Objectives of the study: The studying purpose of the topic is to clarify the status of the cooperation relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017, on that basis, to draw achievements, limitations, characteristics and some lessons learned to contribute to strengthening the relationship of two parties in the coming years.
MINISTRY OF TRAINING AND EDUCATION VINH UNIVERSITY ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ LUU THI KIM COOPERATION BETWEEN HUA PHAN PROVINCE (LAO PDR) AND THANH HOA PROVINCE (VIETNAM SR) FROM 1986 TO 2017 Field of study: World History Code no.: 9229011 SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS OF HISTORY NGHE AN, 2021 THE THESIS WAS COMPLETED AT VINH UNIVERSITY Scientific Supervisors: ASSOC.PROF DR BUI VAN HAO PROF DR DO THANH BINH Examiner 1: Examiner 2: Examiner 3: The thesis is defended before the Ph.D Thesis Evaluation Council at the University level Time: At h dated ./ / 2021 This thesis is available for the purpose of reference at: - National Library of Vietnam - Nguyen Thuc Hao Library and Information Center, Vinh University INTRODUCTION Rationale Laos and Vietnam are two neighboring countries, mountains connected to mountains, rivers connected to rivers The long-standing traditional relationship between two countries has been nurtured by the people and has become an invaluable asset of both nations The relationship between Laos and Vietnam is currently taking place in all fields and branches; from the central to the localities (especially localities sharing the border between two countries) Hua Phan Province of Laos is bordered by Son La, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An Provinces in Vietnam and has relations with all three Provinces However, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces are not only geographically close, but also have many similarities in nature, culture and society Two Provinces have not only geostrategic positions, great potentials and favorable conditions for economic development and promoting cooperation, but also have a history of mutual friendship since the 60s of the twentieth century Therefore, in the struggle against foreign aggression as well as in the cause of construction and defense of the Fatherland, the relationship between two Provinces always holds an important position and has a great impact on the political, economic, social and cultural situation of each country as well as the special friendly relationship between two countries rom 1986 to 2017, following the flow of Laos-Vietnam relations, Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province have constantly consolidated and strengthened "the special friendship, comprehensive cooperation" to maintain political stability, consolidate national defense and security, well border work, development of economy, culture, education, health and other fields In the context of the world with many changes, the globalization process is taking place strongly, while Laos and Vietnam are making efforts to open the door to regional and international integration, the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa has many opportunities for development, but also has to face with many difficulties and challenges In that situation, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces continue to improve the effectiveness of political - foreign relations, national defense, border work, economy, culture, education - training and health as well as other sectors which have become urgent needs Therefore, to deepen to clarify the basis and impact factors; The status of the comprehensive relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017, on that basis, draw achievements, limitations and lessons learned to further strengthen the cooperation between both sides in the next stages which have both scientific and practical significance About the science, studying on the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 does not only clarify important contents in the cooperation between two sides, but also enriches specific documents, proving a special friendship relationship, comprehensive cooperation between two countries in the innovational period About practice, studying on the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province in the years from 1986 to 2017 to help all classes of people, especially the young generation, deeply realize the special relationship and comprehensive cooperation between two countries as well as two Provinces At the same time, the studying results of the thesis are the reference for the leaders of Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces in planning strategic cooperation between two sides in the coming years as well as researchers, teachers and students in studying, teaching and learning history of two countries and two Provinces With the above meanings, I choose the issue of “Cooperation between Hua Phan Province (Lao PDR) and Thanh Hoa Province (Vietnam SR) from 1986 to 2017” as the topic of my doctoral thesis of history Scope and objects of the study 2.1 Subject of the study The study object of the topic is relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 2.2 Scope of the study Time: The thesis focuses on studying: the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to the end of 2017 Since 1986, Laos and Vietnam set out and started implementing the country's renewal path It marked 55 years of establishment of diplomatic relations between Vietnam and Laos (September 5, 1962 - September 5, 2017) and 40 years of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between two countries (18 July 1977 -:- 18 July 2017) in 2017 Especially, 2017 is also a milestone marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of the friendship agreement between Hua Phan Province, Thanh Hoa Province (May 2, 1967 - May 2, 2017) These are important and meaningful events for Laos Vietnam relations in general and Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces in particular Space: The topic mainly studies the issues that took place in Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 In addition, to have evidence for giving comments and comparison, the topic also mentions the relationship between a number of other Provinces of Laos and Vietnam Contents: the topic focuses on studying cooperative relations in the fields of politics - foreign affairs; security - defense and border work; economy; culture, education - training and other fields between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 Objectives and task of the study 3.1 Objectives of the study The studying purpose of the topic is to clarify the status of the cooperation relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017, on that basis, to draw achievements, limitations, characteristics and some lessons learned to contribute to strengthening the relationship of two parties in the coming years 3.2 Task of the study From the above studying purposes, the topic tasks are determined as follows: - Analyzing the bases and factors affecting the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces - Analyzing the status of the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 in the fields of: Politics - foreign affairs; security defense and border work; economy; culture, education-training and other fields - Clarifying achievements and limitations; Characteristics and draw some lessons from the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 Material sources used in the thesis and studying methodology 4.1 Material sources used in the thesis - Original documents including: Documents of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the Communist Party of Vietnam; articles and speeches of leaders of the Party, State, Governments of Laos and Vietnam; documents of the Party Committee, Government of Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017; cooperation agreements between Laos and Vietnam; Memoranda of Understanding, minutes of talks, minutes of working, agreements