Research aims: Clarify the semantic function of MP according to LA; Point out the characteristics of using MP at the end of utterances in the communication of NB by gender-based social stratification.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYEN MAI PHUONG MODAL PARTICLES AT THE END OF UTTERANCES IN THE COMMUNICATION OF THE SOUTHERN PEOPLE Major: Vietnamese language Code: 92 22 01 02 Summary of Doctoral Thesis VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE MAJOR NGHE AN - 2021 The Word is completed in Vinh University Scientific instructor: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Trong Canh Opponent Opponent Opponent The thesis is defended in front of School-level Thesis Examination Committee at: Vinh University At hour day month year 2021 The thesis can be referred at: - National Library of Vietnam - Nguyen Thuc Hao Centre for Information and Library, Vinh University INTRODUCTION Rationale 1.1 Vietnamese has a diverse and rich modal particle (MP) system In addition to all-people MPs, there are also local MPs in each dialectal region The local MPs are used in communication, through use contexts, not only express diverse and delicate modal meanings but also carry dialectal nuances Therefore, to find out the meaning of Vietnamese modality, in addition to studying all-people MP, it is necessary to find out the meaning of dialectal MP; this is necessary in terms of not only linguistics but also culture and society Research of modality in the dialect is to contribute to make the modal picture of Vietnamese more and more complete in the diversity and richness of Vietnamese 1.2 As a factor with semantic and pragmatic functions, when used, MP is one of the factors that expresses regional habits, social awareness of gender, status, age, context, of communicator The MPs at the end of utterances is one of the important means to actualize the sentence, turn the clause content in form of potential material into an utterance in a certain communication situation Finding out the number of MPs in the end of utterance and their meaning in communication of the Vietnamese in general and Southern people in particular is necessary to supplement the theory of the part of speech, including MP 1.3 Understanding the functional semantics of MP helps more clearly see the semantics and usage of a class of words in the Southern dialect (SD) so far that has not been studied in depth, systematized and also helps understand further unique language - culture of the people of the Southern river region Above are the reasons that the thesis surveys and researches in dept "MP at the end of utterances of the Southern people" Research subject, scope and linguistic material resources The research subject of the study are MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people, including: 1) All-people MPs used by the Southern people; 2) Southern dialect MPs Research scope: MP at the end of utterances used by the Southern people in communication in the following aspects: 1) Semantic characteristics, usage of MP at the end of utterances in the communication of Southern people, in terms of linguistic action (LA); 2) Characteristics of using MP at the end of utterances in the communication of Southern people by gender-based social stratification Linguistic materials used for the study are fieldwork result of 8531 utterances containing the MPs in the end of the Southern Vietnamese people, collected directly from the conversations of the residents people in Ho Chi Minh City, Long An, Tien Giang, Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Tran De District - Soc Trang, Dong Thap, Vinh Long, An Giang, Can Tho, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau Research aims and missions 3.1 Research aims The thesis has two main aims: 1) Clarify the semantic function of MP according to LA; 2) Point out the characteristics of using MP at the end of utterances in the communication of NB by gender-based social stratification 3.2 Research mission 1) Field survey, collect, statistics and classify MP for the utterances with MP in the end through direct communications and partly from literary text, dictionary and google fom; 2) Make an overview of the research situation of MP in the language in general and in the Southern dialect in particular; determine the theoretical bases of the topic; 3) Find out the general meaning of the MPs in Southern dialect on the basis of comparison with the all-people MPs to learn from the common points as well as the distinctive features of the MPs in the end of utterance of the Southern peoples; 4) Describe and analyze the MPs in Southern dialect in two aspects: semantics - functions associated with LA in communication and the characteristics of using MP at the end of utterances of the Southern people under gender-based social stratification Research methods and techniques 4.1 Research Methods a Field survey method We record audo or live video of conversations in daily activities of subjects and make fom to share via google drive, answers will be sent back via email, via zalo or facebook The conversational factors are distinguished based on the points: 1) Circumstances of utternance; 2) Content of utterances; 3) Age; 4) Job; 5) Relationship; 6) Gender: male, female Thereby, we stop the tape, take notes, convert to text and classify the conversations with MP b Descriptive method The thesis uses this method to describe the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people c Discourse analysis method This method is used to analyze the dialogues associated with specific conversational factors by each context to accurately and closely identify the modal meaning based on the utterance type and LA 4.2 Research techniques a Statistics and classification technique We observe a large number of contexts with MPs to statistics and classify MPs and verbal actions with the appearance of MPs in speech of the Southern people b Analysis and synthesis technique On the basis of statistics, classification and comparison, we conduct analysis to learn from each specific meaning, then synthesize the general meaning of the MPs and their meanings in groups of verbal actions and gender characteristics e shown through the use of MPs in the end of utterance of the Southern people c Comparative technique The thesis compares: the meaning and usage of MPs of Southern region with all-people MPs and other dialects, meanings of dialectal MPs with close sounds and characteristics of using MPs in dialogues between men and women Contribution of the thesis This is the thesis that researches in-depth MP at the end of utterances used by Southern people daily communication in Southern region The thesis systematically explores in-depth, analyzes and shows semantic features and use of this MP layer in the utterance forms associated with LA and communication hierarchy; Determine the number of MPs used in the end of utterance in communication of the Southern people, including Southern dialect MP system, point out the differences between men and women in using MP at the end of utterances Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion and References, the thesis includes four chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical basis of the topic Chapter 2: Identification of modal particles in the end of utterances and their semantics in communication of the Southern people Chapter 3: Characteristics of using the modal particles in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people in terms of linguistic actions Chapter 4: Characteristics of using the modal particles in the end of utterances in communication of Southern people by gender-based social stratification Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1 Literature review of Modality and MPs at the end of utterances 1.1.1 Research situation overseas 1.1.1.1 Regarding the modality Review the research history