Summary of Historical Doctoral Thesis: The economy of Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province under Nguyen dynasty during the period 1802 - 1884

Research objects: The thesis focused on economic research in Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884. However, to reproduce the economic situation of Nam Dan in a systematic and comprehensive manner, ensuring objectivity, in terms of both chronology and synchronicity, we have reserved a part of the summary of factors affecting Nam Dan''s economy as well as the economic situation in the area before 1802. Beside focusing on doing clearly on the situation of agriculture, handicrsituationaft and commerce in Nam Dan District (1802 - 1884), we also aimed to make some assessment comments, indicating the impact of the economy on material and spiritual cultural life of all strata on Nam Dan in the time defined by the thesis.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY TRAN QUOC BAO THE ECONOMY OF NAM ĐAN DISTRICT, NGHE AN PROVINCE UNDER NGUYEN DYNASTY DURING THE PERIOD 1802 - 1884 SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DOCTORAL THESIS NGHE AN - 2021 THE WORK COMPLETED AT VINH UNIVERSITY Supervisors: Assoc Dr Nguyen Quang Hong Assoc Dr Tran Duc Cuong Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis is defended before the Ph.D Thesis Evaluation Council at the University level in Vinh University Time: h dated ./ / This thesis is available for the purpose of reference at: - National Library of Vietnam; - Library Information Center Nguyen Thuc Hao, Vinh University INTRODUCTION Reasons for the thesis 1.1 Economy is the production of material wealth, the whole mode of production and exchange of a social regime; is the sum of production relations based on a certain level of production forces, creating the economic structure of the social regime or economic infrastructure of the society The economy with the fields of activity including agriculture, industry and commerce has an inseparable relationship with the material needs, living in the life of communities, and the goals for economic development in which the goal of building social progress is set On the other hand, the economy plays an important role in creating a mark in the national culture, contributing to the cultural identity of the region in the colorful picture of Vietnamese culture Therefore, research on economic history has scientific and practical significance in order to bring a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of national history 1.2 In recent decades, research and evaluation of the Nguyen Lords and Nguyen Dynasties between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries have received the attention of domestic and foreign researchers With specific local sources, especially Han Nom documents, land registrar documents under the Nguyen Dynasty, the selection of economicrelated content as the object of research contributes to reproduce in a way the local economic system in relation to the state economy during this period At the same time contribute to further illustration in the study of village history in particular, the history of feudalism in general in the historical process of Vietnam 1.3 Nghe An Province (including Nghe An, Ha Tinh nowadays ) from the sixteenth century to before the nineteenth century was one of the main disputed areas of the SouthNorth Dynasty war, the Trinh - Nguyen war between the feudal forces This place, both providing material resources, people is also a place that suffers many consequences from socio-political changes Nghe An is the ancestral land of the Tay Son brothers, “Master of the world”, with large land and a number of people can help the Nguyen build a lasting inheritance, or can make the Nguyen family to face many challenges Realizing that, the kings Gia Long (1802 - 1820), Minh Menh (1820 - 1840), Thieu Tri (1840 - 1847), Tu Duc (1847 - 1883), resolutely erased the achievements of Tay Son in Nghe An (demolished the Sung Chinh Library, set up Huu Biet Villa tent to manage those who help or have relatives with Tay Son) At the same time, promulgate policies and measures for Nghe residents stand to the side of the Nguyen Dynasty Therefore, the selection of a specific area, Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province to study is a practical contribution to the clarification of both resolute and skillful policies that the Nguyen Dynasty implemented on the land in the Lam River basin, before the French occupied Nghe An citadel (7/1885) but it has not been mentioned in the research works 1.4 Nam Dan is located in the lower area of Lam River It is a land with a long historical and cultural tradition of Nghe An Province According to our approach, up to now, there have been many studies on Nam Dan District, but no research on economic aspect The systematic reenactment of the economy of Nam Dan District, under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884 will contribute to clarify the birth and development process of Nam Dan's economy in relation to the country's economy same historical background At the same time, clarify the basic characteristics of Nam Dan's economy and the economic impacts and impacts on the physical and spiritual cultural life of the community Basing the above basic reasons, we choose the topic “The economy of Nam Đan District, Nghe An Province under Nguyen Dynasty during the period 1802 - 1884” as a PhD thesis, majoring in Vietnamese History Objects and scope of the study 2.1 Research objects The thesis focused on economic research in Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884 However, to reproduce the economic situation of Nam Dan in a systematic and comprehensive manner, ensuring objectivity, in terms of both chronology and synchronicity, we have reserved a part of the summary of factors affecting Nam Dan's economy as well as the economic situation in the area before 1802 Beside focusing on doing clearly on the situation of agriculture, handicrsituationaft and commerce in Nam Dan District (1802 - 1884), we also aimed to make some assessment comments, indicating the impact of the economy on material and spiritual cultural life of all strata on Nam Dan in the time defined by the thesis 2.2 Research scope In terms of space, according to the book: “Ten lang xa Viet Nam đau the ky XIX (thuoc cac tinh Nghe Tinh tro ra)” compiled by the Han Nom Research Institute, Nam Duong District has generals, 90 communes, hamlets, wards, camps, books, borders, thousands Under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884, the geographic distance and place names of Nam Dan District were many times changed and adjusted Thanh Chuong District (Anh Do District) a lot changed and much wider than the administrative boundary of Nam Dan District today In 1886, due to the