Sustainable Urban Development Master thesis Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in Ho Chi Minh City – Case study: Thu Thiem new urban area.

Luận văn Thạc sĩ Trường Đại học DarmStadt Đức Đề tài: Tiềm năng, các yếu tố tác động và giải pháp tái sử dụng nước mưa tại Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Nghiên cứu trường hợp: Khu đô thị mới Thủ Thiêm. (Tiếng Anh) Water scarcity is one of the most important issues in the world currently. The increasing of population and urbanization leads to find the renewable water source to meet the demand. Rainwater is one of the suitable source for water supply which helps to reduce the exploitation of groundwater and the limited of surface water. Rainwater has been used since thousand years ago. Until now, it has been used in many developed and developing countries to conserve the water sources. In Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), there are only households who cannot access to the city piped water network use rainwater as a non – potable water and sometimes use it as the potable water source after treating by boiled. It is a waste because the rainfall of Vietnam is quite high. Moreover, using rainwater can also bring other benefits such as preventing floods and conservation the water sources. Rainwater is a free water source, if there is a research for application of recycling rainwater in HCMC, these problems causes by rainwater as well as the water shortage can be decreased. Therefore, this paper studies about impact factors to rainwater in HCMC to answer the question why this city does not use rainwater while the average annual precipitation is high. The factors that hinder the widely use of rainwater are the attitude of residents and the strategies of authorities. Besides, the factors that causes the change in quality and quantity of rainwater are the land use change and the disappearance of catchment areas for rainwater.

Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in Ho Chi Minh City – Case study: Thu Thiem new urban area Le Thi Thuy Hang | SUD2012 – M08 Vietnamese German University Sustainable Urban Development Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Le Thi Thuy Hang Student Identification: SUD2012 – M08 Course: Sustainable Urban Development Master Thesis Topic: Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in Ho Chi Minh City – Case study: Thu Thiem new urban area Submitted: November 25, 2014 Supervisor: Dipl.-Ing Sonja Dieckmann Prof Dr.-Ing Hans-Joachim Linke Academic Director of MSc.-Study program "Sustainable Urban Development" at the Vietnamese-German-University Ho Chi Minh City Fachgebiet Landmanagement Institut für Geodäsie Fachbereich Bau- Und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften Franziska-Braun-Straße 64287 Darmstadt Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Declaration on the presented work I declare that all work presented here has been created without assistance of third parties and only with the sources and mediums mentioned All material taken from any sources is identified as such I have not previously submitted this work or any version of it for assessment to any examination authority Darmstadt, 25.11.2014 [Le Thi Thuy Hang] Signature: Table of content Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Declaration on the presented work iii Table of contents iv Abstract Acknowledgment List of Abbreviation List of Figures List of Tables Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Problem statements 1.3 Goals and Objectives 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Organization of the Study 1.6 Framework of the research 7 10 11 11 12 Current Situation 2.1 Water Use 2.1.1 Water supply in HCMC 2.1.2 Sanitation 2.1.3 Wastewater and drainage 2.1.4 Water stress index 2.2 Water quality in HCMC 14 14 14 16 16 17 18 Literature review 3.1 Theories of water urban planning design 3.1.1 Water Sensitive Urban Design 3.1.2 Relevance to the study 3.2 Recycling rainwater 3.3 Current rainfall situation in HCMC 3.4 The impact factors of rainwater in HCMC 3.4.1 Type of development 3.4.2 The attitude toward using rainwater 3.4.3 HCMC residents’ income and water tarif 22 22 22 23 23 25 26 27 31 31 Results 4.1 Water demand in HCMC 4.2 Potential of harvested rainwater in 2025 4.3 Recycling rainwater