Some : somebody, someone, something - đợc dùng trong câu khẳng định và đi với động từ số ít.. There is somebody at the door./ I’ve got something in my bag.[r]
(1)Phonetics A C¸c phô ©m h÷u vµ v« tiÕng Anh: * H÷u /b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, ʤ, m, n, , l, r, j, w/ + toµn bé nguyªn ©m a, e, o, u, i * V« /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, t∫, h/ Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n viÖc ph¸t ©m c¸c tõ tËn cïng víi ‘s’: ‘s’ đợc phát âm là /z/ theo sau các âm hữu trừ âm (/z/, /ʒ,/ /ʤ/) ‘s’ đợc phát âm là /s/ theo sau các âm vô trừ âm (/s/,/∫/,/t∫/) ‘s’ đợc phát âm là / iz/ sau các âm (/z/, /ʒ/, /ʤ/, /s/, /∫/,/t∫/ ) Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n viÖc ph¸t ©m c¸c tõ tËn cïng víi ‘ed’: Động từ tận cùng ‘ed’ đợc phát âm là /d/ theo sau các âm hữu trừ âm (/d/) Động từ tận cùng ‘ed’ đợc phát âm là /t/ theo sau các âm vô trừ âm (/t/) Động từ tận cùng ‘ed’ đợc phát âm là /id/ theo sau các âm (/t/, /d/) B Stress Tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt (Two - syllable words) - §èi víi tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt, träng ©m cã thÓ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu hoÆc ©m tiÕt thø hai Đối với động từ, tính từ, trạng từ, và giới từ có quy luật sau: âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên ©m dµi hoÆc nguyªn ©m kÐp (trõ) th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai Vd: arrive (v), attract (v), correct (a), perfect (a), alone (adv), inside (pre) Nguợc lại âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên âm ngắn nguyên âm kép , đợc kết thúc mét phô ©m th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu Vd: open (v), borrow (v), lovely (a), sorry (a), rather (adv) §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m ng¾n th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu Vd: money, product Ngîc l¹i, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m dµi hoÆc nguyªn ©m kÐp th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai Vd: balloon, design, estate Tõ cã ba ©m tiÕt (Three - syllable words) Đối với động từ , âm tiết cuối là âm tiết mạnh, nó có trọng âm Vd: enter’tain, resur’rect - Nếu âm tiết cuối là âm tiết yếu, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đứng trớc nó, VD: encounter, determine - NÕu c¶ ©m tiÕt thø hai vµ thø ba lµ ©m tiÕt yÕu th× träng ©m sÏ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu tiªn Vd: advertise, speculate §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt cuèi cïng yÕu hoÆc tËn cïng b»ng /əu/, vµ ©m tiÕt thø hai m¹nh, träng ©m rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai đó Vd: statistics, potato, diaster ; - Nếu âm tiết thứ hai và thứ ba cùng là âm tiết yếu,thì âm tiết đàu tiên mang trọng âm Vd: quantity, cinema, emperor prefix + stem + suffix - No rule for prefix a Trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đó: - ain: entertain, contain - ee: trainee ( but em’ployee) - eer: engineer, career - ese: vietnamese - ette: cigarette, cassette - esque: picturesque - ique: technique b Trọng âm rơi vào trước nó âm tiết: - tion: ‘nation, fiction,celabtation - graphy: ge’ography - ical: initial, potential - ic: economic - ion: internation (2) - ious: delicious - ity: ability - ive: expensive - itive/ ative: talkative, infinitive c Trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ tính từ cuối từ: - acy : de’mocracy , di’plomacy , - ate : ’moderate , ‘candidate , ‘concentrate , ‘seperate - ible : re’sponsible , ‘possible , ac’cessible , compre’hensible - ity,-ety : va’riety , cap’tivity , com’munity , invisi’bility, a’bility - ence : ‘residence , ‘providence , ‘difference ,de’pendence, ‘reference, ‘confidence - ent : e’quivalent , ‘president , ‘different , ‘government - entary : ele’mentary, comple’mentary - ical : po’litical , his’torical , e’motional , o’riginal, pro’fessional, ‘logical - inal : ’cardinal , ‘ordinal , ‘terminal - ishment; ’punishment , es’tablishment - ison : com’parison , - logy : tech’nology , soci’ology , a’pology - omy : e’conomy , as’tronomy - ous : ’numerous , ‘prosperous - ude : ’attitude , ‘longitude - try : ‘chemistry , ‘ministry - ural : ‘natural , ‘cultural , agri’cultural - ular : ‘popular , ‘singular , ‘regular , ‘ cellular , ‘muscular d Các phụ tố không làm ảnh hưởng đến trọng âm từ: - able: ‘comfort, ‘comfortable - age: ‘anchor, ‘anchorage; ad’vance, ad’vantage - al: re’fuse, re’fusal; in’form, in’formal - en: wide, ‘widen - ful: ‘wonder, ‘wondeful; ‘beauty, ‘beautiful - ing: a’maze, a’mazing; ‘interest, ‘interesting - ish: ‘devil, ‘devilish; (quy tắc này áp dụng tính từ, động từ có nhiều âm tiết thì trọng âm luôn rơi vào âm tiết trước phụ tố ‘ish’: re’plenish, de’molish, es’tablish…) - like: ‘birdlike, ‘childlike - less: ‘power, ‘powerless; - ly: ‘careful, ‘carefully; ‘beautiful, ‘beautifully - ment: ‘punnish, ‘punnishment; en’joy, en’joyment - ness: ‘yellow, ‘yellowness; a’ttractive, a’ttractiveness - wise: ‘other, ‘otherwise - y: ‘honest, ‘honesty; ‘penal, ‘penalty Tõ ph¸t sinh (derived-words) * Tõ ph¸t sinh lµ nh÷ng tõ cã h×nh th¸i tõ gèc céng víi mét hoÆc nhiÒu phô tè (affixes) Phô tè bao gåm tiÒn tè (prefixes) vµ hËu tè(suffixes) * Ba trờng hợp phụ tố có tác động đến trọng âm từ: B¶n th©n phô tè mang träng ©m chÝnh Vd: ‘semicircle, Phụ tố không làm thay đổi trọng âm chính từ gốc Vd: ‘pleasant, un’pleasant, Sự có mặt phụ tố làm thay đổi trọng âm chính từ gốc Vd: ’magnet mag’netic D¹ng ph¸t ©m m¹nh vµ d¹ng ph¸t ©m yÕu cña c¸c tõ chøc n¨ng (weak forms and strong forms of function words) Một số từ chức tiêng Anh (trợ động từ, giới từ, liên từ, ) có thể có hai cách phát âm- dạng mạnh và dạng yếu Dạng phát âm yếu (weak form) là dạng phát âm thông thờng nhóm từ này và chúng đợc ph¸t ©m díi d¹ng m¹nh (strong form) c¸c trêng hîp sau: Khi từ đó xuất cuối câu nói Vd: Chips are what I’m fond of (3) Khi từ đó đợc đem tơng phản với từ khác Vd: the letter’s from him not to him Khi từ đó đợc đánh trọng âm vì mục đích nhấn mạnh ngời nói Vd:You must give me more money Khi từ đó đợc trích đẫn Vd: You shouldn’t put and at the end of the sentence NhÞp ®iÖu (Rhythm): Ngôn ngữ lời nói tiếng Anh đợc cho là có nhịp điệu và nhịp đó đợc phát nhờ vào xuất đặn các âm tiết có trọng âm Tiếng Anh có nhịp điệu theo trọng âm có nghĩa là các