taboo of Dong Khanh King’s name, Nam Duong District changed its name to Nam Dan District By 1911, the colonial government and the Nguyen Dynasty decided to rearrange the administrative boundaries of Thanh Chuong and Nam Dan Districts Accordingly, the total Nam Kim belongs to Thanh Chuong District, located on the right bank of the Lam River, cuts to Nam Dan District Dai Dong and Xuan Lam Generals of Nam Dan District, located on the left bank of Lam River, merged into Thanh Chuong District After adjusting this administrative boundary, Nam Dan District has generals, 65 villages, hamlets, pages, wards, thousands, borders, ten thousand, departments, corresponding to the stable administrative boundary of Nam Dan District from 1911 to present Due to changes in geographical characteristics, names over time, the same source of geographic documents, epitaphs, genealogies loss, in the limit of this thesis, we ask for permission to limit the space of research in the administrative boundaries includes generals with 65 villages, communes, pages, wards, ten thousand, bordering, corresponding to the administrative boundary of Nam Dan District from 1911 to present At the same time, we ask for permission to use the name Nam Dan, not the name Nam Duong In terms of time, the thesis focuses on economic research in Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province in the period 1802 - 1884 We take 1802 as the opening milestone for the research because this is the year Nguyen Phuc Anh made the altar of Heaven and Earth, set the first year Gia Long, established the role of the Nguyen in the national history The year 1884 was the end of the study because after signing the Treaty of Giap Than (June 6, 1884), the Nguyen officially recognized and accepted the French protection of the Dai Nam kingdom, in fact lost the independence of the country to the hands of the French colonialists In terms of content, the thesis studies the economy of Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884 in terms of: Natural and social factors affecting Nam Dan's economy; Agriculture in terms of land ownership, industry structure, cultivars, tools, agricultural tools, farming practices, irrigation systems and yields, and local tax rents; Handicrafts and trades with activities of traditional craft villages and handicraft villages and market systems in Nam Dan District In addition, the thesis also compares and compares Nam Dan District with neighboring districts in the province and expanded to a number of other localities in the North and North Central regions From the research results, we give some comments and assessments on the current situation and impacts of the economy of Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province during 82 years (1802 - 1884) on social life, the culture of all classes and classes in the district 3.1 Objectives and task of research 3.1 Aims of research Through the clarification of factors affecting the economy and the real situation of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, the thesis aims to restore the economic picture of Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884 ; Comment and evaluate economic characteristics; On the other hand, it also affirms the role of economy for the social and cultural situation in the historical process of this land 3.2 Tasks of research The main tasks of the thesis is: - Access to domestic and foreign research projects with contents related to the thesis topic, clearly indicating the inheritance of results from previous studies, especially the important contents that need to be focused on research, clarification - Clearly state the factors affecting the economy of Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province and the economic situation of Nam Dan before the Nguyen Dynasty was established - Economic research on Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884 in terms of agriculture, handicraft, commerce Based on the peer comparison results showing the general and specific characteristics of Nam Dan's economy compared to some neighboring districts Nghe An Province and some provinces in the North and North Central Coast under the Nguyen Dynasty ( 1802 - 1884) - Commenting and evaluating the economy of Nam Dan under Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884 to clarify the economic impact on the material and spiritual life of the strata and classes in the district Resources and research methods 4.1 Resources The thesis exploits relevant documents that have been published so far, including bibliographies, scientific works, books, newspapers, magazines: - Ancient bibliographic sources include: Hoang Viet Laws of Gia Long Dynasty, historical books compiled by the National History Office and the Cabinet of the Nguyen Dynasty such as Dai Nam thuc luc (Chinh bien), Kham dinh Dai Nam hoi dien su le (Chinh Bien and Tu Bien), Kham dinh Viet su thong giam cuong muc, Dai Nam nhat thong chi, Đong Khanh dia du chi The record books about Nghe An Province such as: Hoan Chau phong tho ky (Tran Danh Lam), Nghe An ky (Bui Duong Lich), Thanh Chuong huyen chi (Nguyen Dien), An Tinh co luc (H Le Breton) - Archived documents: This is the most important document of the thesis, mainly includes bibliographies, mythology, gods, and epitaphs Most notably, 40 bookstores set up at the times of Gia Long, Minh Menh, and Tu Duc Modern and early modern age monographs have been published domestically and abroad by many previous authors on the situation of land and economic ownership such as Nguyen Duc Nghinh, Truong Huu Quynh, Phan Huy Le, Vu Huy Phuc, Phan Dai Doan, Nguyen Dinh Dau, Vu Van Quan, Do Bang - The compiled works on local history, including the histories of communes and villages of Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province; Records of cultural and historical relics in the district; folklore studies - Local sources of investigation and fieldwork: including ordination, genealogy, contract, village's convention, address of the village, epitaphs, genealogies of some major lineages in the villages, traces of career, characters, products Oral documents: Legends, folk songs, tales, stories of the elderly The source of information was collected through interviews with elders in the lineages and craft villages in Nam Dan District 4.2 Methods of the thesis In the process of implementing the thesis, on the basis of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, we use interdisciplinary research methods, mainly historical methods and logical methods to solve the scientific tasks of the thesis At the same time, applying the synchronous and historical comparison method to compare, analyze and evaluate the impact of the economy on the material and spiritual life of the strata in the Nam Dan District boundary in the period 1802 - 1884 In