overseas of modality through the works of authors such as Charles Bally, Benveniste, Oswld Ducrot, J.Lyons, MVLiapol, B.Gak, FRPalmer, Halliday, John Bybee, The thesis point out that although the approach, concept and scope of research of modality are different, in general, these researchers all thought that the modality was a meaningful component expressing the speaker's attitude towards the reflected reality, or towards the communication subject The modality was a complex category, always associated with the order There were many different types and there were no clear boundaries between them 1.1.1.2 Regarding modal particle and modal particle in the end of utterance Position, function and role of the MP at the end of utterances in relation to the sentence structure have more or less been discussed by foreign researchers, including the issue of MP in Vietnamese Some Russian linguists such as I I Glebova, V.M Solntsev, Yu Lekomtsev, Bystrov, mentioned the Vietnamese MP, but this kind of particle has not been studied in depth and systematically 1.1.2 Domestic research situation 1.1.2.1 Regarding the modality In Vietnam, although the modality has only been mentioned since the 60s of the twentieth century, so far there have been many researchers who are directly interested in this issue The thesis reviews the tendencies, concepts and research results of researchers Cao Xuan Hao, Dinh Van Duc, Pham Hung Viet, Le Dong, Nguyen Van Hiep, Do Thi Kim Lien, , which shows that although there are many different approaches related to the modality, but in general, the opinions of the authors revolve around the basic characteristics of the modality, consider the modality as a category of large, diversified and complex semantic - functional phenomena, in which most common characteristic is to reflect the different relations of an information content depicted in the actual utteranceas well as different perspectives, qualitative and qualitative evaluation attitude for the content described in the sentence, considered in the relation with the listener, with the communication situation 1.1.2.2 Regarding modal particle and modal particle in the end of utterance The thesis reviews the research history of MP and MP at the end of utterances, under the general issue and each specific aspect based on the research results of most domestic authors, from Tran Trong Kim, Truong Van Chinh and Nguyen Hien Le in the early period, the 60s to Nguyen Tai Can, Cao Xuan Hao, Hoang Phe, Nguyen Kim Than, Dinh Van Duc, Do Huu Chau, Diep Quang Ban, Pham Manh Hung, Nguyen Thi Luong, of the years before/ after 1990 to recent studies by Do Thi Kim Lien, Pham Hung Viet, Le Dong, Nguyen Van Hiep, Ngo Thi Minh, Hoang Thuy Ha, Le Xinh Tom, based on which, it is possible to generalize and raise the issue: 1) The consideration of the meaning of the word is not only in the system but also in the human relationship - user, speaker's attitude, purpose of the speech, the situation of speech MP is a very special signal, often considered "dynamic", always associated with real utterances rather than "static" ones, so it is necessary to rely on the meaning of specific utterances to define the meaning of the MPs used in the context That is a very complicated but necessary, not only to detect the multiple meaning nuances of the modality of the elements but also is the basis for generalizing the general meaning of the MPs 2) Despite of being interested in from very early, for a long time, MPs acting as means to actualize sentences have been favored to "speech", while events belonging to "speech" are often overlooked in linguistic research Therefore, it is necessary to have much more adjustments in studying this MP layer associated with utterances taking place in daily life communication 3) Meaning content of the MPs is often diverse, including many nuances, latent meaning shades in the MP itself, meaning shades formed by the combination of MP and the whole structure, also meaning shades formed by communication situations In other words, the meaning of real utterances, i.e illocutionary force or speech act, at different levels, always varies by the context 4) MP is the word type that best shows the user's attitude towards the reality being reflected and towards the communication subject In each region, because the habit of using language, behavioral relation in the family and in society has its own cultural characteristics, the imprint of language characteristics - dialectal culture of each region is shown in the MP word layer will be also clear Therefore, the study of MP needs to be extended and deepened to the MP layer in dialects The MP at the end of utterances in Southern dialect has not been studied in depth and systematically, it is necessary to continue to study in depth this word layer 1.2 Theoretical basis of the topic 1.2.1 Concept of "modal particle" and "modal particle in the end of utterance" 1.2.1.1 Concept of modal particle After giving the concept of linguistic researchers related to MP, we learn from general way of understanding: MP is a special subtype belonging to the formal word, used to express the meaning of modality in relation to the purpose of an utterance, express the speaker's emotion towards the content, the reality reflected in the utterance and the listener It is an accompanying element to actualize the meaning of the sentence but not as a component of the core as well as the component of the phrase in the sentence, so MP is not/ or less affected by the changes of the word order and structure 1.2.1.2 Concept of modal particle in the end of utterance On the basis of MP understanding and concept of predecessor researchers, we determine that: The MPs at the end of utterances are the formal words lying in the end of utterances to express attitudes, emotions, relationship between speakers to listeners or towards the reality reflected in utterances The MPs in the end of Vietnamese utterances is one of the important means to realize sentences The research scope of the thesis is the MPs when they appear in the end of utterances in communication of Vietnamese people in Southern Vietnam 1.2.2 Theory of communication act 1.2.2.1 Concept of communication Language communication is the exchange of information by means of language between members in society for a certain purpose, taking place in a certain context Communication act includes many factors 1.2.2.2 Communication factors a) Context The content of context concept contains two concepts: "communicative character" and "reality beyond discourse" - Communicative character is often understood as "the participant in communication" When communicating, at least two people must be involved According to Do Huu Chau, the communicative character is: “Who talks to whom? Who talks and talks to whom? " - "Reality beyond discourse (beyond language)", according to Do Huu Chau, includes many components (quoting the core content interpreted by the author): 1) "Communication context" ( ): is the sum of "social - cultural geographical environment” factors for the communications"; 2) "Communication field": "It is the space, time of the communication"; 3) "Mentioned reality or topic reality" is the communication content that "talks about one or something in communication context"; 4); "Context": the specific moment of communication In the above manifestation aspects, contents (1) and (2) are commonly referred to as communication context (wide and narrow) b) Concept of "discourse": Speaking in a familiar and simple way, discourse is a language and means used in language communication Discourse is referred as language used in relation to the context, with the purpose of utterance 1.2.2.3 Concept of "utterance" In linguistics, concept of "utterance" is closely related to the concept of "sentence", but the distinction between these two concepts is not completely unified among researchers This thesis