âm tiết có trọng âm có xu hớng xuất khoảng thời gian tơng đối dù chúng có số lợng âm tiết không mang träng ©m kh¸c Vd: ‘Walk ‘down the ‘path to the ‘end of the ca’nal Nuèt ©m (Elision) Nuèt ©m lµ sù lîc bá hoÆc nhiÒu ©m nãi Díi ®©y lµ mét sè trêng hîp nuèt ©m chñ yÕu: Sù biÕn mÊt cña nguyªn ©m Sù mÊt ®i nh÷ng nguyªn ©m yÕu theo sau /p, t, k/ Sù biÕn mÊt cña phô ©m Nèi ©m (linking) o Phô ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: Look at me; Can I help you? o Nguyªn ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: How often I have to it? Ng÷ ®iÖu (Intonation) Ngữ điệu là lên xuống cao độ âm ta phát âm Có ba loại ngữ điệu đợc trình bày SGK 12: Ng÷ ®iÖu gi¸ng (falling tune); ng÷ ®iÖu th¨ng (rising tune); ng÷ ®iÖu th¨ng - gi¸ng (rising-falling tune) Sau ®©y lµ mét sè quy t¾c ng÷ ®iÖu c¬ b¶n: C©u trÇn thuËt: C©u trÇn thuËt th«ng thêng xuèng giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n Vd: I love you C©u liÖt kª lªn giäng võa ph¶i ë mçi phÇn liÖt kª vµ xuèng giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n Vd: We had some soup, smashed potato, fish and chips and finally a glass of orange juice Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi: - Quy luËt c¬ b¶n lµ xuèng giäng ë cuèi ph¸t ng«n Vd: What does WTO stand for? - Đôi lên giọng dần từ bắt đầu kết thúc phát ngôn (thể quan tâm nhiều hơn) Vd: How’s your daughter? Câu hỏi đảo: lên giọng cuối phát ngôn kể loại có dạng thức giống nh câu trần thuật Vd: Do you love him? You love him? Lời yêu cầu, đề nghị: Lên giọng cuối phát ngôn Vd: Can you open the door ,please? C©u hái ®u«i: - Xuống giọng phần đuôi câu hỏi hỏi đẻ xác nhận thông tin Câu hỏi nh này có tác dông gÇn nh mét c©u c¶m th¸n Vd: It’s really hot, isn’t it? - Khi hỏi để lấy thông tin thực và cần có khẳng định phủ định ng ời nghe thì phần ®u«i cña c©u hái ph¶i lªn giäng Vd: You don’t love her, you? C©u hái lùa chän: lªn giäng ë mçi sù lùa chän trõ sù lùa chän cuèi cïng th× xuèng giäng Vd: Would you like tea, coffee or milk exercises Find the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others A pretty B get C send D well A well B bell C forget D enough A bed B get C decide D set A her B meter C media D review (4) A clothe B drive A late B fine A help B because A every B elect A hotel B menu 10 A then B often 11 A chemist B check 12 A decide B describe 13 A next B text 14 A appointment B comment 15 A development B restaurant 16 A architect B different 17 A resource B rescue 18 A election B elegant 19 A celebrate B cement 20 A led B debt 21 A delicate B deliberate 22 A between B believe 23 A lecture B lenient 24 A pepper B people 25 A design B member 26 A economic B expert 27 A estimate B essential 28 A second B secret 29 A media B melody 30 A happen B calculate 31 A missed B.worked 32 A program B ago 33 A airplanes B suitcases 34 A shops B notes 35 A passed B moved 36 A wanted B needed 37 A learned B confused 38 A.prefer B hero 39 A iron B erase 40 A climate B time 41 A hunting B honest 42 A success B use 43 A books B hats 44 A dirty B guitar 45 A chain B choicer 46 A feather B leatherr 47 A Valentine B imagine 48 A luxury B example 49 A honourable B honesty 50 A proofs B regions C write C them C delete C less C expect C lend C end C decade C escape C payment C essential C conference C rest C element C center C delete C delicious C benefit C lemon C penalty C despite C exact C estate C secretary C medal C add C realized C sand C things C mouths C wished C picked C played C discover C era C timber C high C united C lakes C listen C school C measure C.discipline C.exist C hiseric C lifts D event D nice D enjoy D exercise D when D twenty D scene D decay D went D development D conference D problem D record D elephant D centimeter D bed D delighted D belong D lesson D penny D depend D expensive D establish D section D medical D radio D watched D dam D calculators D hotels D touched D visited D decided D brother D rank D climb D hill D unit D roses D thirsty D chocolate D feature D convince D exam D hour D rocks (5) 51 A helped B saved C lived D applied 52 A sometimes B gestures C languages D examples Choose the word whose main stress is placed differently from the others in each group a tradition b invitation c bananas d production a understand b invitation c industry d computation a beauty b advertise c suggest d decent a climate b attract c advise d deny a surgeon b protection c accurate d subject a rotation b mineral c contaminate d American a application b comprehension c resolution d apologize a comfortable b industial c passenger d interested a approximate b accomplished c invaluable d expectation 10 a prepare b pleasant c symbols d foreign 11 a accompany b participant c misunderstand d surprisingly 12 a artificial b reality c compulsory d expression 13 a performances b dictionary c contemporary d encouragement 14 a community b fascinated c illiterate d significant 15 a customer b difficult c requires d musical 16 a grateful b enthusiam c promotion d intensity 17 a activity b allergic c reassured d employee 18 a dangerous b assignment c completion d collaborate 19 a conspicuous b marvelous c accurate d beautiful 20 a honesty b valuable c conceal d engine 21 a personal b focus c anxious d destroy 22 a success b department c exchange d eager 23 a factories b situation c disappointment d introduced 24 a effort b effect C deafness d speaker 25 a imperfect b intelligent c colorful d deserve 26 a history b mathematics c literature d physics 27 a science b inform c advantage d discover 28 a escaping b eruption c delicate d explain 29 a entertain b magazine c industry d volunteer 30 a insincere b engineer c entertainer d wonderful 31 a noisy b action c problems d complain 32 a Transport b period c cartoon d problem 33 a appreciate b sacrifices c ability d incapable 34 a feelings b pervious c reliable d notion 35 a impression b direct c equipment d rubbish 36 a correction b increase c personality d essential 37 a describe b decided c remember d parties USEFUL STRUCTURES (C¸c cÊu tróc c©u quan träng) It’s/ was + S + that + Predicate : ChÝnh mµ (6) eg Smoking causes lung cancer - It’s smoking that causes lung cancer My sister gave me a computer on my birthday - It was my sister that gave gave me a computer on my birthday It’s + Adj + for somebody + to infi = To infi + be + Adj = Ving + be + Adj eg It’s difficult for me to learn Russian = To learn Russian is difficult = Learning Russian is difficult It’s not easy to speak English perfectly = To speak English perfectly is not easy It’s/ was possible/ impossible for somebody to infi = S + be + possible/ impossible + to infi eg It’s impossible for us to finish the long test on time = We’re impossible to finish the long test on time It takes/ took/ will take + Sb + time + to infi = S + spend/ spent/ will spend + time + Ving eg It takes me 30 minutes to cook dinner = I spend 30 minutes cooking dinner S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known .