addition, we also use other disciplinary approaches such as Ethnology, Economics, Sociology, Cultural Studies, to clarify historical contexts, natural and social conditions affecting the economy and assesses a number of economic impacts on the life of the community in Nam Dan District At the same time, using quantitative methods to analyze and process the geographic address combined with comparison and comparison of documents to restore authentically the economic face of Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884 Contribution of the thesis Subjects achieving the proposed research purposes will have the following contributions: In terms of science: - Supplementing the resources of economic resources in Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884 The research results of the thesis can be used to compare and compare economic studies province of Nghe An and one a number of other provinces in the North Central Coast, the North, as well as research on the economy of Nam Dan District for the period after 1884 - Reenacting the economic situation of Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884, thereby clarifying the development process, some basic characteristics and impacts of the economy on the socio-political development and local culture - Contribute to the study of economic history in terms of agriculture, handicrafts, local commerce - Supplementing the resources of economic resources in Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884 The research results of the thesis can be used to compare and contrast economic studies province of Nghe An and a number of other provinces in the North Central Coast, the North, as well as research on the economy of Nam Dan District after 1884 - Reenacting the economic situation of Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884, thereby clarifying the development process, some basic characteristics and impacts of the economy on the socio-political development and local culture - Contribute to the study of economic history in terms of agriculture, handicrafts, local commerce In practical terms: - Contribute to the study of local history in Nam Dan District, Nghe An Province and the whole country - The topic is the scientific basis to propose measures to utilize resources, conserve, restore and develop the economy in Nam Dan District to suit the local potentials in the context of current regional and international integration The layout of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references and appendix, the main content of the thesis includes chapters: Chapter 1: Literature Review Chapter 2: Factors affecting the economy of Nam Dan District Chapter 3: Agriculture Chapter 4: Crafts and commerce Chapter 5: Reviews and Evaluation Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Studies of Vietnamese economy in general Research on agricultural economics: According to our approach, under the colonial period, due to the importance of the agricultural issue, it has long been the attention of domestic and foreign scholars The first is the works of some French scholars who have studied agricultural economics in the North Central provinces, in many different professional angles, notably by H Le Breton (1918) ) La province Thanh Hoa (Thanh Hoa Province), R Bulateau (1925) La province de Ha Tinh (Ha Tinh Province), Ch Robequain (1929) Le Thanh Hoa (Thanh Hoa) In addition, a number of journals such as Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hue (Friends of the ancient capital of Hue), Bulletin économique de l'Indochine (The Economic Review of Indochina), Annuaire économique de l'Indochine (East Economic Yearbook Duong), L'Eveil économique de l'Indochine (The awakening of Indochina economy), Juornal officeied de l'Indochine Francaise (Official Gazette of French Indochina) are reliable references for with the topic of the thesis From the 1940s of the twentieth century began to appear a research of Vietnamese authors such as: author Vu Van Hien (1940) with Che ruong dat kinh te nong nghiep thoi Le So (Village ownership in Northern States); Che land level and agricultural economy in the Le So period (Phan Huy Le, Hanoi, 1959); Tim hieu che ruong dat Viet Nam nua dau the ky XIX (Vu Huy Phuc, Hanoi, 1979); Che ruong dat Viet Nam (2 volumes) (Truong Huu Quynh, Hanoi, 1982, 1983); Tinh hinh ruong dat nong nghiep va doi song nhan dan duoi thoi Nguyen (Truong Huu Quynh, Do Bang (editor), Hue, 1997) Research on handicrafts: After the August Revolution in 1945, research on handicrafts in Vietnam began to attract the attention of many scholars with many monographs such as: So thao Lich su phat trien Thu cong nghiep Viet Nam by Phan Gia Ben, Kinh te xa hoi Viet Nam duoi cac vua trieu Nguyen by Nguyen The Anh, Tieu thu cong nghiep Viet Nam 1858 - 1945 by Vu Huy Phuc These works have clarified handicraft situation characteristics; presents systematically and in detail the process of formation and development of traditional trades and villages in a number of localities and over the country Research on trade: Commerce in general, trading and exchanging goods in particular were born and existed through the modes of social production, as an inseparable part in the structure of the economy The research on commerce has received the attention of many researchers, notably Do Bang's work Kinh te thuong nghiep Viet Nam duoi trieu Nguyen, the PhD thesis of Chinh sach thuong nghiep cua Trieu Nguyen nua dau the ky XIX by Truong Thi Yen, Cho que Viet Nam of Tran Gia Linh 1.2 Economic studies of Nghe An and Nam Dan District Regarding agriculture in the North Trung Ky region, including Nghe An Province, we have access to some treatises by French officials such as: E.M Castagnol - Director of Trung Ky agricultural apartment, M.H Gilbert and H Cucherousset - Central Agricultural Inspector For many years, the work of collecting, researching and compiling local history in Nghe An Province has been interested by many researchers, with published works such as Lich su Nghe Tinh, volume (Nghe Publishing House Tinh, Vinh, 1984); Nghe Tinh hom qua hom nay, Phan Huy Le (Cb, 1985); Dia chi van hoa dan gian Nghe Tinh Nguyen Dong Chi (Cb, 1995) The research works of Ninh Viet Giao The above research works have partly described issues related to economy, politics, culture and society in rural areas and villages in Nam Dan District through historical periods In particular, a number of studies have mentioned some economic fields of Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884 These research results are a valuable scientific basis for us to research, select, synthese, analyse and evaluate from the perspective of history as a premise for solving the proposed research objectives 1.3 The inherited research results The works mentioned above together with the archives, documents