sample at a household 31 31 31 31 Discussion and Solution 5.1 Cost – benefit analysis 5.1.1 At household scale 5.1.2 At large scale 5.2 SWOT Analyis of Recycling Rainwater In HCMC and Thu Thiem 5.3 Solutions 31 31 31 31 31 31 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Recycling rainwater in Thu Thiem new urban area 31 6.1 Basic concept of recycling rainwater master plan in Thu Thiem new urban area 31 6.2 Criteria for recycling rainwater in Thu Thiem new urban area 31 6.3 Details of recycling rainwater of Thu Thiem new urban area 31 6.3.1 At district scale 31 6.3.2 At small scale 31 6.4 Assessment of the design 31 Conclusion 31 APPENDICE 31 References 31 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Abstract Water scarcity is one of the most important issues in the world currently The increasing of population and urbanization leads to find the renewable water source to meet the demand Rainwater is one of the suitable source for water supply which helps to reduce the exploitation of groundwater and the limited of surface water Rainwater has been used since thousand years ago Until now, it has been used in many developed and developing countries to conserve the water sources In Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), there are only households who cannot access to the city piped water network use rainwater as a non – potable water and sometimes use it as the potable water source after treating by boiled It is a waste because the rainfall of Vietnam is quite high Moreover, using rainwater can also bring other benefits such as preventing floods and conservation the water sources Rainwater is a free water source, if there is a research for application of recycling rainwater in HCMC, these problems causes by rainwater as well as the water shortage can be decreased Therefore, this paper studies about impact factors to rainwater in HCMC to answer the question why this city does not use rainwater while the average annual precipitation is high The factors that hinder the widely use of rainwater are the attitude of residents and the strategies of authorities Besides, the factors that causes the change in quality and quantity of rainwater are the land use change and the disappearance of catchment areas for rainwater After understanding of the aspects afecting rainwater, this research investigates the maximum amount of water that HCMC can harvest from rainfall The results show that in HCMC, the maximum potential of rainwater is to be 182 liter per capita per day that can serve the non – potable purposes for domestic use In Thu Thiem urban area – a case study in this research, the potential of collected rainfall from impervious surfaces is quite low, only 62 liter per capita per day because most part of this urban area is covered by wetlands However, the rainwater harvesting system is studied to apply in this area because the construction costs in lower than construction costs in the built – up area of HCMC Further, rainwater is storage in the central in the heart of Thu Thiem peninsula Therefore, the rainwater can provide to meet the demand of residents in Thu Thiem The cost – benefits analysis and SWOT analysis draw rainwater harvesting system to be one of the alternative water source in HCMC and especially in Thu Thiem The solutions for recycling rainwater in Thu Thiem area is illustrated by some schematic figures Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to Prof Hans Joachim Linke who has supervised and helped me a lot on this thesis as well as gave me a very warm environment during the time I am staying in Darmstadt, Germany to my research I am extremely grateful to my friend William Cheong for grammar correcting of my writing while he was very busy And another thanks to Ms Sonja Dieckmann who supported me in this paper I also thank Dr Chris Merkelbach – my German teacher who taught me how to present the thesis as German style, and always encouraged me although I sometimes did not study hard in his German class when I had to concentrate on my thesis And thank my lecturer and friends: Ms Quynh Thu, Thiep, Arman, Quang, Huong, Tan, Kiet, Quynh and Nam - those who helped and sufered me during the time I am here for the thesis And I give thanks to my family, and my close friends in Vietnam, with their encouragement, I feel