+ that + clause = S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known to infi./ to have + Vpp eg It’s said that the earth is round = The earth is said to be round It’s likely that + clause (will): cã thÓ eg It’s likely that man will conque nature S + used to + V (đã từng…) thói quen quá khứ eg I used to cry when I was a child - S + use st + to V Sử dụng c¸i gì để làm gì eg I use a dictionary to look up the meaning of words - S + be/ get used to + Ving (quen với…) tương đương với Be accustomed to Had better + (not) + to V : nªn, kh«ng nªn lµm g× eg You had better get up early and morning exercises He’d better not smoke cigarettes Would rather + st than + st ThÝch lµm viÖc g× h¬n viÖc g× = Prefer doing st to doing st/ (prefer N to N) eg I’d rather stay at home than go out = I prefer staying at home to going out I prefer films to books 10 Phrases and clauses of purpose (Cụm từ và mệnh đề mục đích) a Phrases of purpose: - Nếu muốn diễn tả mục đích khẳng định ta dùng: * to infinitive * in order to/ so as to + V (để mà) (7) eg They try to study to pass their next exam They try to study in order to pass their exam - Nếu muốn diễn tả mục đích phủ định ta dùng: so as not to, in order not to eg They study hard so as not to fail the exam I got up early in order not to miss the train b Clauses of purpose (Adverbial clauses of purpose) S + V + so that/ in order that + S + will/ would + V (M§ chÝnh) can/ could may/ might ( MĐ trạng ngữ mục đích) eg I try to study so that I can pass the exam I try to learn English in order that I can find a good job Note: Nếu chủ ngữ MĐ chính và MĐ mục đích khác ta không dùng Phrases of purpose c Adverb clause of reason BECAUSE + Clause (bởi vì…) giới thiệu mệnh đề trạng từ nguyên - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill - Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off BECAUSE OF + Phrase (bởi vì…) dùng cụm từ danh từ sau because of (preposition) - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness - Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off 11 Phrases and clauses of result a Phrases of result: * TOO…TO : (qu¸ kh«ng thÓ) S + be/ get/ look/ seem/ become + too + Adj +(for O) + to infi S + V (thêng) + too + Adv +(for O) + to infi eg This coffee is too hot for me to drink He runs too slowly to catch the bus * ENOUGH…TO: (đủ .để có thể) S + be + Adj + enough (for O) + to infi S + V (thêng) + Adv + enough (for O) + to infi eg He’s intelligent enough to get good marks They speak slowly enough to understand b Clauses of result: * SO THAT: (quá đến nỗi) S + be/ look/ seem/ smell/ taste/ feel + so +Adj + that + S + V ( Main clause) (Adverbial clause of result) S + V (thêng) + so + adv + that + S + V eg It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more (8) - NÕu tríc ‘SO’ cã ‘ MANY, MUCH, FEW, LITTLE’ th× ta dïng cÊu tróc: S + V + so +many/ few + plural count N + that + S + V eg There are so many people in the room that I feel tired S + V + so much/ little + uncount N + that + S + V eg He spent so much money in his holiday that he runs out of money now * SUCH THAT: (quá đến nỗi) S + V + such a/ an + Adj + N + that + S + V eg It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home He is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him 12 It’s time/ It’s high time (đã tới lúc mà việc nên đợc làm ngay) a Followed by past tense with present meaning: It’s time + S + Ved (be - were).- past subjunctive It’s high time eg It’s time we went home b Followed by infi - It’s time + (for + O) + to Infi It’s high time + S + Ved eg It’s time for her to go to bed =It’s high time she went to bed 13 Clauses after Would rather: (mong muèn r»ng) a Mong muèn ë t¬ng lai: S + would rather ( that) + S (not) + V bare infi eg I’d rather (that) you not call me tomorrow I’d rather (that) she be here tomorrow b Mong muèn ë hiÖn t¹i( tr¸i víi thùc tÕ, kh«ng cã thËt) S + would rather (that) + S + V past subjunctive eg I’d rather the weather were fine today Nam’d rather (that) his girlfriend worked in the same office as he does c Mong muèn ë qu¸ khø : ( tr¸i víi thùc tÕ, kh«ng cã thËt) S + would rather (that) + S + V past perfect subjunctive eg John would rather (that) Marry had gone to school yesterday EXERCISES Exercise 1:Rewrite the following sentences 1) I haven’t been to the dentist for two year It is 2) This is the first time I have driven a car I have 3) It started raining last Friday and has not stopped yet It has _ 4) The last time I played tennis was in 1990 I haven’t 5) The children went to bed We watched TV After the children _ (9) 6) How long is it since you started learning English? When 7) Originally, tennis was an indoor game Tennis used to _ 8) He found a job in a steel mill, and then he got married After _ 9) It is ten years since I last met David I haven’t 10) I haven’t seen that man here before It is the first _ 11) He studies very hard He doesn’t want to fail in the final exam ( using “so that”) _ _ 12) She practices English everyday She wants to speak to foreigners (using “so that”) _ _ 13) She bought a new car She wants to make a trip to Canada She bought a new car to 14) John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late John gets up early so as not to _ 15) I couldn’t hear the speaker’s voice because it was very noisy Because of 16) Russian is too hard for us to learn Russian is so _ 17) He is rather rich He can buy a new house He is rich enough _ 18) John was too ill to go to work John was not _ 19) The weather was so bad that we couldn’t go sailing The weather was too 20) It was such a boring film that we left before the end The film was so 21) The car was expensive We couldn’t