between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017; Summary reports and preliminary review of the cooperation process between departments, branches and localities of Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces - References: Along with the original material sources mentioned above, during the implementation of the thesis, we have exploited other supporting documents such as monograph studies on Laos and Vietnam and the relationship between two countries as well as the relationship between two sides' localities; specialized journals; a number of printed newspapers, electronic newspapers and reputable websites related to the topic; materials gathered through fieldwork, in-depth interviews 4.2 Methods of the study Methodological basis for the study of issues related to the Marxist-Leninist thesis, Ho Chi Minh's thought and the views and policies of the Communist Party of Vietnam on international issues, especially the views of the Party, State and Government of Vietnam on Laos - Vietnam relations In the studying process, we mainly use historical methods and logical methods In addition, in the process of exploiting and processing documents, a number of other auxiliary methods are also used such as: statistics, comparison, analysis, synthesis, charting, table development, fieldwork, interview Contribution of the thesis - The thesis is the first systematic study on the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 The content of the thesis has clarified the basis, the impacting factors, the status of comprehensive cooperation between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province, thereby drawing the characteristics and lessons learned from this relationship - The studying results of the thesis can be used as a reference for the leaders of Hua Phan Province, Thanh Hoa Province in planning the cooperation strategy between two sides and as a reference for teaching and learning history of two countries, two Provinces Organization of the thesis Besides the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the main content of the thesis is divided into chapters: Chapter Literature Review Chapter Background and factors affecting the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 Chapter Contents of the comprehensive cooperation relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 Chapter Comment on the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 CONTENTS Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Studying works related to the thesis 1.1.1 The studying works on Laos, Vietnam and the relationship between two countries have mentioned the cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces 1.1.1.1 The studying works of Laos authors Relations of Laos - Vietnam, Vietnam - Laos are issues that are of concern to many leaders of the Party, State and researchers in Laos It is possible to look at some excellent articles and studies of Lao authors such as: History of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party of the theoretical and practical Steering Committee of Lao People's Revolutionary Party (published in 2005); Special solidarity, comprehensive cooperation and the Laos-Vietnam combat alliance in the new revolutionary period was written by Khamtai Xiphodon, National Defense Magazine, No 1/1995; Enduring attachment, carefree support, effective cooperation of Buaxon Bupphavan (Special Magazine of World and Vietnam Newspaper 2007); An assessment of the Laos-Vietnam cooperation tradition was written by Thoonglun Xixulit (Journal of the Vietnam Union of Friendship Organizations, No 42, June 2007); Factors governing special relations between Laos and Vietnam from 1986 to 2011, the doctoral thesis was written by Nhotkhammani Xuphanuvong, Diplomatic Academy, 2016 The above typical articles and studying works mainly mentioned Laos - Vietnam special friendship, but also more or less mentioned the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province through historical periods 1.1.1.2 The studying works of Vietnamese authors Relations of Laos - Vietnam, Vietnam - Laos are also a problem that many leaders of the Party, State and Vietnamese researchers are interested in Among the articles on Laos - Vietnam special friendship relations of the leaders of the Party, State and Government of Vietnam, there are typical articles such as: Forever cherish the lifelong relationship that makes strategic sense between Vietnam and Laos was written by Do Muoi, Communist Journal, No 7, 1996; Nurturing a special relationship between Vietnam and Laos forever green, blooming and fruitful was written by Pham Gia Khiem, Journal of the Vietnam Union of Friendship Organizations, No 42, June 2007 These are articles on the solidarity friendship and faithful attachment between the Vietnamese people and the Lao people through historical periods as well as the importance of this relationship in the cause of national defense and construction In particular, the Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party have cooperated to compile a series of books on History of Special Relations Vietnam - Laos, Laos - Vietnam (1930-2007), This includes products: “History of special relations between Vietnam and Laos; Laos - Vietnam (1930 - 2007)"; History of special relations between Vietnam and Laos; Laos - Vietnam (1930 - 2007) - Articles prepared by leaders of the Party and State; History of special relations between Vietnam and Laos, Laos - Vietnam (1930 - 2007)-Documents of the Party and State; History of special relations between Vietnam and Laos, Laos Vietnam (1930 - 2007) - Chronicle of events; History of special relations between Vietnam and Laos, Laos - Vietnam (1930 - 2007) - Memoir; Documentary photo book and movie "The epic version of Vietnam - Laos relations” This is the work published by the National Political and Truth Publishing House, Hanoi in 2011, 2012 Vietnamese researchers also have many works written about Laos and LaosVietnam relations Regarding the history of Laos, there are typical works such as: Laos History of the National Center for Social Sciences and Humanities, 1997; History of Modern Laos (2 volumes) was written by Nguyen Hung Phi - Buasi Chalonsuc, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2006 Regarding the relationship between Laos and Vietnam, there are typical works such as: “Special relationship, comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and Laos in the period 1954 - 2000” was written by Le Dinh Chinh, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2007; The role and contributions of the Vietnamese community in Cambodia, Laos and Thailand in the current period, Ho Chi Minh City National University Publishing House, 2018; Cooperation and partnership between localities of e two countries Vietnam - Laos: An effective form of people's diplomacy was written by Do Thi Thao, Communist Review issued on 08 January 2013 Relations between Laos - Vietnam, Vietnam - Laos is also the topic attracting the attention of many Vietnamese graduate-students Up to now, there have been many dissertations mentioning the relationship between two countries such as: Doctoral thesis on Vietnam - Laos relations from 1975 to 2005 was written by Nguyen Thi Phuong Nam, Hanoi National University of Education no I, 2008; The process of protecting and consolidating the national independence of Lao PDR in the foreign affairs field from 1975 to 2010” was written by Uong Minh Long, Ho Chi Minh national academy of politics and public administration 2012; Laos - Vietnam cooperation in training and retraining for Lao security officers from 1962 to 2012 was written by Le Quang Manh, Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 2017 Relations between Laos - Vietnam, Vietnam - Laos is also the subject of many scientific conferences in Laos and Vietnam In 1991, Hanoi University organized a seminar on Vietnam - Laos, Laos - Vietnam Relations In 1995, the Vietnam Military History Institute organized a seminar on Vietnam - Laos Special Solidarity In 2002, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences coordinated with the People's Committee of Nghe An Province to organize a seminar on special friendship and solidarity between Vietnam and Laos: Traditional and prospects In 2007, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences and Lao National Academy of Social Sciences jointly organized a seminar on Special Solidarity, Combat Alliance and Comprehensive Cooperation between Vietnam and Laos in Vientiane In 2017, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences has cooperated with the Lao National Academy of Politics and Public Administration, Lao National Academy of Social Sciences to organize a 55-year seminar on special friendship and comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and Laos Also in 2017, Tay Bac University held a workshop to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Vietnam-Laos Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation 18 July 1977 -:- 18 July 2017 The scientific seminars mention Laos - Vietnam special relationship from many different angles Many articles mention the basis and factors affecting Laos - Vietnam relations Many articles refer to the achievements in cooperation between two countries through historical periods Some articles go into depth analysis of the cooperation relationship between two countries in fields, from politics, security and defense to economics, culture, education - training, and health Besides, there have also been many articles mentioning the cooperation relationship between localities of two countries, including the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province 1.1.2 Articles and studies directly mention the cooperation relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces 1.1.2.1 The studying works of Laos authors Directly referring to the cooperation relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017, there were a number of studying works and articles by Lao authors such as: ງຄະນະພັກແຂວງຫົວພັນ(ປີ1999), ປະຫວັດສາດມນເຊ ູ ້ື ອການຕ່ໍ ສູ້ ປະຕິວັດອງແຂວງຫົວພັນ ເຫ້ັ ຼ ມທີ I, ໂຮງພິມຈໍາຫນ່ າຍ ຊໍາເໜືອ (Traditional history of the revolutionary struggle in Hua Phan Province, volume I) compiled by Hua Phan Provincial Party Committee, Sam Nua Publishing House, 1999; Looking forward to boosting economic cooperation with Vietnam's Provinces was writeen by Phankham Viphavan, Speial Journal of World and Vietnam Newspaper, 2007; Traditional social organization of Phu Thay people in Hua Phan Province, the doctoral thesis of Kham Pheng Thipsmuntaly - University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Jobs for rural workers in Hua Phan Province, Lao PDR, The doctoral thesis of Kham Pheng Pheng Phac Dy, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Ha Noi, 2018 The above-mentioned works and articles not only mention the natural conditions, population, socio-economic situation of Hua Phan Province, but also mention the cooperation and assistance between this Province with some Provinces of Vietnam, especially Thanh Hoa Province 1.1.2.2 The studying works of Vietnamese authors In Vietnam, directly referring to the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces is mainly historical studies of the provincial and district Party Committees, military history and some doctoral theses Related to the history of the Provincial and District Party Committees and military history, there are typical works such as: History of the Party Committee of Thanh Hoa Province, volume (1930 – 1954),Thanh Hoa Publishing House; History of the Party Committee of Thanh Hoa Province, volume (1954 - 1975), National Political Publishing House, Ha Nii, 1996; Thanh Hoa with the Lao revolution and Hua Phan Province (1930 2010), Thanh Hoa Publishing House, 2012; Military zone - History of national construction and defense (1975-2005), People's Army Publishing House, Ha Noi 2005; History of the Party Committee of Nhu Xuan district (1949-2010), Thanh Hoa Publishing House, 2014; History of the Party Committee of Thuong Xuan district (1949- 2010), Thanh Hoa Publishing House, 2014; History of the Party Committee of Tho Xuan district, Thanh Hoa Publishing House- 2010 Among the doctoral thesises studying on Laos and the relationship between two countries, the following works have mentioned the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province: Indigenous knowledge of the Thai people in the mountainous areas of Thanh Hoa Province, the doctoral thesis of Vu Truong Giang, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2009; Relations between provinces of Lao PDR including Hua Phan, Xieng Khieng, Bolykhamxay and Kham Muon Provinces with Nghe An Province and Ha Tinh Province in Vietnam from 1976 to 2007, The doctoral thesis of Bui Van Hao, Học Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 2011; Hua Phan (Lao) - Son La (Vietnam) relationship from 1975 to 2012”, the doctoral thesis of Dang Thi Hong Lien, Hanoi University of Education, 2018 From different perspectives, the studying works mentioned above have initially outlined the basis, status and achievements of the cooperative relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province through historical periods 1.2 General comments on the studying situation of the topic and issues that the thesis should focus on solving 1.2.1 General comments From the process of referencing and analyzing articles and the studying works on the cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces in the years 1986 - 2017, we can draw some comments as follows: First, regarding to approach method: Laos - Vietnam relationship and cooperation between localities of two countries, including Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province, are interested by many leaders of the Party, State, Government, and researchers of two countries Starting from specific angles, when referring to this problem, the authors also have many different approaches There are many authors from the perspective of politics, economics, and geography However, there are also many authors from an historical perspective to study Among the above mentioned approaches, the approach from a historical perspective is most interested by many people Second, regarding to the studying content: Up to now, there have been a lot of studying works and articles wrote by Lao, Vietnamese authors and some other authors mentioning Laos - Vietnam special relationship Some works have studied in-depth the cooperative relationship between localities of two countries (such as Hua Phan - Son La relationship, Xieng Khieng - Nghe An relationship, Bolykhamxay - Ha Tinh relationship ) Through the studying works mentioned above, the basis and impact factors; reality; achievements and limitations, of Laos - Vietnam relations over historical periods have been relatively clear The cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 has also been mentioned by many works and articles However, these articles and works have only mentioned in some specific aspects, they have not fully 11 for the Laotian revolution On the basis of the solidarity between two sides, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces signed the document for becoming two twinned Provinces on 02 May 1967 The contributions of both human and wealth of the people of Thanh Hoa Province had not only contributed to the great victory of the spring 1975 in Vietnam, but also contributed to the victory of the Laos revolution 2.4 Benefit basis Cooperation between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province is made on the basis of mutual benefit The close cooperation between two sides does not only contribute to help the Provinces to stabilize politically, consolidate and enhance security and defense, but also facilitate each other in economic, cultural, educational development and development for other areas Particularly in the economic field, from 1986 onwards, with the mutually beneficial cooperation mechanism, the