more motivated to finish this thesis Another thanks, I would like to give to Dr Son Pham – my program cooperator and Ms Hoang Anh – the program assistant who supported me for my studying issues in Vietnamese German University I give my special thanks to Ms Ute and her family, Prof Hollborn and his wife, Dr Weidele, and Mr Hickel who introduced German culture to me and showed me how kind the German people are That makes the time I worked with this thesis here was not so boring and stressful Lastly, I need to thank DAAD (German Academic Exchange Organization) that supported me the scholarship so that I could survive to write my thesis in this country Finally, I have just done my Master thesis Thank you all Darmstadt, 25th November, 2014 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC List of Abbreviation DONRE DPA HCMC HIE ITPC LID RWH Sasaki SAWACO SUHI USD VND WSUD WSI WTP Department of Natural Resources and Environment Department of Urban Planning and Architecture Ho Chi Minh City Heat Island Efect Investment and Trade Investment Center Low Impact Development Rainwater Harvesting Sasaki Associates, Inc Saigon Water Supply Cooperation Surface Urban Heat Island United States of America Dollar Vietnam Dong Water Sensitive Urban Design Water Stress Index Water Treatment Plant Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC List of Figures Figure 1-1 Aerial view of Thu Thiem area Figure 1-2 Master plan of Thu Thiem new urban area Figure 3-1 Annual precipitation in HCMC from 2005 to 2010 26 Figure 3-2 Relationship between impervious cover and surface runof 27 Figure 3-3 Results of urban expansion in the Northern part of Ho Chi Minh City in 1989, 1989, 2002 and 2006 from remotely sensed data 29 Figure 3-4 the change of temperature from 1989 to 2006 .29 Figure 3-5 Percentage of water usage in households .31 Figure 4-1 A schematic diagram of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system 31 Figure 6-1 Basic concept of rainwater recycling in Thu Thiem 31 Figure 6-2 Underground cisterns in Thu Thiem new urban area .31 Figure 6-3 Cross Section of Thu Thiem new urban area 31 Figure 6-4 Cross Section of Thu Thiem new urban area 31 Figure 6-5 Typical Installation of rainwater harvesting system Figure 6-6 Green Roofs for rainwater harvesting 31 Figure 6-7 Harvested rainwater for car washing in commercial buildings 31 Figure 8-1 Flooding areas in HCMC 31 Figure 8-2 Water quality index at 10 water canal monitoring stations in HCMC (November 2012) and at 22 water river monitoring stations in Saigon and Dong Nai river (December 2012) 31 Figure 8-3 Water quality Index 31 Figure 8-4 Average monthly rainfall for HCMC, Vietnam 31 Figure 8-5 Relative frequency of various types of precipitation over the course of a typical year 31 Figure 8-6 Maximum precipitation per day .31 Figure 8-7 Water tarif per month 31 Figure 8-8 Grading and drainage plan 31 Figure 8-9 Water and Wastewater plan 31 Figure 8-10 Collective Infrastructure Network Plan 31 Figure 8-11 Current situation in Thu Thiem new urban area - April 2014 .31 Figure 8-12 New buildings in Thu Thiem new urban area - April 2014 31 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC 10 Precipitation Maximum percipitation per day 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 177 155 150 137 103 179 135 131 89 77 69 38 10 11 12 Month Figure 8-21 Maximum precipitation per day Source: [ CITATION Vie08 \l 1033 ] APPENDIX D: WATER TARIFF TREND IN THE FUTURE IN HO CHI MINH CITY Water tariff per month 12 10 VND 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 YEAR Figure 8-22 Water tarif per month Source: [ CITATION Sai141 \l 1033 ] APPENDIX E: LAND USE TABLE OF HO CHI MINH CITY MASTER PLAN IN 2015 No Type of land I I.1 Residential land Residential land Residential areas Urban areas Rural areas Commercial land Parks and green spaces Internal traffic area (ha) 70,524.27 59,311.82 35,297.81 28,951.68 6,346.13 4,220.72 6,876.96 12,916.33 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC Percent (%) 33,65 28,30 16,84 13,82 3,03 2,01 3,28 6,16 70 I.2 Others Communal land Heritage land Parks and green spaces Religious land Non-residential land Industrial land Infrastructural land Security land External traffic Airport Isolated green trees Channels and ponds Agricultural land and forest Agricultural