uses the concept of "utterance" in differentiation from "sentence" under the linguistic concept, including two main aspects: aspect of system of general abstract units such as phoneme, morpheme, word, sentence and aspect of performing the extroversion function of the system in which the rules governing the linguistic acts, specific linguistic acts and specific products created by the activities of the language, text, discourse and units of conversation Therefore, the utterance is referred to as a specific "sentence" in communication, appearing in a context, associated with the speaker and having a certain purpose In short, according to Do Thi Kim Lien (2005) "One word we say corresponds to a unit of sentence is called a utterance" 1.2.3 Linguistic act 1.2.3.1 Concept of linguistic act LA is a special kind of human act, only in human The LA is associated with human speech act, is a social act Based on the definition of Do Huu Chau (2001) and the concept of other authors, we learn from a specific understanding: A linguistic act is a human act of using language to perform one of the purposes: telling, asking, requesting, proposing, commenting, expressing a feeling, an emotion, in a specific context 1.2.3.2 Classification of linguistic acts We choose the classification table of J.R Searle as a basis for the research of the thesis because his classification so far has been highly appreciated by researchers J.R Searle classified speech acts into five major groups 1.2.3.3 Illocutionary act (speech act) The IAs are divided into five categories by Searle (also called layer) Each category consists of different large and small groups These are the categories: presentation, control, commitment, expression, statement In terms of effectiveness of IA, it is possible to divide direct IA and indirect IA 1.2.3.4 Organization of modal particle in the end of utterance in the IA a The MP at the end of utterances implements direct IAs: a.1 The MP appearing in the structures of the question act: à, ừ, hả, hử, chứ; a.2 MPs appear in the structure of the imperative act: đã, đi, nhé; a.3 MPs appear in the structure of narrative act: đấy, b The MP at the end of utterances implementing indirect IAs: b1 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to remind and urge; b2 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to warn and intimidate; b3 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to evaluate; b4 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to repeat; b5 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to reject; b6 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to be a greeting; b7 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to an affirmation; b8 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to a sarcasm and blame; b.9 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to confirm; b.10 Its effect is to question, but indirectly is to lament; b.11 Its effect is toquestion, but indirectly is to end the conversation; b.12 Its effect is to test, but indirectly is to explain The number of direct speech acts that the MPs participate in demonstrating above is not complete, but also shows the diversity of effect caused by the IAs, including the participation of MPs Due to the limitation of the topic's scope, in chapters 2, 3, 4, we only analyze and describe groups of direct IAs with the participation of MP 1.2.4 Southern dialect and MP analysis issue in the end of utterance of the Southern people 1.2.4.1 Concept of dialect Dialect is often understood as a familiar voice used by a region, a geographic and residential area (geographical dialect) or a class in society (social dialect) with certain differences (about phonetics, lexicon - semantics, grammar) compared to the all-people language or other dialects 1.2.4.2 Southern dialect According to Hoang Thi Chau (2004) and the majority of opinions of researchers, Vietnamese language has dialectal regions, of which the the Southern dialect is the dialect from the south of Binh Thuan inwards and belongs to the Southern dialect region The Southern dialect is not only the result of a division of Vietnamese dialects but also has become a subject studied in many aspects That is also the basis for us to conduct the research on MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people Research on MP at the end of utterances in the communication of Vietnamese in Southern region is the research on a word layer; Therefore, the thesis bases on Hoang Trong Canh's (2001) concept of "Nghe Tinh dialect" to determine: The Southern dialects are words that the Southern people are accustomed to using naturally, there is a certain difference (in terms of sound, meaning and grammar) compared to the all-people word 1.2.4.3 The issue of MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people An outstanding feature of Vietnamese is that an abundant system of MPs, manifested in various dialects, including the Southern dialect The difference between local MP in comparison with the all-people MP in these cases is not only in phonetic form but more importantly in function - meaning indicating the modality and establishing linguistic acts Thus, the MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Vietnamese in the Southern region is the subject that needs to be researched, and has a scientific and practical basis to study them 1.3 Sub-conclusion of chapter Reviewing the research results of the predecessor authors, the thesis shows that the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Vietnamese in the Southern region needs to continue to be deepened and expanded to contribute to show the characteristics of the MPs at the end of utterances in the colorful and diverse picture of Vietnamese MPs The thesis also identifies and theorizes concepts and related issues as the basis for the topic The thesis determines: The MPs at the end of utterances are formal words in the end of utterances to express the attitude, emotion, relationship between the speaker and the listener or the reality reflected in the utterances The MPs at the end of utterances are one of the important means to actualize sentences and means of expressing the speaker's attitudes and feelings that are always closely linked to linguistic acts and factors of communication role in terms of gender and other aspects Chapter IDENTIFICATION OF MODAL PARTICLES IN THE END OF UTTERANCES AND THEIR SEMANTICS IN COMMUNICATION OF THE SOUTHERN PEOPLE 2.1 Identification of MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people 2.1.1 Identification of MPs in utterances in terms of function 2.1.1.1 General perception on the function of MPs Although there is a little difference in the specific perception of modal more components For example: mèn ơi, bộ, thấy mồ, The specific result is as follows: - There are 40 single MPs appearing in communication of the Southern people, of which: 19 all-people MPs used by the Southern people are à, ạ, cơ, chắc, chớ, chứ, đã, đây, đấy, đi, mà, nào, nhé, nhỉ, /há/ha, thôi, vậy, với, and 21 typical single MPs for the Southern dialect are: cà, chi, chớ, coi, đa, hà, há, he, hè, hen, hén, hôn, hông, mợi, nè, nhen, nghe, nghen, lận, ơi, ta In the 40 MP single above, there are two variations: a) paired dialectal variations are: hen/hén; hôn/hông; nghen/nghe, nhen; he/hè and b) variations are all-people factors: chớ/chứ; /há, - There are 47 combined MPs used in the end of utterance, of which: 13 allpeople MPs is: à, cho mà, mà, đấy, mà, hả, à, đi, hả, mà, thôi, với nhé; 34 combined MPs of the Southern dialect are: nha, chi dzậy, chớ/chứ gì, sao, hả, mà, nha, nhen, hông đây, hông hả, hông hà, hông nè, hơng ta, chớ, đó, hả, hen, đa, nghen, hen, hà, lận nè, há, nè, há, nghen, nghe, dzậy đó, nè mợi, lận mợi, dzậy nghen, mèn ơi, bộ, thấy mồ Thus, the MPs used by the Southern users in the end of utterance are very rich (87 units) with two types of