afford to buy it The car was so _ 22) He is too weak to carry this bag He is so _ 23) Bill is too foolish to understand what I say Bill is not _ 24) Although William had a bad cold, he still went to school Despite _ 25) His father is taller than his mother His mother is not 26)Tom didn’t come to the party Ann didn’t come to the party, either Neither Tom 27)Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time In spite of _ 28) My father said I could use his car (10) My father allowed 29) If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late Unless 30) Jane is a better cook than Mary Mary can’t 31) Jack is too young to get married Jack is not _ 32) She made herself ill because she worked very hard She worked so 33) The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down It was such 34) The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital The man who 35) It is said that he is 108 years old He is said _ 36) They don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly If 37) She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money If _ 38) I am always nervous when I travel by air Travelling by air _ 39)That factory is producing more and more pollution More and more pollution _ 40)We must leave now or we’ll miss the train If 41)She is a faster and more careless driver than I am She drives _ 42)We spent five hours getting to London It took _ 43)I hope to see you at Christmas I’m looking forward 44) Don’t try to escape It’s no use It’s no use 45) Ann said to Bill : “Don’t forget to have your appoinment with Mr.Brown.” Ann reminded Exercise 2: Choose the best option I like tea more than coffee A I like coffee better than tea B I like coffee as you C I like tea very much D I prefer tea to coffee Murder is the most serious of all crimes A Murder is very serious B Everyone is afraid of murder C No crimes is more serious than murder D Murder is the dangerous crimes (11) I find it important to learn English A I make it possible to learn English C It’s important to learn English The heavy rain stopped me from going out A As the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out B Thanks to the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out C Because of the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out D Except for the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out Could you please close the door? A Would you mind close the door? C Would you minded close the door? Bill drives more carelessly than he used to A Bill doesn’t drive as carefully as he used to C Bill doesn’t drive as carefully he used to The last time I saw Jane was three years ago A I haven’t seen Jane for three years C I haven’t seen Jane since three years Ban cannot get married because he is under sixteen A Ban is young enough to get married C Ban is old enough to get married No one in the class is taller than Lan A Lan is the tallest student in the class C Lan is the tallest student in class 10 Dave is very young He cannot understand it A Dave is not young enough to understand it C Dave is not young to understand it 11 He likes not only sports but also reading A He only enjoys sports C He enjoys neither sports nor reading 12 She is married with two children A She has a husband and two children C She is a childless mother 13 What’s the matter with you? A What’s thing with you? C What’s wrong with you? 14 She started school when she was years old A At the year of she started school C At the old of she started school 15 He enjoys having noodle soup every meal A He has to eat noodle soup every meal C He likes to eat noodle soup every meal 16 They didn’t see each other six months ago A They haven’t seen each other six months C They haven’t seen each other since six months 17 I don’t speak English as well as my sister B I find that learning English important D It’s as important to learn English B Would you mind to close the door? D Would you mind closing the door? B Bill doesn’t drive carefully he used to D Bill doesn’t drive as carefully as he used B I haven’t seen Jane three years ago D I have seen Jane for three years B Ban is too young to get married D Ban is too old to get married B Lan is the tall student in the class D Lan is tallest student in the class B Dave is very young to understand it D Dave is too young to understand it B He only enjoys reading D He enjoys both sports and reading B She is single D She has two children B What’s issue with you? D What’s right with you? B At the age of she started school D At the time of she started school B He should eat noodle soup every meal D He must eat noodle soup every meal B They haven’t seen each other for six months D They haven’t seen each other six months ago (12) 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 A My sister speaks English better than I C My sister speaks English more well than I Daisy doesn’t play cricket as well as she used to A Daisy was used to play cricket better C Daisy used to play cricket better “I think you should go by bus.” He told us A He asked us to go by bus C He advised us go by bus Our house is going to be painted by a local firm A We are going to have our house painted C We are going to have our house to be painted Whose English books are these? A Who are these English books belong to? C To whom these English books belong to? It was too careless of you to drive very fast A You should not drive very fast C You should not have driven very fast What were you doing then? I didn’t know A I didn’t know what you were doing then C I didn’t know what you had done then The last time they were in Paris was in 2003 A They weren’t in Paris since 2003 C They hadn’t been in Paris since 2003 What’s her date of birth? A When did she born? C When’s her birthday? This is the most horrible film I have ever seen A I already saw this horrible film before C This is the most horrible film I saw The police are looking for the missing boy A The missing boy is looked for C The missing boy is being looking for Susan regretted not buying that villa A Susan wished she had bought that villa C Susan wished she could buy that villa It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this A I wish you told us about this C I wish you had told us about this It started to rain at o’clock and it is still raining A It has been raining