Preview The Periodic Table Natures Building Blocks An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses by Concepcion P. Ponce, J. Theo Kloprogge, and Tom Loomis (2020) Preview The Periodic Table Natures Building Blocks An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses by Concepcion P. Ponce, J. Theo Kloprogge, and Tom Loomis (2020) Preview The Periodic Table Natures Building Blocks An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses by Concepcion P. Ponce, J. Theo Kloprogge, and Tom Loomis (2020) Preview The Periodic Table Natures Building Blocks An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses by Concepcion P. Ponce, J. Theo Kloprogge, and Tom Loomis (2020)
The Periodic Table: Nature’s Building Blocks An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins, and Their Uses The Periodic Table: Nature’s Building Blocks An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins, and Their Uses J Theo Kloprogge School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines Concepcion P Ponce Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines Tom A Loomis Dakota Matrix, Rapid City, SD, United States Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-821279-0 For Information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Susan Dennis Acquisitions Editor: Emily M McCloskey Editorial Project Manager: Liz Heijkoop Production Project Manager: Swapna Srinivasan Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Dedication To my late wife, Vicki Klar-Loomis (1950À2018) She supported my out-of-control hobby, which turned into a business She was a trooper through the decades of rugged field collecting always with a smile and a twinkle in her eye Her encouragement and inspiration will never be forgotten Thank you my dear Contents Preface History of the periodic table and the structure of the atom xiii 1.1 History of the period table 1.1.1 Hennig Brand (c.1630À1692 or c.1710) 1.1.2 Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 to May 8, 1794) 1.1.3 William Prout (January 15, 1785 to April 9, 1850) 1.1.4 Johann Wolfgang Doăbereiner (December 13, 1780 to March 24, 1849) 1.1.5 Alexandre-Emile Be´guyer de Chancourtois (January 20, 1820 to November 14, 1886) 1.1.6 John Newlands (November 26, 1837 to July 29, 1898) 1.1.7 Julius Lothar Meyer (August 19, 1830 to April 11, 1895) 1.1.8 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev [February 8, 1834 to February 2, 1907 (OS January 27, 1834 to January 20, 1907)] 1.1.9 William Odling (September 5, 1829 to February 17, 1921) 1.1.10 Shortcomings of early versions of the periodic table so far 1.1.11 Frederick Soddy (September 2, 1877 to September 22, 1956) 1.1.12 Henry Moseley (November 23, 1887 to August 10, 1915) 1.1.13 Glenn T Seaborg (April 19, 1912 to February 25, 1999) 1.2 Short history and basic properties of the atom 1.2.1 History 1.2.2 Structure and properties References Further reading 16 23 23 Minerals, ores, and mining 27 2.1 Short introduction to mineralogy 2.2 Advanced chemical analytical techniques 2.2.1 Electron microscopy 2.2.2 X-ray fluorescence 2.2.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 2.2.4 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy 2.2.5 Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry 2.3 Natural abundances of the elements in the Earth’s crust 2.3.1 Earth 2.3.2 Crust 2.3.3 Rare earth elements 2.3.4 Mantle 2.3.5 Core 2.4 Ore genesis 2.4.1 Ore-forming processes 2.4.2 Metamorphic processes 2.4.3 Sedimentary or surficial processes (exogenous) 2.5 Mining 2.5.1 History 2.5.2 Mine development and life cycle 2.5.3 Mining techniques 2.6 Environmental impact 2.6.1 Erosion 2.6.2 Sinkholes 2.6.3 Water pollution 2.6.4 Acid rock drainage 2.6.5 Treatment 2.6.6 Effect on biodiversity 2.6.7 Waste 2.6.8 Effects of mine pollution on humans A.1 Elements not included (not occurring as minerals or only existing as synthetic elements) A.2 What is described for each element? A.2.1 Discovery A.2.