land Forest Rivers and channels Total II III IV 11,212.45 5,238.62 154.34 5,408.94 410.55 27,321.63 11,324.50 3,384.55 1,485.10 6,399.31 816.00 2,382.74 1,529.43 80,500.00 43,600.00 36,900.00 31,208.57 209,554.47 5,35 2,50 0,07 2,58 0,20 13,04 5,40 1,62 0,71 3,05 0,39 1,14 0,73 38,42 20,81 17,61 14,89 100,00 Table 8-19 Proposed land use in HCMC Master plan in 2025 Source: DPA APPENDIX F: VIETNAMESE BUILDING STANDARD - BUILDING COVERAGE RATIO In general Lot area (m2/building) Building coverage ratio (%)  ≤100 100 200 70 300 60 500 50 ≥1.000 40 Source: QCVN01:2014/BXD (Construction M o., 2014)  In details Attached houses and single houses Commercial, Industry Healthcare, cultural and education Maximum ≤50 75 100 200 300 500 1000 area Maximum Inner 100 90 85 80 75 70 65 40 70 building districts coverage Suburban 100 90 80 70 60 50 50 40 70 ratio (%) districts (Source: Decree 135/2007/QD-UBND.HCMC and Decree 45/2009/QD-UBND.HCMC) Table 8-20 Net building coverage ratio Building height (m) ≤16 19 22 25 28 Maximum building coverage ratio (%) depends on the lot area 10.000m2 18.000m2 ≤3.000m ≥35.000m2 75 65 63 60 75 60 58 55 75 57 55 52 75 53 51 48 75 50 48 45 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC 71 Building height (m) 31 34 37 40 43 46 >46 Maximum building coverage ratio (%) depends on the lot area ≤3.000m2 10.000m2 18.000m2 ≥35.000m2 75 48 46 43 75 46 44 41 75 44 42 39 75 43 41 38 75 42 40 37 75 41 39 36 75 40 38 35 Table 8-21 Net building coverage ratio for apartments depends on lot areas and building height Source: QCVN01:2014/BXD [ CITATION Nat \l 1033 ] Building height (m) ≤16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 >46 Maximum net building coverage ratio (%) depends on lot areas 10.000m2 18.000m2 ≤3.000m2 ≥35.000m2 80 70 68 65 80 65 63 60 80 62 60 57 80 58 56 53 80 55 53 50 80 53 51 48 80 51 49 46 80 49 47 44 80 48 46 43 80 47 45 42 80 46 44 41 80 45 43 40 Table 8-22 Maximum net building coverage ratio of mixed use buildings Source: QCVN01:2014/BXD [ CITATION Nat \l 1033 ] APPENDIX G: CALCULATION OF TOTAL HARVESTED RAINWATER IN HO CHI MINH CITY IN 2025  Formula: Harvested rainwater (m3) = [average regional rainfall (mm/year) x collecting surface (m2) x collection efficiency] / 1000 Each surface area has a specific runof coefficient, i.e the efficiency of collection or the rainfall minus the wasted water For smooth impervious roofing materials, the runof coefficient is between 0.5-0.9 (usually 0.9) for each liter of water fallen on the roof For ground surface areas this coefficient is much lower, depending on soil type and condition: usually between 0.10 and 0.25 With the average regional rainfall is about 1,978 (mm/year), the results are calculated:  Roof surfaces Harvested rainwater (m3) = [1,978 (mm/year) x 426,867,660 (m2) x 0.9] / 1000 = 759,909,808 (m3)  Ground surface area: Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC 72 Harvested rainwater (m3) = [1,978 (mm/year) x 193,156,400 (m2) x 0.1] / 1000 = 38,206,336 (m3)  The total harvested rainwater (m3) = harvested rainwater from roof + harvested rainwater from ground = 759,909,808 (m3) + 38,206,336 (m3) = 798,116,114 m3 (about 800 million cubic meters) In the ideal scenario, the harvested rainwater will be 800 million cubic meters if all 100% of the roof and 100% of ground surfaces is used for rainwater harvesting It would be good if the whole city uses rainwater harvesting system then bring that water to use for many purposes For non – potable water which is 35% of the water consumption per day It means that in 2025, the water demand for each person is 200 liters/ca/ day, the non – potable water is:  [34.3% (indoor water use) + 32.3% (outdoor water use)]x 200 (liters/ca/day) = 133.2 (liters/ca/day) With 798,116,114 m3 of collecting water per year, the liter per day of collecting rainwater is:  Harvesting rainwater per day (liter/ day) = 1000 x 798,116,114 m3 /365 = 2,186,619,573 (liter/day) In 2025, the HCMC population is 12,028,100 persons The ideal harvesting rainwater per capita is:  Harvesting rainwater per day (liter/ca) = 2,186,619,573 (liter/day)/ 12,028,100 persons = 182 liter/ day With: The built – up areas and the ground surfaces such as roads and streets are assumed to collect 100% rainwater Assumption that the built – up areas have the coefficient