at o’clock C It has been raining for o’clock They made her hand over her passport A She was made to hand over her passport C She was handed over to make her passport I tried to eat the cake, but it was too sweet A It was such a sweet cake that I couldn’t eat it B I speak English worse than my sister does D A and B B Daisy used to playing cricket better D Daisy got used to playing cricket better B He ordered us to go by bus D He advised us to go by bus B We are going to have our house be painted D.We are going to have our house being painted B Who these English books belong to ? D Whom these English books belong to? B You should not drive very slowly D You should not to drive very fast B I didn’t know what were you doing then D I didn’t know what you would then B They haven’t been in Paris since 2003 D They haven’t been in Paris from 2003 B When were she born? D When was she born? B I have never seen such a horrible film before D I have ever seen this horrible film before B The missing boy is looking for D The missing boy is being looked for B Susan wished she bought that villa D Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa B I wish you would tell us about this D I wish you have told us about this B It has been raining since o’clock D It has been raining in o’clock B She was made hand over her passport D She was handed over for her passport to make B It was so sweet cake that I couldn’t eat it (13) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 C The cake was too sweet that I couldn’t eat it D The cake was very sweet that I couldn’t eat it My brother and I went to that school A I went to that school and my brother, too B I went to that school and so my brother did C I went to that school and so did my brother D I went to that school and so my brother did, too She said to us, “Don’t be late again.” A She said to us not to be late again B She told us to be late again C She told to us not to be late again D She told us not to be late again I often get up early in the morning A I am used to getting up early in the morning B I am used to get up early in the morning C I used to get up early in the morning D I used to getting up early in the morning It isn’t necessary to shout A You need to keep silent B You don’t need shouting C You needn’t shout D It’s necessary to keep silent “You shouldn’t stay up late ”, the doctor told Mr William A The doctor advised Mr William not stay up late B The doctor advised Mr William not to go to bed so early C The doctor advised Mr William to stay up late D The doctor advised Mr William not to stay up late Julia couldn’t pass the driving test because she was so nervous A Julia could pass the driving test if she hadn’t been so nervous B Julia could pass the driving test if she wasn’t very nervous C Julia could have passed the driving test if she hadn’t been so nervous D Julia will pass the driving test if she wasn’t so nervous It takes me five hours to drive to Manchester city from here A Manchester city is five hours’drive from here B Manchester city drives for five hours from here C Manchester city is driving for five hours from here D I have five hours to drive to Manchester city from here Peter lives in the house The house is opposite my house A Peter lives in the house it is opposite my house B Peter lives in the house which opposite my house C Peter lives in the house on which is opposite my house D Peter lives in the house which is opposite my house The plants may develop differently The plants live on that island A The plants live on that island may develop differently B The plants that live on that island may develop differently C The plants which lives on that island may develop differently D The plants whose live on that island may develop differently He came back at 9:00 last night His son was having dinner A After he came back at 9:00 last night his son was having dinner B He came back at 9:00 last night but his son was having dinner C When he came back at 9:00 last night his son was having dinner D When he came back at 9:00 last night and his son was having dinner The weather was very cold They couldn’t go out A The weather was very cold and that they couldn’t go out B The weather was so cold that they couldn’t go out (14) 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 C The weather was not so cold they couldn’t go out D The weather was very cold they couldn’t go out My teacher lives far from our school A It’s a short distance from my teacher’s house to our school B It’s a long distance from my teacher’s house to our school C My teacher’s house is near our school D My teacher lives near our school The water was so cold that we couldn’t swim in it A The water was too cold for us to swim in it B The water was very cold for us to swim in C The water wasn’t warm enough that we couldn’t swim in it D The water was too cold for us to swim in Although there was a traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time A Despite traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time B In spite traffic jam, Mr David managed to his office on time C Despite of the traffic jam, Mr David managed to his office on time D In spite of the traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time I’ll only help you if you promise to try harder A Unless you promise to try harder, I’ll help you B I won’t help you unless you promise to try harder C I’ll help you even when you promise to try harder D I won’t help you even when you promise to try harder John began playing the organ five years ago A John has been playing the organ five years ago B John has played the organ for five years C John has been playing the organ for five years D John used to play the organ five years ago She can’t have any more children because of her old age A She isn’t young enough to have more children B She isn’t young to have more children C She isn’t so young that to have more children D She is too old that to have more children I like watching TV more than listening to the radio A I prefer watching TV to listening to the radio B I prefer watching TV than listening to the radio C I’d better watching TV to listening to the radio D I’d better watch TV to listening to the radio Unless you keep your feet dry, you will catch a cold A You won’t catch a cold even if you don’t keep