collected during the fieldwork, are extremely valuable documents, helping us a lot in the process of implementing the thesis First of all, the history of the land of Nghe An in general and Nam Dan District in particular over the periods has been presented quite systematically Along with that, the natural, economic, political and social conditions are mentioned quite fully and in detail These are important documents to help us in the process of implementing a number of contents of the thesis The studies on Vietnam's economy have reflected the economic picture of our country in the Nguyen Dynasty under many angles This is the foundation to help us get an overview of our country's economy in general and Nghe An's economy in particular Since then, compare with Nam Dan's economy within the research period of the thesis The studies on agricultural economics, handicraft and commerce in our country in the Nguyen Dynasty, especially the period 1802 - 1884, have deeply reflected the characteristics of the economic structure of our country in the historical period Although the works only mentioned the Vietnamese economy from a general perspective the factors 11 dominated by semi-mountainous terrain, with forests and mountains mixed with plain valleys The East and the Southeast, located downstream of the Lam River, are so fertile Topography characteristics of Nam Dan District are divided into groups: alluvial soil deposited by Lam River, clay and Feralit soil 2.2.3 Climate As a district of Nghe An Province, Nam Dan is located in the tropical monsoon climate and is influenced by many weather systems According to the annual statistics, the total heat radiation in Nam Dan is 138.4 kcal/cm²/year, the radiation balance is 87.3 kcal/cm²/year, the average number of sunny hours is 1637 hours, the temperature regime Annual average is 23.9° C Nam Dan's climate is divided into two distinct seasons: The hot season starts from April to the end of October, the average temperature is 25° C in this season, the hottest time is July The cold season prolonged the previous November to the following April of calendar year In the middle of the cycle of the cold season, the average temperature is from 18 - 20° C, the lowest day is about 6°C The climate, the weather is sunny, rainy seasonally, adding more southwest wind, causing many difficulties for the maintenance and economic development in the Lam River basin in general and Nam Dan in particular 2.2.4 Mountains, rivers 2.4.1.1 Mountains The mountainous system in Nam Dan is best known with three large mountain ranges, Dai Hue Mountain (Ru Nai), Hung Son Mountain or Do Son (Ru Doong), which is entirely within the district and Thien Nhan Mountain is partly located in the district There are also dozens of other small mountains scattered in the plain 2.4.1.2 River The river system with the largest water flow (not to mention the docks and lakes scattered in Nam Dan District) are Lam and Gang Rivers In addition, in Nam Dan District in the nineteenth century, there are lakes (in the local language called Bau - only the land frequently flooded) such as Bau Ngan (Ngoc Trung), Bau Lam (Dien Lam), Bau Sen (Dien Lam), Bau Non (Ho Hat) in Non Lieu commune, Bau Lang (in the villages of Chi Co, Tam Tang, Phu Tho, Khoa Truong), Bau Sen (Kim Lien) River system is where for Nam Dan residents to exploit aquatic resources, to use water for irrigation, at the same time a waterway system helps residents along the two areas to trade, trade, and cultural activities 2.2.5 Traffic road Nam Dan District is in the lower area of Lam River, adjacent to many localities in the southwestern part of Nghe An province, and under the Nguyen Dynasty there is a road system with both road and Waterway systems Waterways play a key role in civil transport, 12 road plays an important role in transportation for administrative functions, military, regional communication and travel and production needs of people 2.3 Historical background and economic situation in Nam Dan District before 1802 The South - North Dynasty War that took place in the sixteenth century, the Trinh Nguyen war in the seventeenth century had a direct impact on the economic, socio-cultural life of the entire population of Cochinchina and Tonkin Nghe An and Ha Tinh, including Nam Dan District, became battlefields in fierce fighting At the end of the eighteenth century, the economic, political - social crisis in both Cochinchina and Tonkin reached its peak In 1771, the Tay Son peasant movement exploded, quickly overthrew the rule of the Nguyen family in Cochinchina From 1789 to 1792, Emperor Quang Trung implemented many policies to restore the economy, stabilize politics - society from Phu Xuan to the North However, after the death of Emperor Quang Trung (1792), the Tay Son Dynasty fell deeply into crisis and collapse (1801) Thus, by the year 1802, the outdated and outdated agricultural economy still covered all villages in Nghe An in general and Nam Dan District in particular 2.4 The policies and measures of the Nguyen Dynasty implemented affecting the economy of Nghe An, Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884 2.4.1 For agriculture In 1802, Gia Long King ordered the North Citadel to come to Nghe An to redo the land book, encouraged people to restore the abandoned land in the village, the Nguyen Dynasty also implemented many policies to encourage people to organize themselves reclaimed in many different ways to expand the cultivated area For agriculture, the treatment of tide and irrigation for agricultural production and anti - flood and high tide plays a very important role In Nghe An, from Gia Long until Tu Duc period, the policy of no dike construction was maintained for various reasons 2.4.2 For handicraft industry and commerce Under the Nguyen Dynasty, the policies towards handicrafts mainly focused on the statute regime and the special regime The Nguyen Dynasty implemented a policy of agricultural importance, not focusing on the development of trade, especially trading activities with traders from Western countries Therefore, although Nghe An has many estuaries and seaports, during the nineteenth century, trade activities were not developed much 2.4.3 Some other policies In 1803, Gia Long issue an edict and left the citadel of Nghe An to another place (the old Nghe An headquarters was in Dung Quyet commune, Chan Loc District), took An Truong (commune name, Chan Loc District) to be the town of Nghe An Besides, Gia Long 13 also ordered the search and removal of the Nghe An and Ha Tinh people who had participated in and supported the Tay Son Dynasty From the Gia Long period to the Tu Duc period, there were many times changing the administrative boundaries of the government, districts, cantons, communes and villages in Nghe An, Nam Duong District, which cut and