parties have created conditions to exploit each other's strengths, complement each other in all fields, from agriculture - forestry, industry, investment, capital construction, transportation, commerce, culture, education training, 2.5 Laos and Vietnam situation and guidelines and policies of two countries from 1986 to 2017 From 1986 to 2017, under the leadership of the Party, State and Government of Laos and Vietnam, the people of two countries have gradually successfully implemented the reform policy During this period, the political situation and social order of Laos and Vietnam was maintained; the national defense and security are strengthened and strengthened; step by step get out of the economic crisis to carry out the industrialization and modernization of the country; culture, education, healthcare and other fields have flourished … In the field of foreign affairs, Laos and Vietnam both implement the policy of multilateralization and diversification; join many international and regional organizations In particular, two countries continue to tighten their special friendship and comprehensive cooperation Relations between two countries are implemented through short-term and long-term agreements in the spirit of equality, mutual benefit, and promoting integration to enhance their position in the international arena 2.6 Socio-economic situation and foreign policy of Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 From 1986 to 2017, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces entered into a comprehensive renovation process and achieved many important achievements Political and social situation in Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces are stable, its security and defense are guaranteed The socialist-oriented market economy has played a leading role 12 and is promoting positively in both Provinces Therefore, people's lives are constantly being improved and enhanced, the culture, education and other fields have gained many achievements, the face of rural and urban areas has many innovations Under the leadership of the Party and Government of Laos, Vietnam, Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province have actively integrated regional and international integration Two Provinces have been opening doors to call on domestic and foreign companies to invest in production development Particularly for the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces, promoting comprehensive cooperation is both an objective requirement of each Province and a task to contribute to nurturing a special friendship relationship between Laos and Vietnam Although the cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces is carried out under a market mechanism, however, both sides still give special priority to each other This is a favorable basis for Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces to promote comprehensive cooperation in the years from 1986 to 2017 2.7 World and regional context From 1986 to 2017, the world situation had many changes, greatly affecting the Laos-Vietnam relations in general and the cooperation between the Provinces sharing the border of two countries in particular The collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern European socialist countries leading to the collapse of the Ianta bipolar order has fundamentally changed the trend in international relations, from confrontation to dialogue, cooperation for mutual development Globalization and regionalization have become and are becoming indispensable trends in international relations This trend is increasingly diverse in form and higher and more interconnected Therefore, in parallel with bilateral relations, multilateral and multinational relations have been increasingly strengthened The scientific and technological revolution took place like a storm, making the internationalization of production more and more on a global scale, changing foreign thinking and the mode of relations between countries as well as between cthe localities of the countries This is also the period when humanity has to face many challenges, such as population explosion, climate change, environmental pollution, epidemics Therefore, the countries of the world have to work together to solve it In addition, when studying Laos - Vietnam relations, it is impossible not to mention the impact from the policies of major countries, including China China is increasing its influence in many different regions and countries around the world, including Laos That has a significant impact on the relationship between Laos and Vietnam as well as to localities of two countries 13 Summary of chapter Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have the geopolitical and economic strategic positions of each country and the Indochinese peninsula This is not only an important area contributing to the splendid victories in the resistance wars against the invasion, but also has many potentials for economic development The population and culture of two Provinces also have many similarities Those are the bases for two sides to establish a traditional relationship The relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province was established very early, developed continuously, and increasingly closely linked Since the Communist Party of Indochina was born until 1975, the people of two Provinces have stood shoulder to shoulder together, making an important contribution to the cause of national liberation and national reunification During the years from 1976 to 1985, despite many difficulties, especially in economic terms, the people of two Provinces are still "For better or worse" together (get along and share good things even in the most difficult time) to heal the wounds of war, stabilize production and life From 1986 to 2017, although the world and regional situation had many changes, had many positive and negative impacts on the relationship between two sides, but under the wise leadership of the Party and State, the governments of Laos, Vietnam and on the basis of the achievements of the renovation cause in two countries, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have achieved many socio-economic achievements It can be said that, in the years from 1986 to 2017, despite being influenced by many factors (positive and negative), but on the basis of solid objectivity and subjectivity, the cooperative relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces has continuously developed and achieved many important achievements Chapter CONTENTS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE COOPERATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUA PHAN PROVINCE AND THANH HOA PROVINCE FROM 1986 TO 2017 3.1 Politics - foreign affairs From 1986 to 2017, political - foreign relations between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces continued to be consolidated and strengthened: According to the policies of the Party, State, Government of Laos and Vietnam, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa have established a special political-external relationship through their visits and mechanism of annual meeting with provincial leaders to sign long-term or shortterm cooperation agreements and programs Both sides have signed 07 five-year cooperation agreements, 31 one-year cooperation agreements, 15 two-year cooperation agreements 14 Under the direction of Hua Phan Provincial Government Committee and Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee, departments and sections at the provincial and district level sharing a border between two Provinces regularly visit to study from each other and sign cooperation minutes In particular, the communes, villages and Border guard stations of localities bordering two Provinces have implemented the program to exchange information every months Through this periodic exchange program, it helps border localities of two Provinces to well with border security Only from 2011 to 2015, the number of delegations from two Provinces