structure, single structure (40 words, 45.98%) and combined structure (47 units, 54.02%), including all-people MPs and dialectal MPs, in which dialect MPs have the number and rate nearly twice the population (55 units, accounting for 63.21% compared to 32 units, accounting for 36.78%) 2.2 Semantics of modal particle in the end of utterance in communication of the Southern people 2.2.1 Single MPs used in communication of the Southern people In 8531 investigated conversations of the Souther people, comparing the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people with the MPs at the end of utterances in all-people Vietnamese, we divide into sub-groups: 1) MPs coincide with the words in all-people Vietnamese; 2) All-people MPs used in the dialect have a little difference in meaning; 3) MPs are the variations in phonetics and meaning - the typical MPs for the Southern dialect 2.2.1.1 All-people single modal particle used in the Southern region a) Group of single modal particles coinciding with all-peopleVietnamese language Surveying the utterance of the Southern people, we find 19 MPs that have the same phonetics and meaning as in all-people Vietnamese: à, ạ, chắc, cho, chứ, cơ, đã, đây, đấy, đi, mà, nào, nhé, nhỉ, hả, thôi, vậy, với, b) Group of all-people single MPs used in communication of Southern people has a little difference in meaning and usage In the list of single 19 MPs that are identical to all-people Vietnamese in terms of phonetics, MPs: ạ, nhé, đây, chứ, hả, when using the end of utterance in the Southern region, have a different meaning and usage compared to all-people 11 language Therefore, we describe these MPs in communication of the Southern people Under the conversation survey data, we obtain the statistical quantity of 413 turns of using all-people MPs ạ, nhé, đây, chứ, hả, c) Group of modal particles as phonetic variation of all-people words Phonetic variation is a universal phenomenon of language, but each language, each ethnic group and each region have a different phonetic variation degree and have its own phonetic variation features Vietnamese language in general and the Southern dialect in particular are too The Southern dialect has MPs that are phonetic variation of all-people words: (à), (chứ), dzậy (vậy), (đấy), nha (nhé), nhe (nhé), (hả) 2.2.1.2 Meaning of dialectal single modal particle As mentioned above, in the South people's utterance, there are 21 single MPs different from both phonetics and semantics compared to the MPs in all-people Vietnamese, so our research focuses on these single 21 MPs Surveying more than 8531 conversations, comparing with all-people MPs; There are 21 dialectal single MPs in the end of utteraances, including: cà, chi, chớ, coi, đa, hà, há, he, hè, hen / heng, / héng, lận, hôn, hông, mợi, nè, nhen, nghe, / ngheng, ta, 2.2.2 Semantics of MP combination in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people 2.2.2.1 Survey result From 8531 field cards for the conversations of the Southern people using MPs in the end of utterance in combination form, there are 4181/8531 (49%) of the conversations using MP combination Thus, the phenomenon of using the MP combination in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people is very popular The general result of using two all-people and dialectal MP combinations are shown in the following diagram: 2.2.2.2 Semantics of MP combinations a) All-people MP combinations used in the end of utterances In all-people Vietnamese language, MPs not only appear in a single form (1 syllable) such as: à, á, ạ, cơ, chắc, but also in the form of combination with a very large number, such as: đâu à, à, à, à, In communication, the 12 Southern people use 13 all-people MP combinations with 1463/4181 turns The number of using turns and using levels of all-people combined MP pairs are not the same Being used the most is mà (150 times, 10.23%), followed by mà (145 times, 9.94%), mà (145 times, 9.94%), (138 times, 9.36%), (107 times, 7.31%), cho mà (107 times, 7.31%), (124 times, 8.48%); (120 times, 8.19%); với (120 times, 8.19%); (120 times, 8.19%); (115 times, 7.89%); (107 times, 7.31%); cho mà (107 times, 7.31%); and used the least: mà (39 times, 2.63%), (34 times, 2.34%) b) Southern dialectal MP combinations used in the end of utterances From the survey result of 4181 conversations in which the Southern people used the MP combination in communication, in addition to 1463 conversations, 13 all-people MP combination pairs of the people in the end of utterances are used, we obtained 34 of dialectal MP combination pairs appearing in 2718 conversations Those are: nha, chi dzậy, chớ/chứ gì, sao, hả, mà, mà, nhen, hông đây, hông hả, hông hà, hông nè, hông ta, chớ, đó, hả, nhen, đa, nghen, hen, hà, lận nè, há, nè, há, nghen, nghe, dzậy đó, nè mợi, lận mợi, dậy nghen, mèn ơi, bộ, thấy mồ There are three types of dialectal MP combinations: 1) All-people MPs combined with dialectal MPs (à nha, nè, ); 2) Two dialectal MPs combined with each other (hông nè, hông dzậy, hông hà, dzậy nghen, nè mợi, lận mợi ); 3) Two all-people MPs combined with each other (đó mà, đó, ) This is a quite special form, only seen in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people) Mostly, the dialectal MP combinations have nearly same use rate (approximately 3%); Combination of hông hà, hông nè is used the most (118 times, 4.34%) compared to nè, há (68 times, 2.83%), dzậy (58 times, 2.13%,) the lowest use turning is just over 2% That shows htat the dialectal MP combinations are all familiar combinations used by the Southern people 2.3 Sub-conclusion of chapter In field survey of 8531 direct conversations of the Southern people, the thesis shows that the number of MPs used by the Southern people in the end of utterances is very rich and diverse, including 87 units, with two structural types, the composition structure is more than the single structure (47 units, 54.02%, compared with 40 words, 45.98%), including all-people MP and dialectal MP, in which dialectal MP has the number and rate of nearly double higher than the all-people MP (55 units (21 single MPs, 34 combined MPs), accounting for 63.21% compared with 32 units (19 single MPs, 13 combined MPs), accounting for 36.78%) When using the all-people MPs in the end of utterance in communication of the Southern people, a number of units have a little difference compared to the use in the all-people language The frequency of use for these words is not high and the circumstances of communication and using them are also limited All-people MPs are mainly used in offices, schools in a ritual manner In the family as well as in the 13 society, in the context of natural and daily communication, all-people MPs are rarely used; the Southern MPs are used instead Some differences in meaning are also reflected in the usage of the Southern people for this MP group In the family, the people with the upper hierarchy not use a for the people wiht lower hierarchy and the people with lower hierarchy can use in the end of utterance when communicating with people with upper hierarchy Meanings of dialectal single MPs are very rich and varied because most of them have many different meanings or nuances, which contributes to making the communication language of the Southern people become rich in expressive nuances The use of MP combinations in the end of utterances is rich and diversified, moreover, dialectal MP combinations used at a higher frequency have contributed to creating rich nuances of dialectal modal meanings, in addition to the meaning of the proposition content That enables the Southern people to convey accurately, fully, specifically and subtly the speaker's emotions, attitudes and appreciation for the notified reality, creating a highlight, leaving a deep impression on the person in dialogue At the same time, it makes the speech of the Southern people have an emphasis in voice