is 0.9 and the ground areas (traffic areas) have the coefficient is 0.1 APPENDIX H: CALCULATION OF THE SIZE OF HARVESTED RAINWATER TANK AND THE SAVING WATER TARIFF FROM USING COLLECTED RAINWATER As the BS8515:2009 for rainwater harvesting systems – Code of practice, the calculation to sizing the rainwater harvesting system for non-potable domestic use, storage capacity should be calculated from the following equations and should be lesser of 5% of the annual non-potable water demand 5% of the annual non – potable water demand should be calculated using the equation: DN = Pd x n x 365 x 0.05 Where: DN is the annual non-potable water demand (L); Pd is the daily requirement per person (L); (according to the standard of Vietnam Ministry of Construction TCXDVN – 33 – 2006 about water, the daily requirement per person is 200L in 2020) n is the number of persons Assumption that the catchment area is 50 m2 (for persons per household, the standard living space is 25m2(Official Letter No 1245/BXD-KHCN)), they need to have 100m2 for the house The house can have storeys with the roof area is 50m2 The volume of the storage should lesser this number: DN = Pd x n x 365 x 0.05 DN = 200 x x 365 x 0.05 = 14,600 Liters = 14.3 m3 The rainwater can be collected from the roof is: With 50m2 catchment area, 1,978mm rainfall per year  the water volume is 98.9m3 per year Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC 73 Each month, this household can get 8.24m3 from rainwater with 50m2 catchment area The volume of the tank is 8m3, in the highest rainfall, the water can be kept The amount of water can be used directly for non – potable purposes such as irrigation, washing vehicle, laundry and flushing toilet Therefore, they need a tank 8m3 for storage water Assumption that the size of the tank is 2.5 meter length x meter wide x 1.6 meter depth As the construction price in 2011 from Department of Construction, 1m2 of light concrete block costs 254,000VND/m2 [ CITATION DoH11 \l 1033 ] The construction cost of this tank is 24.4 m2 x 254,000VND = 6,197,600VND The water tarif they can save: 48,000VND/ month when water tarif in 2014 is 6000 VND/m3 for block 4m3 For one year, they can save: 576,000 VND for water tarif for the first year In the following year, the water tarif have the trend increase, thus the saving water tarif is as the table below: Year Water tarif(thousa nd VND) Saving water tarif per month (thousand VND) Saving water tarif per year (thousand VND) 201 201 201 201 201 201 202 202 202 202 202 202 6.0 6.7 7.5 8.3 9.4 10 10.9 11.7 12.6 13.3 14.1 15.0 48 53.6 60 66.4 75 80 87.2 93.6 100 106 112 120 576 643 720 797 902 960 1,04 1,12 1,21 1,27 1,35 1,44 Table 8-23 Predicted saving water tarif through using rainwater in the future The interests is 4.5% in 2014 (as the Decision 496/QD-NHNN of the State bank of Vietnam) The maintenance costs are 5% of the construction costs The internal rate of return and the net present value are calculated as the table below Cash inflows Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Note Construction costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs thousand VND -8,197.60 576.00 Cash inflows thousand VND -6,197.60 -409.88 643.00 166.12 -409.88 720.00 233.12 -409.88 797.00 310.12 -409.88 902.00 387.12 -409.88 960.00 492.12 -409.88 550.12 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC 74 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs Saving water bill Maintenance costs NPV in 2026 NPV in 2027 NPV in 2028 1,046.00 -409.88 1,123.00 636.12 -409.88 1,210.00 713.12 -409.88 1,277.00 800.12 -409.88 1,354.00 867.12 -409.88 1,440.00 944.12 -409.88 1,536.00 1,030.12 -409.88 1,632.00 1,126.12 -409.88 1,728.00 1,222.12 -409.88 1,318.12 ($498.71) $132.78 $784.55 Table 8-24 Net present value for the investment of the tank in household Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC 75 APPENDIX I: 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Thuy Hang Student Identification: SUD2012 – M08 Course: Sustainable Urban Development Master Thesis Topic: Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in Ho Chi Minh City –. .. developed for the entire city 1.6 Framework of the research Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in HCMC 17 Potentiality, impact factors and solutions for rainwater reuse in