merged into Luong Son District The Nguyen Dynasty implemented the policy of banning religion and martyrdom, which significantly affected the socio-political life of all classes in the territory of Dai Nam kingdom This is one of the underlying causes leading to instability in the socio-political life of a part of the population in Nam Dan The policies and measures implemented by the Nguyen kings (1802 - 1884) directly affected the economy and political and social life of all classes and strata in our country Nghe An Province, including Nam Dan District, is also directly influenced by those guidelines and policies 14 Chapter AGRICULTURE 3.1 Land ownership and use On the basis of the statistics of the number of addresses from 1802 to 1884 in Nam Dan District currently stored at the National Center 1, after processing information in the address book, we came to some comments: Firstly, the address related to Nam Dan District is mainly the border village, established in a short time, mainly concentrated in the reign of Emperor Minh Menh and some copied in the Tu Duc period Second, Nam Dan District address book, although established in the 13th Minh Menh Dynasty (1832), but the form of declaration in the address book is mostly according to the prescribed form issued from the 9th Gia Long Dynasty (1810) Thirdly, according to the spatial and temporal scope of the study, we have collected 40 addresses of the communes and villages in area tong: Tong Hoa Lam has locations/ communes, villages; Tong Non Lieu has 12 locations/ 20 villages; Tong Lam Thinh has locations/ 15 communes and villages; Tong Nam Hoa (Nam Kim) has 14 locations/ 16 communes and villages; Tong Bich Trieu has locations/ 11 communes, villages, and thousands On the basis of analysis and research of 40 locations of Nam Dan District from 1802 to 1884, it shows that: 34623 of 4-pole 10-yard samples 3.1.1 Village public land 3.1.1.1 Public land Through analysis of 40 locations in Nam Dan District, it shows that the total area of public land in Nam Dan has 2924.4.1.7.0, accounting for 8.44% of the total area of land types Labor is distributed in most of the village communes (37/40 village communes have land, accounting for 92.5% of the total number of village communes) but the area is not much, this may be due to: the situation “public private sector dissipation” has become popular, villages hide their public fields (not declared in the address book) to evade taxes This is a remarkable feature of the public land situation in Nam Dan District compared to some other localities in the province at this time The landlords in Nam Dan were very much abandoned, out of a total of 2924.4.1.7.0, there were 2141.7.0.4.0 (73.2%) were abandoned fields; Only 782.7.1.3.0 (26.8%) is cultivated area 3.1.1.2 Common land Most of the village communes have common land areas, usually communes, villages along the Lam River, or close to forests and hills such as: Luong Truong, Tam Tang, Tien Hoa, Nghia Dong About the distribution of the territory Out of a total of 40 locations in the 15 communes and villages of Nam Dan District, only 16 have no communal area, accounting for 40% of the total number of communes and villages The actual survey in the area shows that the above types of land have an uneven topography, highly dependent on nature, and low soil quality 3.1.2 Private fields In Nam Dan, from 1802 to 1884, private ownership was divided into each category: private land, private land and private property According to the location, the area of private land in Nam Dan District accounts for a relatively large proportion Of the total area of 34623 acres of 11 square meters of land in the communes of Nam Dan District, privately owned 30118 acres of 14 square feet, accounting for 86.99% of the total land area of the district This rate was quite high compared to the level of private land ownership of the whole country at that time In Nam Dan, there is almost no wasted area, but mainly real and wasteland, which shows that the use of private land in the village is quite large 3.1.2.1 Distribution of private field ownership The situation of land ownership by each class of ownership in the statistics table also shows a phenomenon, which is the subdivision of the area owned by land owners The number of owners increases with the increase in population (over time) accompanied with small ownership (less than acre to acres) also increases significantly This is a prominent feature of the land regime in Nam Dan 3.1.2.2 The Average of private property ownership and land plot The total area of private land recorded in 40 locations in Nam Dan District from 1802 to 1884 was 30118.6.14.2.0, of which 11548.8.7.5.6 could be owned and allocated to 4,165 owners in the villages with 6,950 plots Although the average of plot is quite high, the plot size is uneven, there is a big difference between totals in Nam Dan District, if the average size of the total of Nam Hoa per plot is 0.6.7.2.0, compared to that of the total size of Hoa Lam per plot is 2.4.6.7.3, it can be seen that the scatter of land in Nam Dan is very large 3.2 Crop 3.2.1 Season and varieties, plants 3.2.1.1 Part time Based on a total of 40 locations in Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884, we found that most arable land only recorded land in the summer and autumn crops Thus, the village residents in Nam Dan annually cultivate mainly: the summer crop in May (the summer season) and the autumn crop in October (the seasonal crop) The division of crops in agriculture in Nghe An and Nam Dan is strongly influenced by weather and climate 3.2.1.2 Varieties, plants Regarding varieties and plants in the locality, according to Le Quy Don in Van đai loai ngu, said: Corn grown in Nghe An is mostly white maize, while rice has varieties of 16 non-glutinous rice and sticky rice There are also other types of crops such as tea, persimmon, oranges, pineapple, maize, cassava, millet, gourd, squash, and vegetables of all kinds 3.2.2 Agricultural tools, tools and farming techniques 3.2.2.1 Agricultural tools and production tools In the nineteenth century, the types of agricultural tools and tools used by villagers, communes, wards… in Nam Dan to serve agricultural production were still the inheritance of the tools and agricultural tools of the father which has created in the process of labor and production over the centuries ago 3.2.2.2 Cultivation techniques, harvest crops Farming techniques, methods of harvesting crops of village farmers in Nam Dan period 1802 - 1884 did not change much in comparison with previous centuries 3.2.3 Water treatment - irrigation The above-mentioned irrigation works are mainly made from the post - Le period, in the period 1802 - 1884, in Nam Dan District almost no irrigation works of any size were built, this is a general situation of