or prolong the voice in the end of utterance, creating its own harmony and "Southern feature" Chapter CHARACTERISTICS OF USING MODAL PARTICLES IN THE END OF UTTERANCES IN COMMUNICATION OF THE SOUTHERN PEOPLE IN TERMS OF LINGUISTIC ACT 3.1 Description of semantic function of MP groups 3.1.1 Classification of MP groups in LA category Based on the classification criteria of LAs and four orientations in Chapter 1, the thesis classifies and statistics 24 MPs at the end of utterances for the Southern dialect appearing in LA category groups LA category groups all have MPs at the end of utterances, but the frequency of appearance of words is not the same Based on the frequency of appearance of the MPs at the end of utterances, ranked from high to low is as follows: 1) Control group (1922/ 6510 times, including: chớ, chi, coi, há, he, hè, hen, luôn, hông, mợi, nè, nhen, nghe, ta, lận) 2) Presentation group (1655/ 6510 times, including: cà, chi, chớ, đa, hà, hen, lận, mợi, nè, nghe, nghen, ơi) 3) Expression group (1645/ 6510 times, including: chi, chớ, coi, ơi, hà, he, hè, hen, hén, hôn, nè, nhen, nghe, nghen, ta, bộ, thấy mồ) 4) Declaration group (902/ 6510 times, including: chi, coi, hè, mợi, nè, nghe, nghen, ơi) 5) Commitment group (369/ 6510 times, including: coi, hen, nghe, nghen) Thus, we can see the role and ability to flexibly change the semantics of MPs In particular, the words hen, nghe, are likely to appear in all categories 14 3.1.2 Classification of MP groups by each LA subcategory The thesis surveyed and classified MPs by sub-categories of categories With detailed description and illustrative examples, the thesis shows the role and value of MPs in realizing the meaning of the utterances under the different acts All 27 LAs of categories have MPs at the end of utterances They are not only elements expressing modality but also components that make the purpose of utterances become clear One MP can appear in many Las of a category or many different categories In which, many MPs appear with high frequency in many LAs of categories: nghe, hen (5 categories), chi, hà, nè, nghen, hè (4 categories) 3.2 Description of MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people by politeness criterion 3.2.1 Principle of politeness The principle of politeness is a particularly important principle in communication Up to now, the published works have been based on the phenomena expressing the politeness to build the theory of politeness From the presentation of opinions of foreign and domestic researchers on the principle of politeness, the thesis is based on the definition of Do Huu Chau (2003): "politeness is a system of modes that the speakers bring in acts to harmonize and increase the value of their partners ”as a research basis 3.2.2 Specific description The thesis describes and specifically classifies 21 typical single MPs and combined MPs at the end of utterances of the Southern dialect under the politeness criteria Most of the MPs at the end of utterances in the Southern region are used under the positive politeness strategy (19 out of 24 words, including: đa, mèn ơi, há, hà, he, hè, hen, hén, lận, hôn, hông, mợi, nè, nhen, nghe, nghen, ta, ơi, thấy mồ), words (cà, coi, bộ) are used with neutral nuances, only words (chi, chớ) can be used with negative politeness strategy 3.3 Comparison of meaning of MPs in group by each LA 3.3.1 MP pairs in the same group appearing in different LAs - Group 1: hen/ hén: This pair appears in categories of LA However, hen is present in the LA: imperative, recommendation, apology, gratitude, compliment, rejection, notice and agreement; While is only present in the act: question, promise - Group 2: hà/ há: MP hà appears in LA: invitation, wish, compliment, regret, blame, rejection, telling, explanation, while MP há does not appear in those acts, but only present in LA: imperative, enticement, greeting 3.3.2 MPs in the group appearing in the same LA Group 1: hen/ co-appear in LA categories Hen/ also appears in the LA: blame Group 2: hôn/ hông: appear together in the LA: question Group 3: nhen, nghe, appear in the LA: recommendation, apology, notice In which, group of nhen, nghe, appears with the highest frequency 15 (23/27 LAs), followed by hen/ (16/27 LAs), the lowest is hôn/ hông (4/27 LAs) We compared the words in the group and found that, the MPs with similar pronounciation were present in the LA, apart from the common meaning shade, there are distinct meaning shades between them The specific meaning shade is very diverse and rich, denoting the differences in expressive nuances in each utterance With the specific and clear meaning expression, the MPs of this group help convey emotional thoughts, reveal subtle modal meanings for utterances and highlight thoughts, rich emotional levels of the Southern people 3.4 Phenomenon of vocatives accompanied by MP 3.4.1 Vocatives and phenomenon of vocatives accompanied by MP To survey the vocatives (VW) accompanied by MP, we gathered 1,800 dialogues of 8,531 questionnaires of the conversations in the Southern provinces that appeared VWs accompanied by MP at the end of utterances of eight LAs 3.4.2 Role of the vocatives appearing in front of and behind the MPs at the end of utterances of the Southern people The LA with VW accompanied with MP appearing in front of MP have the highest number in apology act: 89/ 597 times, 14.90%; The LA with VW accompanied with MP appearing behind r MP, have the highest number in invitation act: 56/354 times, 16.20% Also through the chart, we can see that the act of the VW appears quite evenly in the LA groups; This shows that, not only the VW always appears in communication of the Southern people as an inevitable natural factor, but also a factor showing politeness and affection The VW ccompanied by MP is one of the manifestations of the informal communication characteristics of the Southern people a) VW appearing in front of MP at the end of utterances When VW appears in front of MP, the focus of the utterance will fall in the called subject, which shows that the speaker is very interested in the listener; at that time, perhaps MP's expressive emphasis will decrease slightly 16 b) VW appearing behind MP at the end of utterances When VW appears behind MP, the focus will fall in MP, speech content is paid more attention and further emphasized The listener needs to pay attention to the message that the speaker delivered Intonation is strong, but no less polite and gentle Listener feels the care and affection for themselves 3.5 Sub-conclusion of chapter In chapter 3, the thesis describes that MPs can be in one group of acts but can also appear in another group, with different hierarchy and meanings, that is to ask and confirm in a directly and frankly manner; or in the form of questioning but implicitly conveying other verbal acts in a subtle and delicate way That is the characteristic of MP in communication of the Southern people Among the words in MP group, in terms of meaning, role and function, besides the similarities, there are completely different characteristics among them Describing and classifying MP groups by LA, the thesis find that: the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people appear regularly in categories of control, expression, commitment of declaration and presentation In which, there are 27 typical LAs in these categories with MPs at the end of utterances, including telling, notice, explanation, recommendation, introduction, invitation, encitement, command, hope, advice, question, promise, agreement, gratitude, appology, praying, greeting, compliment, regret, intention, guess, wish, blame, rejection, refusal Surveying the MPs at the end of utterances accompanying VW in communication of the Southern people, the thesis finds that linking these factors together is effective in expressing modal meaning The fact that VW combines MP in the contexts creates