met up to 454 delegations, nearly four times higher than the 2006-2010 period It can be said that Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have built up a serious scientific cooperation mechanism, vividly demonstrating the policy of "people's external relations" 3.2 National security & defense and border issues 3.2.1 National security and defense Cooperation in national defense and security between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 mainly focused on basic contents such as: - To carry out a program of cooperation in assuring national defense and security and maintaining social order and safety, and security in the border area; always ready to smash illegal sabotage and evangelization activities in the border area between two Provinces - Coordinate in the fight against smuggling and national banned goods, prevent social evils, especially drug crimes Only from 2011 to 2015, the security forces of two Provinces coordinated to deploy 31 operations, 08 specialized cases, detected and arrested 32 subjects, collected 141.15 kg of heroin, 38.82 kg of opium, 85,685 synthetic drug tablets… seized USD 59,000, Thai baht 29,000 - Regularly maintaining cooperation in military training and technical training, supporting the construction of materials and techniques for combat 3.2.2 Border issues Cooperation in border issues between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 focused on the following contents: solving the situation of invasion, invasion; management of people crossing the border; protect and embellish the system of landmarks Only from 2011 to 2015, both sides coordinated to complete the plan to thicken and embellish the Laos-Vietnam national border system in the border area between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces with 88 locations/92 landmarks and locations/13 piles according to the plan, strictly ensuring the legality and international practice The management, protection and settlement of free migration, illegal border crossing, intrusion farming, invasive migration, and illegal marriage have gained many results The situation of 15 social order and safety - national defense and security in the areas on the border of both sides is basically stable 3.3 Economic relations 3.3.1 Agriculture and Forestry Cooperation in the field of agriculture and forestry between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 continued to be promoted and focused on contents such as: science - technology transfer, technical staff training, training on mushroom production techniques for experts and farmers; visiting, learning and exchanging experiences in the field of cultivation and husbandry; construction of agricultural infrastructure, especially irrigation works; to formulate rural development projects in key economic regions of Hua Phan Province; building high-quality agricultural models (such as oyster mushroom, wood ear fungus); coordinate in forest planning, protection and development as well as logging and wood processing 3.3.2 Industry, investment, basic construction and transportation Cooperation in the fields of industry, investment, capital construction and transportation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 focused on issues such as: surveying resources in border areas; to develop production of construction materials, mechanics, and forest product processing; to deploy construction of infrastructure works, civil construction, hydropower projects and roads The most prominent in the field of transport cooperation is that both sides have invested in upgrading the Sam To - Thuong Xuan route; expanding National Highway 217 from National Highway 1A to Na Meo border gate, implementing the project to expand the Hoi Xuan - Ten Tan route; planning project to open the Thanh Hoa - Hua Phan - Xieng Khong route (from Kheo - Ta Lan border gate to Sam To district) 3.3.3 Commerce/Trade Trade cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 focused on such contents as: market survey and signing goods and materials exchange contracts; management of official import and export activities via the border gate on the basis of two countries' regulations; solving problems related to unofficial trade, coordinating in the efficient exploitation of the operation of border markets With determination of both sides, cooperation in the field of trade has achieved many achievements, import-export turnover continuously increased ( it reached USD 10,521,000 in the 1996-2000 period; USD 62,851,597 in the 2011-2015 period, 03 times higher than the 2006-2010 period and 2.5 times higher than the target set out 3.4 Cooperation in the field of culture and education - training 3.4.1 Culture Two Provinces promote cultural, arts, and sports exchanges, and strengthen the organization of activities to celebrate the common anniversary on the occasion of major 16 holidays; promote tourism activities, deploy activities to visit scenic spots, historic sites; organize Thanh Hoa - Hua Phan friendship culture weeks 3.4.2 Education - training Cooperation in culture and education - training of both sides focuses on shifting from training high school to university, master, and specialist training; work together to improve the quality of educational cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces; coordinate teaching Vietnamese and Lao language In addition to regular long-term training, from 1986 to 2017, two Provinces coordinated to open more retraining courses, knowledge supplementary classes, short-term staff training courses in management fields; cooperating to support Hua Phan in building facilities for the development of the education sector From 1986 to 2017, Thanh Hoa received and trained 959 students for Hua Phan Province 3.5 Cooperation in other fields During the period from 1986 to 2017, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces cooperated closely in the health sector and other activities In terms of health, both sides cooperated in providing medical examination and treatment for people, especially receiving people in border areas (from 1992 to 2017, Thanh Hoa Province examined and treated for 15,924 people in Hua Phan Province; Hua Phan Province examined and treated 420 people in Thanh Hoa); disease prevention, investment in construction of health facilities … In other fields, both sides have closely cooperated on expert work; Search and remove 1,691 remains of Vietnamese martyrs who died in Laos Summary of chapter Promoting the tradition of solidarity in the national liberation struggle, national reunification and the spirit of "For better or worse" together (get along and share good things even in the most difficult time) in the period when two countries implement the bureaucratic and subsidized mechanism, enter a period of reform, in the direction of the Party, State and Government of Laos, Vietnam, Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province continued to strengthen comprehensive cooperation and achieved many important achievements From 1986 to 2017, the external political relations between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces went into depth, creating conditions for both sides to promote other fields of cooperation Cooperation in security and defense and border work has contributed to helping two Provinces maintain political and social stability, successfully completing border security, basically ending the situation of intrusion farming, invasive migration and minimize the situation of smuggling and trafficking in banned national goods across the border 17 Economy has become the central task of the cooperation relationship between two Provinces in this period and there have been many profound changes, both in terms of mechanism and results From the "aid" and help" are mainly, both sides have shifted to cooperation according to the market mechanism with mutual benefits From a small cooperation at the immediate request of both sides, shifted to cooperation under shortterm and long-term programs