the whole Nghe An The limitations on the irrigation and irrigation work under the Nguyen Dynasty made the agricultural production situation in Nam Dan wider than the towns and districts in Nghe An Province fall into a situation of dependence on nature 3.2.4 Horticulture, farm The horticulture, farm (horticulture) and exploitation of natural resources are the inheritance of experiences in production life many centuries ago Gardening and farm career have made an important contribution to ensuring food and foodstuff sources for village farmers' households 3.2.5 Productivity and tax 3.2.5.1 Productivity The productivity, yield of rice, food crops and fruits in Nghe An in general, Nam Dan in particular in the nineteenth century were low, many years of crops could be lost due to natural disasters, diseases, Food and foodstuff are not enough to meet the needs of local residents 3.2.5.2 Tax By the end of Gia Long Dynasty, to Minh Menh Dynasty, Nghe An at that time belonged to Region II (including the towns of Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Son Tay, Kinh Bac, Hai Duong, Son Nam Thuong, Son Nam Ha, Phung Thien District ), by the time of Tu Duc, Nghe An Province was classified into Region IV (from Ha Tinh to the Red River Delta provinces), the tax rate here increased compared to before During the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 1884, the tax-rent regime became a burden for the farmers of Nghe In addition, the regime of labor service, military service and village rules prescribed in the village's regulations is a real burden for the residents of Nghe An in general and Nam Dan in particular 17 3.3 Breeding and seafood exploiting 3.3.1 Breeding Like most of the villages Nghe An Province from 1802 to 1884, the raising profession did not become a separate specialized profession with a large barn scale, but only a secondary occupation of the villagers 3.3.2 Seafood exploiting With the advantage of the large water surface area of the Lam River, the land in Nam Dan village is interwoven with many lagoons, lakes in the delta and the strip of piles located near the hills and mountains, creating conditions for residents in the region left bank and right bank fishing and exploiting aquatic resources Fishing activities of the residents on both sides of the Lam River downstream in the nineteenth century mainly caught the available aquatic resources in the wild, which is the continuation of the fishing profession that existed from many previous century 18 Chapter HANDICRAFT AND COMMERCE 4.1 Handicraft 4.1.1 Overview of handicraft situation In Nam Dan District, there are many different traditional handicrafts, distributed with fairly equal density in the village and commune Almost every village maintains some handicrafts, mainly production by households, clans or groups of several families in the village on a small scale The traditional handicrafts in Nam Dan with the history of formation, existed from centuries ago, until the nineteenth century continued to exist in the village In a selfsufficient, small-farm economy, handicraft occupations in Nam Dan only play a minor role in the household economy, production activities are mainly during the off-season of the farm In terms of scale, in the village and commune, the handicrafts in Nam Dan period 1802 - 1884 existed small, fragmented, confined within families, lineages and not separated from agriculture This is also the general situation of traditional handicrafts in Nghe An, just as Second- rank Doctor Bui Duong Lich remarked: “These rows are only enough for folk use, but the craftsmen only have enough to eat” 4.1.2 Some typical crafts 4.1.2.1 Exploitation of laterite From many centuries ago, villagers in Sa Nam, Thach Duong, Nam Duong (Nam Dan today) have known to exploit the resources of mountain rock, laterite, making bricks, tiles according to time, in villages such as Ngoc Trung, Dong Liet, Dien Lam, Thanh Thuy gradually formed groups specialized in exploiting laterite 4.1.2.2 Production of bricks and tiles Handicraft brick production is found in Huong Lam commune (Dong village, Tao Le village, now Van Dien commune), Trung Lam village, An Lac village of Thinh Lac commune (now in Nam Linh commune and Hung Tien commune) Tong Non Lieu; Lam Thinh village, Chung My village (now in Xuan Lam commune) Tong Lam Thinh; Dong Liet village belongs to Tong Hoa Lam (now belongs to Nam Thai commune) 4.1.2.3 Carpentry In Nam Dan, the carpentry profession has been formed and developed for a long time, associated with the need to build houses, produce agricultural tools, and tools in the family Some famous carpenters in the carpentry wards of Trung Can, Khanh Son, Duong Lieu, Xuan Ho, Dien Lam were mobilized by the Nguyen Dynasty to participate in the construction of palaces and mausoleums in Hue capital 19 4.1.2.4 Fabric weaving, mulberry farming and silkworm breeding The craft of weaving, growing mulberry and raising silkworms in Nam Dan is quite famous in Nghe An Province with a number of villages located close to the left - right banks of the Lam River However, craft and craft villages only exist and develop according to households, products including “those silk fabrics that are only enough to provide clothes for local people” Although it only has the nature of a sub-profession, but the weaving and weaving profession has become a charm, a traditional feature of Nam Dan woman in particular, of the residents of the Lam river downstream in general in the nineteenth century 4.1.2.5 Rattan and bamboo craft In Nam Dan, villages such as Xuan Ho, Xuan Lieu, Thanh Tuyen, Tam Tang, Phu Tho, village Ngang, Dong Chau, Duong Lieu, Trung Can have quite a few families working as knitting from rattan, bamboo The bamboo and rattan weaving profession in Nam Dan village is usually caused by separate households and not yet formed by wards or associations Products are made mainly to meet the self-sufficiency and self - sufficiency needs of households Some abundant products are sold at village markets 4.2 Commercial activities Trading activities in Nam Dan appeared very early Located in the downstream of Lam River, for centuries in Nam Dan District a whole village market system has been formed according to the rules: on the wharf and under the boat to meet the needs of exchanging and trading all kinds of goods trade and cultural exchanges of all classes of people At the beginning of the nineteenth century, according to the statistics of the National History of the Nguyen Dynasty recorded in the book Đai Nam nhat thong chi, there were big markets in Nam Duong District, along with more than 20 small markets distributed in villages in the district Typically there are markets: Sa Nam Market; Chua Market; Sao Market (Huu Biet Market); Dragon Market The market system in Nam Dan in the nineteenth