your feet dry B You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry C You will catch a cold if you keep your feet dry D Unless you keep your feet wet, you won’t catch a cold Parents always make their children wash their hands before meals A Children are always made to wash their hands before meals B Children are always made wash their hands before meals C Parents always allow their children to wash their hands before meals (15) D Parents always let their children wash their hands before meals 53 The bookshelf was so high that Heidi couldn’t reach it A The bookshelf was too high that Heidi couldn’t reach it B The bookshelf was too high for Heidi to reach C The bookshelf wasn’t slow enough for Heidi to reach D B and C 54 Peter regretted buying the secondhand computer A Peter didn’t want to buy the secondhand computer B Peter wished he didn’t buy the secondhand computer C Peter wished he hadn’t bought the secondhand computer D Peter was glad to buy secondhand computer 55 It was such a dull play that he fell asleep A The play was not interesting enough that he fell asleep B The play was too dull that he fell asleep C The play was so dull that he fell asleep D The play was very dull that he fell asleep 56 The garden is too small to play football in A The garden is so small not to play football in B The garden is small enough to play football in C The garden isn’t big enough to play football in D The garden is such small that they can’t play football in 57 Donald could not help weeping when he heard the bad news A Donald could not stop himself from weeping at the bad news B Donald could not allow himself to weep at the bad news C Donald could not help himself and so he wept D Donald could not help himself because he was weeping 58 Caroline asked me what time the meeting would end A Caroline said, “What time will the meeting end?” B Caroline said, “What time would the meeting end?” C Caroline said, “What time the meeting will end?” D Caroline said, “What time the meeting would end?” 59.I’ve never eaten this food before A It’s the first time I’ve eaten this food B It’s the most tasty food I’ve ever eaten C I’ve never eaten such a good food before D the food is so good that I’ve never eaten before 60 We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad A It was so bad a weather that we couldn’t go out B It was such a bad weather that we couldn’t go out C It was so bad weather that we couldn’t go out D It was such bad weather that we couldn’t go out (16) COMMUNICATIVE STRUCTURES (Mẫu câu giao tiếp) 1) CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH: Đề nghị - V0 , please - Can you / Could you + V0 - Would you please + V0 - Will you + V0 - I wonder if you'd/ could + V0 - Would / Do you mind V-ing Trả lời đồng ý - Certainly - Of course - Sure - No problem - What can I for you? - How can I help you? Trả lời không đồng ý I'm sorry (I'm busy ) I'm afraid I can't/ couldn't - No, I don't mind - No, of course not - Not at all - I'm sorry, I can't ) CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC: Trả lời đồng ý -Yes Thank you -That's very kind of you Yes, please Oh, would you really? Thanks a lot -Shall I - Would you like me to -Do you want me to - What can I for you ? - May I help you ? - Do you need any help? - Let me help you - Can I help you ? Trả lời không đồng ý No Thank you No, thank you I can manage No, there's no need But thanks all the same Well, that's very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks ) CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC: - May I ? - Can I .? Could I -May I go out ? -Do you think I could -I wonder if I could -Is it all right if I - Would you mind if I + QKĐ - Would you mind if I smoked ? - Do you mind if I + HTĐ Do you mind if I smoke ? Trả lời đồng ý - Certainly - Of course - Please - Please go ahead - Yes, by all means - No, of course not - Not at all - Please - Please go ahead Trả lời không đồng ý - I'd rather you didn't - I'd prefer You didn't -No, I'm afraid you can't -I'm sorry, but you can't ) CÁC MẪU CÂU RỦ, GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ : Shall I / we (do)? Let's (do) Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời không đồng ý No, let's not Yes, I think that's a good idea (17) Why don't I / we (do)? How about (doing)? What about (doing)? I think we should (do) I suggest that we (do) It might be a good idea if we / you (do) I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to (do) 10 If you ask me, I think we / you should/ could V (do) That's probably the best option Sure, why not? Yes, definitely By all means Good idea ) CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN: Trả lời - You're welcome - That's all right - Not at all - It's my pleasure - Thank you - Thank you very much - Thanks a lot - Thanks a lot for ) CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại nghe không rõ: - Pardon? ( chữ này thông dụng các em cần nhớ) - Please say that again - Could you repeat that? ) CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI: a) Mời ăn uống: Ví dụ: Đáp lại: b) Mời đâu: Ví dụ: - Would you like + món ăn/uống Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà) - Yes, please / - No, thanks - Would you like + to inf Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn xem phim với tôi) Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn dự tiệc) ) CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO : Don't move! Look out! Mind you head! Be careful! Watch out! Take care! 10) CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG : Uh-huh! Right! Really? That's interesting! Showing And? What then? Oh? What happened next? interest (Thể quan tâm) So, that's how ? Showing that Now, you mentioned Could you give me / us an example you're listening Yes, I was going to ask you about that (Thể bạn of ? Could you explain in more detail ? lắng (18) nghe) Thanking and responding ( Cảm ơn và đáp lại lời cảm ơn ) Apologizing ( Xin lỗi ) Accepting an apology ( Chấp nhận lời xin lỗi) Giving instructions ( Đưa lời hướng dẫn ) Checking someone has understood ( K.tra xem đã hiểu hay chưa) Many thanks Thanks a lot That's very kind of you Thank you very much It's a pleasure / My pleasure You're welcome 10 Any time 11 That's OK / all right 12 I'm glad to have been of some help Sorry Excuse me