attention, make a strong impression, create a new nuance; at the same time, the speaker wants to find sharing with the listener, wants the listener to accept or agree The combination of VW accompanied with the MPs at the end of utterances in the Southern dialect is natural and harmonious, partly showing the picture of emotional communication, the sophistication of the speech of the Southern people Chapter CHARACTERISTICS OF USING MODAL PARTICLE IN THE END OF UTTERANCES IN COMMUNICATION OF SOUTHERN PEOPLE BY GENDER-BASED SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 4.1 Theory of gender and language We agree with Nguyen Van Khang's (2012) perspective on gender and language issue Gender as well as other social stratification factors affect attitudes and habits of using language in communication It is also shown in the utterances in which the MP in the end is used, there is a little difference between men and women 17 4.2 Differences in frequency of using MP at the end of utterances in the communication between men and women in the Southern region 4.2.1 Differences between men and women in frequency of using single MP We checked the recording tape of 500 people per gender Total number of recorded utterances using MP is 7655 From comparing 21 Southern dialectal single MPs used by men and women in communication, we find that women use MPs more than men Specifically, women use 4592 utterances containing MP, accounting for 59.99%, men use 3063 utterances, accounting for 40.01% All MPs are used with a higher number of utterances by women than men Of which, 10 out of 21 MPs are used by women with more than 60% than that of men, in particular, MP is used by women with the highest difference rate compared to men, with 669/ 825 utterances (81.09 % compared with 18.91%) The number of utterances with MP used by women is over 60%, the rate that is superior to that of men is as follows: (669/825; 81.09%), đa (82/117; 70.09%),%), hà (109/156; 69.87%), há (131/190; 68.95%), (306/476; 64.29%), cà (129/204; 63.24%), nhen ( 291/473; 61.52%), chi (90/147; 61.22%), hôn (420/694; 60.52%), (95/158; 60.13%) A rate is very different compared to men Women who use MPs at the end of utterances is more often than men 4.2.2 Differences men between and women in frequency of using combined MP The result of surveying 2718 dialogues using the MP combination by gender is as follows: women use 1721/2718 times, accounting for 63.31%; men use 997/ 36.68 times, accounting for 36.68% There are only sub-words used by women less than men, but the difference is not significant (thơi nghen: 45,95% /54,05% mà: 44,59%/ 55,41%), 32 other MP combinations are used by women at a higher rate than men In which, the used words accounting for over 60% are: thấy mồ, bộ, mèn ơi, nha, hả, đó, hả, mà, chứ, hà, đó, chắc, hông nè,… In the Southern dialect, there are MP combinations that are quite special and highly stable, they are not created by the combination of single modal factors such as thấy mồ, bộ, mèn The meaning thấy mồ shows strong emotion meaning about something beyond imagination Example: Thôi, coi thưa thấy mồ Con thấy trái trái bự thấy mồ Thấy mồ can be used for different acts If a person says “Đẹp thấy mồ”, it is a compliment and “Xấu thấy mồ”, that is a criticism and “Mệt thấy mồ”, it is a lament Chớ means showing a strong attitude to affirm or negate something The meaning of is completely different from MP Example: Ủa, cân khoai mỡ Cái từ từ, tao cịn ghé qn bà Tư Mèn shows the high-level attitude and expression (compliment/ criticism), in response to the result of a certain mentioned event Example: Cái giỏ đương bàng nhuyễn đẹp ghê mèn Cha, cao lớn coi giống cha mày mèn ơi! Going deeply into finding out three quite special combined MPs used in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people by gender, all three MPs are 18 used by women with the number of utterances 4.5 times higher than that of men (specifically, the rate that women use thấy mồ: 82.35%, bộ: 81.82%, mèn ơi: 81.16%) 4.3 Difference between men and women in using MP in terms of politeness Women often use MP associated with criterion of more politeness than men Men often use MP chớ, lận, nè MP carries negative politeness nuance [politeness], MP lận carries neutral politeness nuance [+ (1)/ - (2) politeness], MP nè is used by men in positive politeness strategy [+ (1) politeness] and used with neutral strategy [+ - (1) politeness] 4.4 Difference between men and women in using MP associated with some groups of typical linguistic acts Investigate how to use MPs hen, hén, nghen, hôn, hông in the end of utterances The result shows that men and women use MP by various communication behaviors in the family Both men and women use the MPs at the end of utterances in all linguistic acts gratitude, congratulation, apology, imperative/ question, invitation/ encitement and recommendation However, the data shows that, among all the abovementioned linguistic acts, the percentage that women use MPs is higher than that of men Perhaps, it shows that, in relation to people in the family and society, compared to men, women are always more conscious of using expressive words MPs make their words become gentle, expressive and subtle 4.5 Comparison of use of MPs at the end of utterances accompanying VW between men and women 4.5.1 Women use VW accompanied with MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of Southern people more than that of men The thesis compares the level of using VW associated with MPs between men and women in terms of upper/ lower hierarchy, parity and the level of close/ distant relation The result shows that women use VW accompanied with MP at the end of utterance in communication of the Southern people more than men Specifically, women use 603/ 942 utterances containing VW accompanied with MP, accounting for 63.9%, men use 340 words, accounting for only 36.1% This difference is showed consistently in all utterance acts Specifically, the number and rate of utterance used by women compared with men by each act is: imperative: 74 -51 (59.2% - 41.8%), invitation: 90 - 47 (65.7% - 34.3%), enticement: 98 - 34 (65.3% - 34.7%), advice: 46 -27 (63.0% - 38.0%), recommendation: 89 - 57 (61.0 % - 39.0%), gratitude: 87 - 49 (64.0% - 39.0%), apology: 86 - 42 (67.2% - 32.8%), congratulation: 66 -33 (66.7% 33.3%) In communication, in general, women and men pay more attention to using VW accompanied with MP for distant relationship more than close relationship, however, this difference is more evident in men Another different point between women and men is that, if for men, the utterance with VW accompanied with MP is 19 used more for the distant relationship in the peer and lower hierarchy, in contrast the women use many utterances with VW accompanied with MP for the distant relationship with upper hierarchy 4.5.2 Difference between men and women in using VW accompanied in front of and behind MP We counted 942 times that VW appears with MP in the LAs, but its position is not the same The difference is quite clear that the VW accompanied in front of MP accounts for almost twice as much as the combination of VW behind MP (63.38% compared to 36.62%) Making that difference is actually due to the difference between men and women in the use of MP accompanying VW Specifically, men tend to use VW behind MP (rate is nearly double higher than women, 64.9% compared to 35.1%), in contrast, women mainly use VW in front of MP (rate 64, 3% vs 35.7%) This difference forms the system and manifested on all LAs For all utterance types, women use VW in front of MP at a higher rate than men, in which the largest difference is in LA gratitude, women use 82.4%, men only use 17.6%, followed by LA congratulation (70.2% compared to 29.8%), LA recommendation (69.1% compared to 30.9%), On the contrary, for all utterance types with different LAs, men use the VW behind r MP with a