century is still a closed economic model, mainly addressing the needs of trading and exchanging within the district or village 20 Chapter REVIEWS AND COMMENTS 5.1 During the period 1802 - 1884, Nam Dan's economy developed under unfavorable natural and social conditions During the period 1802 - 1884, the administrative boundaries, the names of Nam Duong District, the cantons, villages, communes, villages, wards,… of Nam Duong District - Nam Dan in the period 1802 - 1884 had many changes During the Nguyen Dynasty, storms, floods and droughts frequently occurred, becoming one of the urgent problems The political and social stability has created conditions for the process of settling, living, of the residents, making the population increase rapidly, creating consequences in residents' life as well as the economy maintenance and development The heavy tax collection, the harassment of the tycoon, the local authorities and the Nguyen Dynasty's policy of banning religion and martyrdom have made the flames of the peasant movement increasingly strong, creating instability in the process of economic maintenance and development 5.2 The land ownership situation in Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884, reflecting the land ownership situation Nghe An province in particular and the country in general The situation of land ownership in Nam Dan revolved around the bureaucracy and local dignitaries implementing the Nguyen Dynasty's regulations on the distribution of public land to members of the village, plowing and paying taxes, fulfill obligations towards the State Like many other localities, in Nam Dan, the phenomenon of women holding the title of owner and occupying a proportion of land is not much (accounting for 17.88%) This shows the inequality between men and women in private ownership relations on land The status of land invasion (intercropping, inter-settling), the phenomenon of land sub cultivation took place in most of the village, proving that the purchase, sale, exchange, and transfer of land was quite developed, the land at that time was becomes a goods Land ownership of the village ruling apparatus in Nam Dan in the period 1802 1884, was mainly small ownership class (less than acre) and medium (1 - acres) The process of localization of the local translation class in Nam Dan took place slowly, unlike some comments in the previously published works 5.3 Nam Dan agriculture clearly reflects the situation of out-dated selfsufficient small farming economy In the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture was still the main source of life 21 for more than 90% of the population and the main activity, providing resources to the state Class limitations, an indecisive attitude and a lack of comprehensive and unified management, but the Nguyen's efforts failed to solve urgent problems related to agriculture In that general context, the agriculture of Nam Dan District in the period 1802 - 1884 was basically still an out-dated self-sufficient small farming economy In Nam Dan, in agriculture, apart from rice farming plays a key role, the livestock husbandry, poultry, fishing activities are mainly to provide food sources for daily life and agricultural production The persistent existence of a self-sufficient agricultural economy in the entire territory of our country in general, Nghe An and Nam Dan District in particular during the nineteenth century pushed the traditional handicraft industries and jobs did not completely escape from agriculture Even some traditional handicrafts have been decreasing away, and Nam Dan handicrafts and trade are still secondary factors in the situation of self-sufficient agriculture and small-scale economy 5.4 Economic impacts of Nam Dan in the period 1802 - 1884 on cultural and social activities Social and cultural activities of residents in Nam Dan District in the period 1802 1884 did not have many changes the order of “scholar, farmer, worker, businessman” and family relations are still based on the foundation of Confucian ideology that governs social and cultural life The merchant and craftsmen class not have the conditions to become a social class with economic potential During the period 1802 - 1884, the embracing social relations always revolved around the main contradiction, that was the conflict between the feudal class and the peasant class This was the cause of the peasant uprising in Nam Dan under the Nguyen Dynasty In the village, the relationships among the resident composition have a specific characteristic that the classes are often intertwined, sticking together without clear delineation In daily life, the majority of residents in generals, 65 villages in Nam Dan during the period 1802 - 1884 still settled and resettled in traditional village units according to local relationships (associated with specific space), combined with blood relations (family, lineages) and other social relationships Regarding the religious and religious life, besides the existence of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, there were also a number of lay Catholics in Nam Dan District, during the period 1802-1884, the policy prohibits The religion and the religion that Nguyen maintains, puts all parishioners in Nam Dan into a situation of constant living in anxiety and fear During the period 1802 - 1884, the stagnation of the agricultural economy, handicraft and commerce activities were hindered by state policy The outdated, self-sufficient small farm economy continues to be maintained, and people's lives are always faced with many 22 threats caused by wars, natural disasters and poverty The spiritual and material cultural life of the villagers in Nam Dan District has not changed much 5.5 The limitations that the Nguyen Dynasty made in the economic, political and socio - cultural fields were the root cause for the farmers in Nam Dan village to fall into the situation of famine, poverty and even rebellion uprising, against the court The Nguyen Dynasty enforced the policy of blunt repression of the participants who supported the Tay Son peasant movement and the Tay Son Dynasty (1771 - 1801) Nghe An, the ancestral land of the Tay Son brothers, also became the victim of that catastrophic carnage From 1802 to 1884, the Nguyen Dynasty carried out land measurements and classifications, and set up a land register, and the farm tax norms were carried out quite thoroughly the territory of Vietnam However, this policy has touched the interests of the local classes and strata The policy of not building dykes to prevent tidal surge along coastal villages and on the left and right banks of the La and Lam rivers, which the Nguyen Dynasty maintained during the period 1802-1884, caused the majority of the Nghe An people, the Anh Do government to the situation is always faced with floods and