Cooperation in culture, education - training, health and other fields between two Provinces from 1986 to 2017 has also changed and gained many important achievements, especially in the field of human resource training, medical examination and treatment and collection of the remains of Vietnamese volunteer martyrs who died in Laos It can be said that in the comprehensive cooperation process between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017, there are still some shortcomings and limitations, but many achievements have been basically gained, making an important contribution in affirming the special friendship relationship between Laos and Vietnam Chapter COMMENT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUA PHAN PROVINCE AND THANH HOA PROVINCE FROM 1986 TO 2017 4.1 Achievements and limitations 4.1.1 Major achievements Promoting the tradition of solidarity in the cause of national liberation struggle (1975 and earlier) and the early years of national construction (1975 - 1985), from 1986 to 2017, Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province has strengthened comprehensive cooperation in all aspects, bringing the bilateral relations to a higher new stage During this period, the cooperation between two Provinces achieved the following important achievement: In the spirit of diversifying and multilateralizing foreign relations of the Party, State of Laos and Vietnam and through the policy of "people's external relations", Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have made great strides in political - foreign relations During this period, both sides signed long-term cooperation agreements (5 years), 15 two-year cooperation agreements, 31 one-year cooperation agreements Bilateral political relations are not only implemented at the provincial level, departments, but also widely deployed down to districts, communes, villages, and border guard post (in the areas bordering two Provinces) Through cooperation agreements as well as practical cooperation activities, Thanh Hoa and Hua Phan Provinces have deepened bilateral relations, serving as a basis for promoting other fields of cooperation 18 One of the important fields in Laos-Vietnam cooperation in general and the Provinces sharing the border between two countries is security - defense and border work In this area, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have overcome all difficulties (the border between two Provinces is 192 km long, the terrain is very complicated, residents of two Provinces intermingled with each other ) to fulfill the task well Both sides have closely coordinated to maintain political stability and social order in the border areas; smashed the divisive, destructive plot of the hostile forces; thoroughly resolved the situation of invasion farming, invasive migration; won many achievements in the fight against smuggling and trafficking of national banned goods across borders; enlighten and raise people's awareness of border protection; maintain the border of peace and friendship Economy is one of the central areas in the cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces in the renovational era In this area, the cooperation between both sides has achieved many important achievements, contributing into economic development and improving and enhancing the lives of the people of each Province The most outstanding feature in economic cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces during this period is that both sides have gradually changed from the mechanism of "aid", "help" to a mechanism of "mutual benefit” Bilateral economic cooperation in this period took place not only within the state framework, but also involving many private enterprises; not only stop at some traditional fields but also many new fields; The method of matching is also very rich and diverse In the bilateral economic cooperation, the field of trade - investment has been focused to exploit each other's strengths In the fields of culture, education, health and other fields, the cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces has also undergone many innovations and achieved many important achievements, contributing to improving the spiritual life of citizen In these fields, human resource training cooperation has taken place regularly and continuously Thanh Hoa Province have not only trained thousands of teachers, medical and pharmacists for Hua Phan Province, but also opened many professional training courses for many officials of Hua Phan Province Although the above-mentioned achievements are still modest, they have had a great impact on the socio-economic situation of Hua Phan Province as well as Thanh Hoa Province The cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 achieved the above important achievements due to the following reasons: Firstly, During the cooperation process, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have always received the attention and direction of the Party, State and Government of two countries Especially since 1967, with the consent of the Government of Laos and the 19 Government of Vietnam, Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province have become brothers This is an important foundation for both sides to promote comprehensive cooperation, especially since two countries implement the renewal path Secondly, the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province has a long-standing history, stemed from the tradition of solidarity throughout the history of building and defending the country of two peoples In the resistance wars against foreign aggression, as well as in the cause of building the homeland, the people of Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province always stand side by side to go from victory to victory Thirdly, since 1986, under the leadership of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the Communist Party of Vietnam, the people of two countries have implemented the renewal policy The achievements in the renewal process in Laos and Vietnam is one of the important factors for Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces to develop in all aspects, especially in the economy, thereby forming a solid foundation for comprehensive cooperation between two Provinces from 1986 to 2017 Fourthly, during the implementation of the cooperation, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have launched many emulation rounds to implement the set objectives in each specific time This contributes to a high efficiency in the process of performing both sides' tasks Fifthly, under the direct leadership of the Provincial Party Committee, the People's Committee of Hua Phan Province and the Provincial Party Committee, the People's Committee of Thanh Hoa Province, the concerned agencies and bordering localities have proposed appropriate strategies in each field, cooperation program In addition, achievements in the cooperative relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 have the close coordination and cooperation between relevant branches, units and localities of two Provinces Both sides solved the work in the spirit of self-awareness, finishing according to the proposed roadmap and attaching great importance to the quality of the cooperation 4.1.2 Some limitations In addition to the achievements, the cooperative relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 still has some shortcomings: Political - foreign relations between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 have basically gained many achievements, especially the ""people's external relations" mechanism However, in the process of implementing the policy of the Province, many localities of both sides have still implemented slowly, many places are still formal Although the security and defense forces of two Provinces have overcome all difficulties to complete their tasks, they have not completely solved the situation of smuggling of illegal goods and banned goods across the border 20 Although