I apologize That's all right/OK That's quite/perfectly all right Don't worry about it Cheers! Not at all Don't mention it I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry Sorry, (it was) my fault Please accept my apologies Not to worry No reason/need to apologize Make sure Remember (to do) Be careful (not to do) Don't forget (to do) Giving directions Go straight on Take the first/second on the left / right Turn left / right Go along as far as 10 Take the number bus / tram 11 Get off (the bus / tram) at (place) 12 Carry on until you see 13 Look out for Are you with me? Did you follow that? Have you got that? Is everything clear so far? Does that seem to make sense EXERCISES 1.A: “More coffee ? Anybody ?” B: “………………….” A I don’t agree.I’m afraid” B.I’d love to 2.A: “ Do you like the weather here ?” B: “ I wish it…………………” A.doesn’t rain B.didn’t rain 3.A: “ Oh,I’m really sorry” B: “…………………” A.It was a pleasure B.That’s all right 4.A: “ What’s your hobby,Hoa? C.yes, please D.It’s right.I think C.won’t rain D.hadn’t rained C.Thanks D.Yes, why? (19) B: “…………………….” A.Well, I like collecting stamps B.Oh, with computers C.Well,I want stamps D.Oh,on the phone A: “You look nice today I like your new hairstyle” B: “………………………” A.It’s nice of you to say so B.Shall I? Thanks C.Oh, Well done D.I feel interesting to hear that A: “ A motorbike knocked Ted down.” B: “ …………………… A.ưhat is it now? B.Poor Ted! C.How terrific! D.What a motorbike! A: “ I have bought you a toy.Happy birthday to you!” B: “…………………” A.The same to you B.Have a nice day! C.What a pity! D.What a lovely toy ! thanks 8.A “………………” B: “Oh, It’s great” A.How is the English competition ? B.Would you like the English competition? C.What you like about the English competition? D.What you think of the English competition ? “ Peter : “ Do you feel like going to the cinema this everning ?” Mary: “……………………………” A.I don’t agree.I’m afraid B.You’re welcome C.That would be great D.I feel very bored 10 Laura: “ What a lovely house you have “ Mary: “……………….” A.Of course not, It’s not costly B.Thank you Hope you will drop in C I think so D No problem 11 A : “ Has an announcement been made about the eight o’clock flight to Paris ?” B: “……………….” A.Yes,it’s was B.Sorry,I don’t C.I don’t think that D.Not yet 12.A: “Would you mind lending me your bike?” B: “…………………….” A Yes.Here it is B.Not at all C.Yes,let’s D.Great 13.A: “…………….detective stories?” B: “In my opinion,they are very good for teenagers” A.How about B.Are you fond of C.What you think about D.What people feel about? 14.Hellen : “ Congratulations !” Jane : “…………….” A.What a pity B.Thank you C.I’m sorry D.You are welcome 15.Linda : “ Excuse me ! Where ‘s the post office ?” Maria: “………………… ” A.It’s over there B.I’m afraid not C.Don’t worry D.Yes, I think so 16.Tom: “ How did you get there ?” John: “ ………………” A.Is it far from here? B.I came here by train C.I came here last night D.The train is so crowded 17.Alice : “ What shall we this everning?” Carol: “………………….” A.Let’s go out for dinner B.No problem C.Thank you D.Not at all (20) 19.Mary: “Whose bike is that?” Tom :”…………….” A.No, It’s over there B.It’s Jane C.It’s just outside 20.Peter : “ How you go to school?” Mary: “…………………” A.I go there early B.Everyday,Except Sunday C.I don’t think so 21.A: “ Bye” B: “………… ” A.See you lately B.Thank you C.Meet you again 23.A: “ I’ve passed my driving test” B: “………………… ” A.Congratulations! B.That’s agood idea C.It’s nice of you to say so 24.A: “ would you like to have dinner with me ?” B: “……………….” A.Yes, I love to B.Yes, so I C.I’m very happy 25.Ann: “……… where the nearest post office is ? Linda: “ Turn left and then turn right” A.Could you tell me B.Should you show me C Do you tell me 26.A : “ How you ?” B: “…………….” A.How you ? B.Not too bad C.I’m well.Thank 27.Peter: “ I enjoy listening to pop music” Maria: “……………… ” A.I’m too B.I don’t C.Neither I 28 A: It’s hot in here? B: “ …….I open the window?” A.Did B.Shall C.Would 29 David : “ Jame is a very brave man “ Bob: “ Yes, I wish I………… his encourage” A.had B.will have C.have had 30.David: “ You’ ve got a beautiful dress!” Hellen: “ ……………… ” A.I B.Thank you C.You,too 31.Sue: “ I love music” Alice : “……………” A.So I B.No, I won’t C.Yes, I like it 32.Maria: “ I’m taking my end term examination tomorrow: Sarah : “……………… ” A.Good luck B.Good day C.good time 33 Hang: “ Thank for your help,Lan:” Lan: “ ………………… ” A.with all my heart B.Never remind me C.It’s my pleasure 34.Ann: “ Do you think it will rain?” Peter : “…………………” A.I don’t hope B.I hope not C.I don’t hope so 35.Ann: “ Do you think you will get the job?” D.It’s Jane’s D.I go there by bus D.See you later D.Do you? D.Yes,it is D.Will you say me D.Yeah,OK D.So am I D.Do D.have D.Okay D.Neither I D.Good chance D.Wish you D.It’s hopeless (21) Mary: “………………….” A.Yes, that’s right B.I think not C.I know so D.Well,I hope so 36 David: “ Happy Christmas !” Peter : “………… ” A.The same to you! B.Happy christmas to you! C.You are the same ! D.Same for you! 37.A: “…………going on a picnic this weekend ?” B: “ That’s great !” A.Why don’t we B.Would you like C.How about D.Let’s 38.What an attractive hair style you have got, Mary!- _ A Thank you very much I am afraid C You are telling a lie B Thank you for your compliment D I don't like your sayings 39.You look great in this new dress - A With pleasure B Not at all C I am glad you like it D Do not say anything about it 40.How well you are playing! - A Say it again I like to hear your words C I think so I am proud of myself B Thank you too much D Many thanks That is a nice compliment 41 I’m sorry It’s late I must go now - A You are welcome B Good bye See you soon C Not at all D Hello 42.What a lovely hat you have! – Thanks …………… A that’s OK B I don’t care C I’m glad you like it D certainly 43 A: How’s life? – B: A Sure B Not too bad, but very busy C Very well, thank you D Pleased to meet you 44 A: “Thank you for the lovely present.” –B: “ ” A Go ahead B Not at all C Come on D I’m pleased you like it 45.A: “Thank you very much” B: …………………… A.Not at all B.You are well come C.That’s all right D.All are correct 46 A: “Do you fancy a coffee?” B: ……………………… A.Oh,dear B.Everything is ok C.Oh,yes I ‘d love one D.How you 47 A:“You look nice in that red shirt.” B: ………………………… A.It’s nice of you to say so B.Am I? Thanks C.Oh,poor me D.I’m interesting to hear that 48 A: Peter had an accident.he’s been in hospital for days” B: …………………………… A.Poor it B.Poor him C.how terrific D.Oh,Is he? 49 A: “Happy birthday! This is a small present for you” B:………………………… A.What a pity B.How beautiful it is ! Thanks C.Have a good time D.How terrble! 