush Wellman Inc. • Gary Halford NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field • John Harding Oxford University • Jeffrey Hawk Albany Research Center • Jennifer Hay Applied Nano Metrics, Inc. • Robert Hayes Metals Technology Inc. • K.H. Herter University of Stuttgart • John (Tim) M. Holt Alpha Consultants and Engineering • Joel House Air Force Research Laboratory • Roger Hurst Institute for Advanced Materials (The Netherlands) • Ian Hutchings University of Cambridge • Michael Jenkins University of Wyoming • Steve Johnson Georgia Institute of Technology • Serope Kalpakjian Illinois Institute of Technology • Y. Katz University of Minnesota • Kevin M. Kit University of Tennessee • Brian Klotz The General Motors Corporation • Howard A. Kuhn Concurrent Technologies Corporation • John Landes University of Tennessee • Bradley Lerch NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field • Peter Liaw University of Tennessee • John Magee Carpenter Technology Corporation • Frank N. Mandigo Olin Corporation • Michael McGaw McGaw Technology, Inc. • Lothar Meyer Technische Universität Chemnitz • James Miller Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Farghalli A. Mohamed University of California • William C. Mohr Edison Welding Institute • Charles A. Moyer The Timken Company (retired) • Yukitaka Murakami Kyushu University • Sia Nemat-Nasser University of California, San Diego • Vitali Nesterenko University of California, San Digeo • Todd M. Osman U.S. Steel • F. Otremba University of Stuttgart • T. Ozkai Olin Brass Japan, Inc. • George M. Pharr The University of Tennessee • Paul Phillips The University of Tennessee • Martin Prager Welding Research Council and Materials Properties Council • Lisa Pruitt University of California, Berkeley • George Quinn National Institute of Standards and Technology • J.H. Rantala Institute for Advanced Materials (The Netherlands) • Suran Rao Applied Research Laboratories • W. Ren Air Force Research Laboratory • Gopal Revankar Deere & Company • Robert Ritchie University of California, Berkeley • Roxanne Robinson American Association for Laboratory Accreditation • E. Roos University of Stuttgart • Clayton Rudd Pennsylvania State University • Jonathan Salem NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field • P. Sandberg Outokupa Copper • Ashok Saxena Georgia Institute of Technology • Eugene Shapiro Olin Corporation • Ralph S. Shoberg R.S. Technologies Ltd. • M.E. Stevenson The University of Alabama • Ghatu Subhash Michigan Technological University • Ed Tobolski Wilson Instruments • N. Tymiak University of Minnesota • George Vander Voort Buehler Ltd. • Howard R. Voorhees Materials Technology Corporation • Robert Walsh Florida State University • Robert Waterhouse University of Nottingham • Mark Weaver University of Alabama • Dale Wilson The Johns Hopkins University • David Woodford Materials Performance Analysis, Inc. • Dan Zhao Johnson Controls,Inc. Reviewers • Julie Bannantine Consultant • Raymond Bayer Tribology Corporation • Peter Blau Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Toni Brugger Carpenter Technology Corporation • Prabir Chaudhury Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Richard Cook National Casein of California • Dennis Damico Lord Corporation Chemical Products Division • Craig Darragh The Timken Corporation • Mahmoud Demeri Ford Research Laboratories • Dez Demianczuk LTV Steel • George E. Dieter University of Maryland • James Earthman University of California/Irvine • Kathy Faber Northwestern University • Henry Fairman MQS Inspection, Inc. • Gerard Gary Polytechnique Institute (France) • Thomas Gibbons Consultant • William Glaeser Battelle Memorial Institute • Jennifer Hay Applied Nano Metrics, Inc. • Robert Hayes Metals Technology, Inc. • David Heberling Southwestern Ohio Steel • Kent Johnson Engineering Systems Inc. • Brian Klotz The General Motors Corporation • Howard A. Kuhn Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Lonnie Kuntz Mar-Test, Inc. • David Lambert Air Force Research Laboratory • John Landes University of Tennessee • Iain LeMay Metallurgical Consulting Services • John Lewandowski Case Western Reserve University [...]... invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (for Print Volume) ASM Handbook Includes bibliographical references and indexes Contents: v 1 Properties and selection—v 2 Properties and selection—nonferrous alloys and puremetals— [etc.]—v 8 Mechanical testing 1 Metals Handbooks, manuals, etc 2 ASM International Handbook Committee TA459.M43 1990... Particulates Reinforced Metal Composites, ASM International, 1990, p 209 2 Alloy Phase Diagrams, Vol 3, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1992 3 D Hull, An Introduction to Composite Materials, Cambridge University Press, 1975 Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals Todd M Osman, U.S Steel Research; Joseph D Rigney, General Electric Aircraft Engines Deformation of Metals The basic principles of deformation... 1990 620.1'6 90-115 SAN 204–7586 ISBN 0-87170-389-0 ASM International Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Copyright © ASM International® All Rights Reserved Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals Todd M Osman, U.S Steel Research; Joseph D Rigney, General Electric Aircraft Engines Introduction THE SUCCESSFUL EMPLOYMENT OF METALS in engineering applications relies on the ability... mechanical testing The ASM Handbook Committee, the editors, the authors, the reviewers, and ASM staff have collaborated to produce a book that meets high technical standards for the benefit of engineering communities everywhere To all who contributed to the completion of this task, we extend our sincere thanks ASH Khare President, ASM International Michael J DeHaemer Managing Director, ASM International... Society for Metals, 1982, p 549 20 V Kerlins and A Philips, Modes of Fracture, Fractography, Vol 12, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1987, p 12–71 21 I Kirman, Metall Trans., Vol 2, 1971, p 1761 22 R.H Van Stone, T.B Cox, J.R Low, and J.A Psioda, Int Met Rev., Vol 30, 1985, p 157 23 W.M Garrison, Jr and N.R Moody, J Phys Chem Solids, Vol 48, 1987, p 1035 24 B.I Edelson and W.M Baldwin, Trans ASM, Vol... of Metals Todd M Osman, U.S Steel Research; Joseph D Rigney, General Electric Aircraft Engines Special Conditions in Flow: Temperature and Strain Rate Many of the most widely employed structural metals have bcc lattices (e.g., steels, refractory metals) or fcc lattices (e.g., aluminum, copper) The strength of fcc metals is relatively insensitive to test temperature; however, the properties of bcc metals. .. Snyder, and J.A Bauscher, Trans ASM, Vol 42, 1950, p 1197–1228 11 J.F Held, Proc Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference, Vol 4, AIME, New York, 1965, p3 Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals Todd M Osman, U.S Steel Research; Joseph D Rigney, General Electric Aircraft Engines Strength of Metals Thus far, the mechanical properties of crystalline metals have been discussed only... mechanical behavior of metals Using basic examples, deformation and fracture mechanisms are introduced Typical properties measured during mechanical testing are then related to these deformation mechanisms and the microstructures of metals Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals Todd M Osman, U.S Steel Research; Joseph D Rigney, General Electric Aircraft Engines Structure of Metals At the most... taken for any claims that may arise Nothing contained in the ASM Handbook shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in the ASM Handbook shall be construed as a defense against any alleged... individual crystal lattices Face-centered cubic metals are more closely “packed” (i.e., a shorter distance exists between atoms in the unit cell of Fig 2) than body-centered cubic metals A common slip system (i.e., {111}〈110〉) prevails across temperature regimes for fcc metals; however, dislocations have been found to move on different slip systems in bcc metals (e.g., {110}〈111〉, {112}〈111〉, or {123}〈111〉 . selection—nonferrous alloys and puremetals— [etc.]—v. 8. Mechanical testing. 1. Metals Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. ASM International. Handbook Committee. TA459.M43. comprehensive reference on mechanical testing. The ASM Handbook Committee, the editors, the authors, the reviewers, and ASM staff have collaborated to produce a