from the end of 1986, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces started to implement the reform line, but the transition from the bureaucratic and subsidized mechanism to the business accounting mechanism is relatively slow, so the effectiveness of cooperation in the first stage (from 1986 to 1995) was not high, especially in the economic field Hua Phan Province has many strengths for economic development, especially forest and mineral resources Meanwhile, Thanh Hoa Province has strengths in marine, labor and technology But in the process of cooperation, both sides have not fully exploited each other's potentials and strengths Cooperation in afforestation, exploitation and processing of forest products is still on a small scale Science and technology transfer cooperation has not yet met the requirements and expectations of both sides Some orientations for cooperation in new areas are only limited to commitments or agreements … There are still many shortcomings and lack of strictness in the trade management according to the quota The cooperation relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 still has shortcomings and limitations mentioned above due to the following reasons: First, the cooperation relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 was carried out in the context of many difficulties, especially in the economy The economies of Laos, Vietnam as well as that of Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces, despite having a breakthrough in the renovation period, are still in the top underdevelopment Second, the cooperative relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 took place in the context that Laos and Vietnam were implementing the policy of "opening the door", the multilateral foreign policy, making friends with all countries, it is more or less dominated by objective factors, must compete with other relations Third, the foreign affairs staff of departments, branches and border localities of two Provinces are still thin, their qualifications are more or less limited, especially foreign languages, so it more or less affects the progress and effectiveness of cooperation In addition, the border crossing procedures of officials and people are not really clear, especially regulations on visiting relatives or standards of exchanged goods 4.2 Characteristics The status of the cooperative relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province in the years 1986 - 2017 shows the following basic characteristics: 4.2.1 In the flow of Laos - Vietnam relations, from 1986 to 2017, the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province has full content, nature and characteristics of the "special friendship and comprehensive cooperation”, is a natural and inevitable attachment and is a complementary and supportive relationship each other 21 4.2.2 With a close cooperation mechanism, from Province to district, commune, post, the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 vividly demonstrated the policy of "people's external relations" and the direction of diversifying and multilateralizing Vietnam's foreign relations in the period of renovation and international integration 4.2.3 The cooperation relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces is one of the typical examples in the concretization of special friendship and comprehensive cooperation between two countries 4.2.4 Although there are many similarities with Hua Phan - Son La and Hua Phan - Nghe An relations, Hua Phan - Thanh Hoa relationship is more prominent in terms of scale and cooperation level 4.3 Some lessons learned From the current situation of cooperation between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province in the years 1986 - 2017, some of the following lessons can be drawn: In order to strengthen the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces in the coming years, first of all, it is necessary to further strengthen the political-foreign relations Although from 1986 to 2017, the political security and social order situation in Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces was maintained, but reactionary forces at home and abroad always sought ways to oppose the government, therefore, both sides need closer cooperation on defense and security and border work In the context of the increasingly deepening international integration of Laos and Vietnam, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces need to take flexible measures and appropriate steps to promote economic cooperation From 1986 to 2017, cooperation in culture, education - training, science technology, health and other fields gained many important achievements, however, it has not met the wishes of both sides and is not commensurate with the available capacity Therefore, along with promoting the political, security - defense and economic cooperation, both sides should pay attention to promoting these cooperation fields both in breadth and depth CONCLUSIONS In-depth studying on the cooperative relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017, we draw the following conclusions: From the friendly neighborly relationship in the beginning of building the country and "special solidarity, coalition fighting" in the years side by side against the common enemy oftwo nations, Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province have built and developed a special friendship and comprehensive cooperation from 1986 to 2017 22 The "friendly neighbor" relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province is established on the basis of geographical proximity, many similarities in natural, economic, cultural conditions and potentials for economic development of two Provinces “Special solidarity, coalition fighting” between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province was established since the birth of the Communist Party of Indochina (1930) From then until 1975, the people of two Provinces shared a trench in the struggle for national liberation The solidarity, coalition fighting against common enemies of the people of two Provinces created a synergy, contributing into the revolution of two countries going from this victory to another victory After the August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam and the uprising uprising to take power in Laos was victorious, together with the army and people of two countries, the army and people of two Provinces continued to fight together to expel the French colonialists and the American imperialism, complete the cause of national liberation and national reunification The relationship between two Provinces has been forged during the difficult years, embellished with the blood of heroic martyrs who bravely sacrificed themselves for noble international obligations After the historic victory in 1975, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces continued to stand side by side to overcome the consequences of war and build the country Although both Laos and Vietnam faced many difficulties during this period, especially in the economy, with the spirit of "the leaves protect tattered ones", under the leadership of the Party and State of Vietnam, Thanh Hoa Province has wholeheartedly helping and assisting Hua Phan Province in all aspects The friendship and comprehensive cooperation between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 is the continuation of the traditional relationship between both sides That is both the needs, the target and the mission of each party in the new revolutionary period Despite the changes in the regional and international situation has had a great impact on Laos - Vietnam relations in general and the relationship between two Provinces in particular, but under the timely leadership and direction of the Party, Government of two countries, the determination of the Party Committees of two Provinces, the cooperation of Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa in the years from 1986 to 2017 still developed