droughts The policy of “respect for agriculture” and “compassion” has made most industries and handicrafts in Nghe An and Nam Dan always in a fragmented and small state, unable to get out of the agricultural economy with small-scale farming which is deeply rooted in the village The characteristics of the economic situation in the rural areas of Nam Dan village under the Nguyen Dynasty during the period 1802 - 1884 mentioned above are the underlying causes leading to the successive outburst of peasants district area 23 CONCLUSION Nam Dan District in the lower Lam river region - from the early traces of settlement, over thousands of years of history, has become the land of an important position of Nghe An, the land of “wattle” home country Until the nineteenth century, changes in the national history changed the face of Nam Dan District, including changes in geographical characteristics, political, social situation, material life, spiritual and especially economic changes The Nguyen Dynasty has implemented economic, political, cultural and social policies to stabilize and develop the country The subsistence agriculture economy with a key role of agriculture continues to be maintained in localities across the country In the nineteenth century, the work of land acquisition and settlement began from 1805 under King Gia Long to 1836 under Minh Menh Dynasty (1836) basically completed in localities throughout the country The establishment of geography, tax norms to determine the king's ownership over various types of land (public land and private land) across the country For Nghe An Province in general, Nam Dan District in particular, due to bad land, poor people, natural disasters, floods, and famines that occur constantly, with the same regional tax rate as other localities in the North, the Central and Northern regions, where there were more advantages in the period 1802 - 1884, had a direct impact on the entire economy as well as the socio-political life of all strata of people in 65 villages in the area Nam Dan District table in particular in the whole Nghe An Province in general In the context of the ethnic history in the nineteenth century, the land ownership situation in Nam Dan District has common characteristics of the land situation of our country during the Nguyen Dynasty The trend of private ownership in land is increasingly developing and dominates in the structure of land ownership, although public land exists quite popularly, but in negligible quantity This is the res ult of the activities of occupying, buying, selling, exchanging land which took place popularly in rural communes, making Nam Dan farmers in the nineteenth century hardly have enough land for farming Nam Dan District has quite diverse natural conditions typical of the Lam River downstream, transitional climate and half - plain and half - hilly land topography, creating favorable conditions for local communities where maintains and promotes a variety of professions in the agricultural economy From 1802 to 1884, stemming from local natural conditions, along with human ingenuity, handicraft with traditional crafts in Nam Dan continued to maintain The handicrafts of household nature are distributed quite widely in the villages and communes with many professions, with some famous craft villages in the region in particular, of the 24 whole Nghe country in general such as: growing mulberry and raising silkworms, weaving cloth, exploiting laterite, making bricks, carpentry, growing sugarcane to make honey, making sugar, alum sugar (called candy cover by local people), making plowshares, pottery working families, mainly relying on the main source of income from rice cultivation, the majority only consider handicraft as a secondary job, providing additional support to the household economy while farming is free or in trouble of lost season The reason why handicrafts with the system of traditional crafts and craft villages in Nam Dan did not rise to separate from the agricultural economy was the compassionate policy of the Nguyen Dynasty and the existence of the economy which is self-sufficient small farm and ideology always emphasizes learning in feudal ideology in Nam Dan social order in the nineteenth century During the period 1802 - 1884, although the local agricultural and handicraft economy did not have much change compared to the previous periods, the changes within industries created products and become goods to be exchanged and traded in the market, promoting the development of commerce Although commercial activities in Nam Dan District have developed conditions, there have not yet appeared a class of indigenous traders who specialize in living by trading and trading with large-scale capital and goods, having a dominant role, trading activities within the region or with neighboring provinces The persistent existence of an outdated and backward self-sufficient smallholder economy has had a multidimensional impact on the entire socio-economic life of all classes and classes in Nam Dan District during the period 1802 - 1884 Customs and religious and religious life of Nam Dan residents did not have much change compared to previous centuries Policies and measures implemented by the Nguyen Dynasty in terms of economy, politics, culture and society did not bring a full and peaceful life for the majority of villagers, even making conflicts between classes and classes in society with the Nguyen Dynasty became more and more severe The outbreak of peasant revolts in Nam Dan and Nghe An Province from the reign of King Gia Long to King Tu Duc has proved that 25 PUBLISHED WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Tran Quoc Bao, Lang nghe, nghe thu cong truyen thong tren dia ban huyen Nam Đan (Nghe An) the ky XIX, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 5, No 2b, 2019, p.273 - 281 Tran Quoc Bao, Tinh hinh ruong dat o huyen Nam Đan (Nghe An) nua dau the ky XIX qua nguon tu lieu dia ba, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, No (232), 2019, p.85 - 95 Tran Quoc Bao, Vai net ve kinh te nong nghiep huyen Nam Dan, tinh Nghe An nua đau the ky XIX, Journal of Science, Vinh University, volume 48, No 3B, 2019, p.13 - 22 ... districts Nghe An Province and some provinces in the North and North Central Coast under the Nguyen Dynasty ( 1802 - 1884) - Commenting and evaluating the economy of Nam Dan under Nguyen Dynasty in the. .. choose the topic ? ?The economy of Nam ? ?an District, Nghe An Province under Nguyen Dynasty during the period 1802 - 1884? ?? as a PhD thesis, majoring in Vietnamese History Objects and scope of the study... borders, thousands Under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802 - 1884, the geographic distance and place names of Nam Dan District were many times changed and adjusted Thanh Chuong District (Anh Do