higher rate than women, in which the largest difference is in the LA imperative, men use 72.9%, women only use 27.1%, followed by LA congratulation (71.4% compared with 28.6%), LA advice (68.8% compared to 31.2%), LA gratitude (66.7% compared with 33.3%) 4.6 Sub-conclusion of chapter In chapter 4, the thesis analyzes the use of MP at the end of utterances of the Southern people in terms of communication hierarchy associated with gender The result shows that: Regarding the frequency of using MP at the end of utterances, men use less than women In particular, for combined MP, the frequency of using MP at the end of utterances of women is nearly twice as high as that of men (63.32% compared to 36.68%) In particular, the combined MPs in the end of utterance thấy mồ, bộ, mèn carring characteristics of the Southern dialect are used by women with an exceptionally high number of utterance, 4.5 times more than that of men These three MP combinations show different meaning shades in different contexts and their meanings are also shown differently based on mood and context of the communicator In terms of utterance type, these three MP combinations are not used in imperative or interrogation but only in narrative utterance This shows that their usage is to express the positive, negative, rejecting or emotional attitude of the speaker towards the narrated story content In general, both men and women use MPs at the end of utterances in a popular way, which shows that politeness and expressiveness in communication are emphasized and they contribute to successful conversations The difference is, women use more men than men in [+ politeness], while for strategy [- politeness], 20 men use more than women Thus, women often use MP associated with politeness criterion more than men In analyzing the MPs used in the end of utterances by gender, the thesis shows that in all the linguistic acts: gratitude, congratulation, imperative, apology, invitation, encitement, recommendation,… Male and women all use MP; however, the use rate of men is lower than that of women In other words, women tend to use MPs more than men In which, in the act congratulation, the MP used by women has an exceptionally high rate (72.44%) compared to men That can be because women often pay attention to the specific result, achievement and success Particularly for students, with acts congratulation, imperative, apology, invitation and encitement, men often use MPs more than women In the utterances of the Southern people, VW usually comes with MP, but women use more often than men (63.9% compared to 36.1%) and women use VW in fron of MP, in contrast, men often use VW behind MP Thus, in communication, women is very interested in the listener; use VW in front of MP, MP's expression may decrease slightly, but in return, the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the listener is closer and tighter For the utterances of men, it seems that the expressive focus will fall in the MP, the speech content is paid more attention and further emphasized, making the listener pay attention to the message, the linguistic act that the speaker has spoken CONCLUSION From the collected data, through describing and analyzing the use of the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people, the thesis gives the following conclusions: Through a number of works of famous domestic and foreign researchers, the viewpoints and ideas of these authors most clearly influence and affect the tendency of studying MP issue, we see that the modality is a broad and complex category, manifested in many linguistic means The thesis also identifies concepts and related issues as a scientific and practical basis for the topic, by introducing modal concept theory, MP, MP at the end of utterances, communication, utterance, speech act - the operating environment of the modal meaning, the classification of the modal meaning groups, issue of dialect and the Southern dialect The MP at the end of utterances is a means of showing attitudes and feelings of the speaker, always attached to the linguistic acts shown in the utterance and the factors involved in communication in terms of gender, status, profession and social relations In Chapter 2, based on the built criteria to identify the MP at the end of utterances, 8531 conversations of Southern people as direct field linguistic materials are surveyed, the thesis has identified as follows: 2.1 The quantity of MPs at the end of utterances is used in a rich and diverse manner, including 87 units, with two structural types, combination structure is more 21 than single structure (47 words, 54.02% compared to 40 words, 45.98 %), including all-people MP and dialectal MP, in which the number and rate of dialectal MPs are nearly double as high as all-people MP (55 units, accounting for 63.21% compared to 32 units, accounting for 36.78 %) 2.2 The Southern dialectal MPs are the MPs used by the Southern people naturally, familiar in daily communication, have a certain difference (in terms of phonetics, meaning, and use habits) compared with all-people MP The dialectal MPs both appear in a single form and in a combination form Their meanings may be available, but may also have new meaning shades formed by the combination of particles, especially the meanings, meaning shades are changed based on the context due to communication situations 2.3 Meanings of dialectal single MPs are very rich and varied because most of them have many different meanings or nuances, which contributes to making the communication language of the Southern people become rich in expressive nuances There are all-people single MPs used in the Southern region has a meaning somewhat different from the usage in all-people language 2.4 Dialectal MP combinations have a rich quantity, nearly triple as high as and used nearly twice as large as all-people MP combinations; Most of them are used in family communication and between close friends, while the all-people MPs are mainly used for social communication, in offices, schools, among colleagues and those who know each other The MP at the end of utterances combinations is used in a rich and diversified manner, moreover, dialectal MP combinations are used a lot, which has contributed to creating the richness of dialectic modal nuances, in addition to the meaning of the content of the descriptive proposition The habit of using such words has enabled the Southern people to convey accurately, fully, specifically and subtly the speaker's feelings, attitudes and appreciation towards the notified reality, creating emphasis, making a deep impression on the communicator, at the same time making speech of the Southern people have an emphasis in voice or prolong the voice in the end of utterance, creating its own harmony and "Southern feature" The MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people appear regularly in categories of control, expression, commitment of declaration and presentation In which, there are 27 typical LAs in these categories with MPs at the end of utterances, including telling, notice, explanation, recommendation, introduction, invitation, encitement, command, hope, advice, question, promise, agreement, gratitude, appology, praying, greeting, compliment, regret, intention, guess, wish, blame, rejection, refusal The Southern MPs can appear in direct or indirect LA The thesis also surveys the use of MP of the Southern people under politeness criterion The politeness in the direct expression makes the listener feel that his/her face is honored by the interlocutor, easily accept the speaker's acts, the conversation is therefore successful Considering the vertical relationship, it is the 22 position relationship, there is a social distance between two communication roles, so it is wise to use polite communication strategy by the Southern communicators, which avoids losing face of the interlocutor and