in breadth and depth It can be said that the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 is the epitome of special friendship, comprehensive LaosVietnam cooperation and is a vivid expression of the relations between two countries in the renovation period The cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 was implemented on the basis of the undertakings and policies of the Party, State and Governments of two countries Most of the cooperation fields of two 23 countries have the participation and implementation of two Provinces, the achievements as well as shortcomings and limitations in the cooperation between two Provinces have quite fully reflected the current status of two countries Relations between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces hold an important position and have a great impact on the situation as well as the relationship between two countries In terms of nature, the relationship between two countries as well as the relationship between two Provinces is a special friendship and comprehensive cooperation The cooperation between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 took place regularly, continuously and achieved many important achievements In the context of the world situation, Southeast Asia and two countries (Laos - Vietnam) have many changes, the relationship between two Provinces is still developing strongly and gaining many important achievements In the spirit of the renewal policy, both sides have brought into play their internal strengths to exploit their existing potentials and strengths, combined with "opening door" to attract foreign investment, creating an important breakthrough in the economic field, on that basis, raising the relationship between two regions to a new step, with more quality and efficiency With the policy of people's diplomacy, Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces have built an expanded cooperation mechanism, from the provincial level to the district, commune, village and post levels With a new mode of cooperation: equality, mutual benefits on the basis of giving priority to each other through annual strategic agreements, the relationship between two Provinces "took place excitingly, effectively and in depth in many fields, in which economic cooperation - trade, culture, education - training has become a key stage The achievements gained in the bilateral cooperation contributed significantly to changing the socio-economic face of two Provinces, at the same time promoting the friendship and comprehensive cooperation between two countries for mutual development Despite getting some important achievements, the relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 still has many limitations, not commensurate with the potentials and has not met the requirements and desire of both sides Although Hua Phan Province has great potential for forest resources, minerals and hydropower, and Thanh Hoa Province has marine potential and strengths in labor and technology, but during the cooperation process, both sides have not fully exploited each other's strengths In the years from 1986 to 2017, although the cooperation had grown to a higher and more efficient step, the economies of both sides were still limited, poor infrastructure and unequal development between two Provinces Therefore, in the cooperation process, especially in economic cooperation, there are still many shortcomings The status of cooperation in the years 1986 - 2017 between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces shows some outstanding features such as: (1) Relations between 24 Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017 are fully the content, nature and mode of "special and comprehensive" cooperation of Laos - Vietnam relations; (2) That relationship is done under a close cooperation mechanism, from provincial to district, commune, and post level, on the basis of the policy of "people's external relations"; (3) The cooperation relationship between Hua Phan Province and Thanh Hoa Province is one of the typical examples in concretizing the special friendship and comprehensive cooperation between two countries; (4) Although there are many similarities with Hua Phan - Son La and Hua Phan - Nghe An relations, Hua Phan - Thanh Hoa relationship is more prominent in terms of cooperation scale and level These features, on the one hand, create the unique identity of this relationship pair, on the other hand, it contributes to diversifying and enriching Laos-Vietnam relations In order for the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces to continue to develop, both sides need to develop a suitable cooperation strategy based on the lessons learned from the bilateral relationship in the years from 1986 to 2017: (1) Strengthening information exchange and visits and working sessions between authorities of two Provinces to further strengthen political-external relations (2) Promote propaganda and education for all classes of people, especially the young generation, deeply realize the special traditional relationship between two countries and two Provinces as well as the significance and importance of increasing strengthening cooperation relations between both sides in the current period (3) In the process of cooperation, it must always uphold the principle of mutual respect, respect for the creative autonomy of each party, avoid subjective imposition, machinery, stereotyped dogma, which affects the special friendly relations between the people of two Provinces as well as two countries (4) The authorities at all levels must have a plan to regularly monitor, inspect and evaluate the implementation of the cooperation contents, promptly detect mistakes and shortcomings in order to discuss solutions to overcome, to handle; flexibly and creatively apply the instructions and policies of the Party, State and Government of two countries into the specific circumstances of two Provinces in the cooperation process (5) Diversifying forms of cooperation so that Hua Phan Province as well as Thanh Hoa Province will be more active in deploying and implementing cooperation programs (6) Utilize all advantages of bilateral relations to raise that relationship of both sides to a higher level THE SCIENTIFIC WORKS PUBLISHED RELATED TO THE THESIS Bui Van Hao, Luu Thi Kim (2016), “Cooperation in the field of industry, construction, transportation between Nghe An Province (Vietnam) and Xieng Khieng Province, Bolykhamxay Province (Laos) from 1991 to 2014”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, No 7, page 59-63 Luu Thi Kim (2020), "Cooperation in culture, education - training and health of Thanh Hoa Province (Vietnam) with Hua Phan Province (Laos) from 1986 to present”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, No 8, page 63-70 Luu Thi Kim (2020), “Some achievements in education and training cooperation relationship between Thanh Hoa Province (Vietnam) and Hua Phan Province (Laos) 1986-2017”, Journal of Party History, No 10, page 65-68 Luu Thi Kim (2020), Twinning cooperation between branches and localities, promoting people's diplomacy between Thanh Hoa and Hua Phan Provinces”, Communist Review, issue on 07 February 2020 Luu Thi Kim (2020), Border Cooperation between Thanh Hoa Province (Vietnam) and Hua Phan Province (Lao PDR) from 1977 to the present, Journal of Science, Vinh University No 3B/2020, page 35 - 43 ... from 1986 to 2017? ?? as the topic of my doctoral thesis of history Scope and objects of the study 2.1 Subject of the study The study object of the topic is relationship between Hua Phan Province and. .. Province and Thanh Hoa Province from 1986 to 2017 2.2 Scope of the study Time: The thesis focuses on studying: the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to the end of 2017 Since... Analyzing the bases and factors affecting the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces - Analyzing the status of the relationship between Hua Phan and Thanh Hoa Provinces from 1986 to 2017