50 A: “How are you getting on ?” B: ……………………………… (22) A.All right B.Not bad C.It’s Ok D All are correct 51 A: “ I’m sorry.It ‘s late I must go now.Bye bye” B: ……………………………… A.You are welcome B.Goodbye.See you soon C.Not at all D.Hello 52.A: “ Thank you for a lovely evening.” B: ………………………… A.You are welcome B.Have a good day C.Thanks D.Che 53 A: “ Do you mind if I use your bike” B:………………………… A.Yes, you B.Yes , It’s my pleasure C.No, you don’t D.No, You can use it 54 A: “ Congratulations!” B:………………………… A.What a pity! B.Thank you C.I’m sory D.You are welcome 55.A: “ ………………… ” B: I’m in teaching A.What you for a living ? B.What you earn for a living? C.How you live? D What are you working ? INDEFINITE PRONOUNS I Đại từ bất định: gồm có các nhóm sau Some : somebody, someone, something - đợc dùng câu khẳng định và với động từ số ít eg There is somebody at the door./ I’ve got something in my bag - đợc dùng muốn ‘mời’ hay ‘yêu cầu’ điều gì Would you like something to drink? Any : anybody, anyone, anything - đợc dùng câu phủ định và nghi vấn eg Is there anybody in the room? / I’m very tired now I don’t want to eat anything - đợc dùng mệnh đề ‘If’ If anyone has any questions, I’ll pleased to answer them No : nobody, noone, nothing( =not anyone, anybody, anything) - đợc dùng câu khẳng định nhng mang nghĩa phủ định, có thể đứng đầu câu đứng mình eg ‘What did you say?’ ‘Nothing’ - đợc dùng với động từ hình thức số ít eg.The house is empty.There is nobody living there - Sau nobody, noone cã thÓ dïng ‘ they, them, their’ eg Noone in the class did their homework Everybody, everyone, everything đợc dùng với động từ dạng số ít eg Everyone is in the room Không dùng All để ‘ everybody, everyone’ (23) eg Everyone Ñnjoyed the party Nhóm độc lập gồm các đại từ: all, one(s), none, other(s), another, either, neither, much, each, (a) little, (a) few Những đại từ này có thể đóng vai trò là các tính từ câu nên còn đợc gọi là tính từ bất định - One(s: is used to replace a noun to avoid repetition Which hat would you like, the red hat or the blue hat? = Which hat would you like, the red one or the blue one? These shoes look more modern than the ones over there - Either and neither: I can’t accept either ( pronoun ) You can park your car on either side of the street ( adj ) - All: Many boys and girls came to see him All were his old pupils ( pronoun ) All students are at the party ( adj ) - Other and another: I wanted to see other books Let me see another I need another car He held a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other The other guests that we had expected didn’t come We got home by 6.00, but the others did not Exercises A Fill in the blanks with someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, or everywhere Is there ………anything………… I can for you? Are you thirsty? Do you want …………something……… to drink? Ngan is very popular in the class ………everyone…… agreed to nominate her to be the class monitor – Where are you going? - …………nowhere……… I am just going around ………someone………… must have worked on my computer Some of my data have been deleted - I have been sitting in the room since this morning and I didn’t see ………anyone………… Where’re my keys? They must be ………somewhere………… in this room They couldn’t disappear Mrs Tam lives alone in a big house ………no one………… lives with her Nowadays, Vietnamese people live ………everywhere………… in the world, from America to Africa – Whose hat is it? - I don’t know ………anyone………… put it there yesterday 10 There’s ………nothing………… left in the fridge that we can eat Let’s go out and find ……… something………… to eat 11 ………everything………… became brighter after we redecorated the house 12 She got angry with him so she went away without saying ………anything………… 13 Turn off your cell phone please ………everyone/someone………… is listening and doesn’t want to be distracted by its music 14 Just go out and enjoy the fresh air You can go ………everywhere………… you like B There are some errors in the following passage If there is no error in a line, write correct If there is an error, find and correct it Line is done for you Christmas is the most important holiday in western countries Correct Before Christmas, everybody go shopping and buys presents for ……………goes their relatives and friends They also redecorate their houses with ……………redecorates Christmas trees Christmas trees, ornaments, sugar canes and …………… (24) candles are sold somewhere On Christmas’s Eve, anyone can stay still in his/ her house Everyone goes to the church and pray for a lucky and happy new year If something visits a house, he/ she will be welcomed and invited to eat dinner with the host family Turkey is one of the main dishes in the Christmas party And no one can refuse such a delicious party While adults are enjoying the party, children are eagerly waiting for midnight when Santa Claus will visit them and giving them presents Christmas is really an occasion for someone to relax after a year of hard work The greeting season normally lasts until New Year ……………everyone ……………prays ……………someone …………… …………… 10 …………… 11 …………… 12 ……………give 13 ……………everyone 14 …………… 15 …………… C Complete the following conversation with one or ones Salesperson: Good morning Can I help you? Hoai: Yes I’m looking for a T-shirt Salesperson: What size are you? Hoai: Oh no It’s not for me It’s a Christmas present for a friend She wears size S Salesperson: This is a new style We have two colors, yellow and red Which (1) …one… would you like? Hoai: Which (2) ……one…… would you recommend? Salesperson: The red (3) ……one…… is more suitable for Christmas season Hoai: How about the socks over there? They look nice Salesperson: Which (4) ……ones……? Hoai: The red socks and the white (5) ……ones…… Salesperson: Ah That’s the most popular style nowadays Hoai: I think I’ll take the red T-shirt and the socks How much? Salesperson: This (6) ……one…… is 60 thousand and these (7) ……ones…… are 15 thousand Hoai: Here you are Thank you Salesperson: Thank you Good bye (25)