maintains the politeness in communication Being polite as a linguistic - behavioral culture characteristic of communication, so when communicating, the Southern people use some strategies to increase the politeness for acts to maintain or promote the interpersonal relationship in society Surveying the MPs at the end of utterances accompanying VW in communication of the Southern people, the thesis affirms that linking these elements together is effective in expressing modal meaning The fact that VW combines MP in the contexts creates attention, make a strong impression, create a new nuance; at the same time, the speaker wants to find sharing with the listener, wants the listener to accept or agree When VW appears in front of MP, the focus will fall in the called subject, while VW appears behind MP, the focus will fall in MP In another related aspect, the thesis also shows that, in communication, the Southern people tend to use VW in front of MP than to use VW behind MP The combination of VW accompanied with the MPs at the end of utterances in the Southern dialect in a natural and harmonious manner partly shows the picture of emotional communication, the sophistication of the speech of the Southern people In chapter 4, the thesis analyzes the use of the MPs at the end of utterances in different aspects, considers the role of communication associated with gender to see the relationship between language and gender through the use of the MPs at the end of utterances of the Southern people The result shows that: 6.1 Women use the MPs at the end of utterances more often than men Specifically, women use 5096/8531 utterances containing MP in the end, accounting for 59.73%, and men use 3435/8531 utterances, accounting for 40.26% That shows that in life as well as in communication, women are always interested in affection Women tend to create intonation combining MP in dialogue, create an impression and attract attention to show affection and intimacy with listeners That is one of the dominant characteristics of the female character in the general respectful behavior culture characteristics of the Southern people 6.2 When analyzing the MPs used in the end of utterances by gender, we see that the Southern people's affectional behavior is clearly shown in all acts of gratitude, congratulation, imperative, apology, invitation, encitement, recommenation because any linguistic act carries modal meaning However, there is a little difference between men and women in using MP The men’s percentage of utterances using MP is lower than that of women, which allows to conclude that women use MP more often than men Considering the MP used based on the utterance acts, the habit of selection is not completely same between men and women Women often pay attention to result of work, successes, achievements and specific results, so with congratulation act, MP is used the most by women, the most 23 different compared to men In addition, for the acts gratitude, apology, recommendation, invitation and encitement, MP is also used more by women than men 6.3 The thesis discusses the modal meaning of special MP complexes of the Southern dialect thấy mồ, bộ, mèn used in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people and the use of these three combinations by gender MPs thấy mồ, bộ, mèn are most used by women and nearly 2.6 times higher than that of men Men use 157/ 563, accounting for 27.88% Women use 406/563, accounting for 72.11% 6.4 In the utterances of the Southern people, VW usually comes with MP, but women use more often than men (63.9% compared to 36.1%) and women use VW in fron of MP, in contrast, men often use VW behind MP Thus, in communication, women is very interested in the listener; use VW in front of MP, MP's expression may decrease slightly, but in return, the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the listener is closer and tighter For the utterances of men, it seems that the expressive focus will fall in the MP, the speech content is paid more attention and further emphasized, making the listener pay attention to the message, the linguistic act that the speaker has spoken 6.5 In general, both men and women use MPs at the end of utterances in a popular way, which shows that politeness and expressiveness in communication are emphasized and they contribute to successful conversations The difference is, women use more men than men in [+ politeness], while for strategy [- politeness], men use more than women Thus, women often use MP associated with politeness criterion more than men Modality is a large category, manifested in many means, related to many factors inside and outside the language Although the research of the MPs at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people is based on rich direct field survey linguistic materials and surveyed in many main aspects, this is still an open issue, there are still many aspects In addition, the relationship should be further studied and supplemented, such as the issue of comparing the MPs at the end of utterances with other modal means of utterance, or in terms of MPs by social stratification in the other communicative role relationships etc… We see it as a mission of the future and hope to continue this topic./ 24 THE AUTHOR'S PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Mai Phuong (2016), "Characteristics of the Southern language - culture through a number of modal particles at the end of utterances", in Preserving the purity of Vietnamese and language education in schools, Proceedings of National Linguistics Conference 2016, Dan Tri Publishing House, Hanoi, p 1040 - 1048 Nguyen Mai Phuong (2016), "Characteristics of using hen, héng, nghen, hôn, hông in the end of utterances in the Southern dialect in terms of age and gender", Proceedings of international linguistic seminar 2016, VNU Publishing House, p 404 - 411 Nguyen Mai Phuong (2017), Conversion of "Pronoun "ta", verb" consider" into modal particles at the end of utterances in communication of the Southern dialect", Proceedings of National Linguistics Conference 2017, Dan Tri Publishing House, Hanoi, p.1483 - 1488 Nguyen Mai Phuong (2017), "Differences in meaning and usage of all-people modal particles ạ, nhé, đây, chứ, hả, in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people", Proceedings of Scientific Conference on Teaching Research, Vietnam Studies, VNU Publishing House, HCMC, pg 810 818 Nguyen Mai Phuong (2019), “Modal particles đi, rồi, used in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people, Proceedings of Scientific Conference on Vietnamese Language in the context of exchange, integration and development ”, Dan Tri Publishing House, p 1921 - 1929 Nguyen Mai Phuong (2020), "Combined modal particles thấy mồ, bộ, mèn in the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people", Journal of Lexicography and Encyclopedia, p 90 - 94 Nguyen Mai Phuong (2020), "Semantics and usage of modal particle combination in the end of utterance in communication of Southern people", Journal of Language and Life, Issue 8/2020, p 29 - 34 Nguyen Mai Phuong (2020), "Vocative words accompanied with modal particles at the end of utterances in communication of the Southern people", Journal of Science, volume 49, No 4B/ 2020, Vinh University, p 43 - 48 25 ... That is also the basis for us to conduct the research on MP at the end of utterances in the communication of the Southern people Research on MP at the end of utterances in the communication of. .. between language and gender through the use of the MPs at the end of utterances of the Southern people The result shows that: 6.1 Women use the MPs at the end of utterances more often than men Specifically,... Semantics of modal particle in the end of utterance in communication of the Southern people 2.2.1 Single MPs used in communication of the Southern people In 8531 investigated conversations of the Souther