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 27 32 32 34 38 42 42 45 45 45 49 49 49 49 50 52 52 53 53 62 62 63 63 64 64 64 65 67 68 69 70 70 70 70 vii viii Contents A.2.3 Chemistry A.2.4 Major uses References Further reading 70 70 70 71 Periods and 75 3.1 H — hydrogen 3.1.1 Discovery 3.1.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 3.1.3 Chemistry 3.1.4 Major uses 3.2 Li — Lithium 3.2.1 Discovery 3.2.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 3.2.3 Chemistry 3.2.4 Major uses 3.3 Be — Beryllium 3.3.1 Discovery 3.3.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 3.3.3 Chemistry 3.3.4 Major uses 3.4 B — Boron 3.4.1 Discovery 3.4.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 3.4.3 Chemistry 3.4.4 Major uses 3.5 C — Carbon 3.5.1 Discovery 3.5.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 3.5.3 Chemistry 3.5.4 Major uses 3.6 N — Nitrogen 3.6.1 Discovery 3.6.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 3.6.3 Chemistry 3.6.4 Major uses 3.7 O — Oxygen 3.7.1 Discovery 3.7.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 3.7.3 Chemistry 3.7.4 Major uses 3.8 F — Fluorine 3.8.1 Discovery 3.8.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 75 75 75 79 84 85 85 87 87 93 94 94 95 98 104 106 106 107 109 119 120 120 121 124 131 132 132 132 137 140 142 142 145 146 151 153 153 154 3.8.3 Chemistry 3.8.4 Major uses References Further reading Period 4.1 11 Na — Sodium 4.1.1 Discovery 4.1.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 4.1.3 Chemistry 4.1.4 Major uses 4.2 12 Mg — Magnesium 4.2.1 Discovery 4.2.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 4.2.3 Chemistry 4.2.4 Major uses 4.3 13 Al — Aluminum 4.3.1 Discovery 4.3.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 4.3.3 Chemistry 4.3.4 Major uses 4.4 14 Si — Silicon 4.4.1 Discovery 4.4.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 4.4.3 Chemistry 4.4.4 Major uses 4.5 15 P — Phosphorus 4.5.1 Discovery 4.5.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 4.5.3 Chemistry 4.5.4 Major uses 4.6 16 S — Sulfur 4.6.1 Discovery 4.6.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 4.6.3 Chemistry 4.6.4 Major uses 4.7 17 Cl — Chlorine 4.7.1 Discovery 4.7.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 4.7.3 Chemistry 4.7.4 Major uses 157 159 161 161 165 165 165 166 168 172 173 173 174 176 179 180 180 182 189 192 193 193 194 197 206 208 208 210 212 223 224 224 225 233 238 239 239 241 245 248 References 249 Further reading 250 Contents Period 5.1 19 K — Potassium 5.1.1 Discovery 5.1.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.1.3 Chemistry 5.1.4 Major uses 5.2 20 Ca — Calcium 5.2.1 Discovery 5.2.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.2.3 Chemistry 5.2.4 Major uses 5.3 21 Sc — Scandium 5.3.1 Discovery 5.3.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.3.3 Chemistry 5.3.4 Major uses 5.4 22 Ti — Titanium 5.4.1 Discovery 5.4.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.4.3 Chemistry 5.4.4 Major uses 5.5 23 V — Vanadium 5.5.1 Discovery 5.5.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.5.3 Chemistry 5.5.4 Major uses 5.6 24 Cr — Chromium 5.6.1 Discovery 5.6.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.6.3 Chemistry 5.6.4 Major uses 5.7 25 Mn — Manganese 5.7.1 Discovery 5.7.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.7.3 Chemistry 5.7.4 Major uses 5.8 26 Fe — Iron 5.8.1 Discovery 5.8.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.8.3 Chemistry 5.8.4 Major uses 5.9 27 Co — Cobalt 5.9.1 Discovery 5.9.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 253 253 253 253 256 259 261 261 262 265 269 271 271 271 273 278 278 278 279 282 296 297 297 298 299 312 314 314 315 317 327 329 329 330 332 342 343 343 345 350 356 357 357 358 5.9.3 Chemistry 5.9.4 Major uses 5.10 28 Ni — Nickel 5.10.1 Discovery 5.10.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.10.3 Chemistry 5.10.4 Major uses 5.11 29 Cu — Copper 5.11.1 Discovery 5.11.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.11.3 Chemistry 5.11.4 Major uses 5.12 30 Zn — Zinc 5.12.1 Discovery 5.12.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.12.3 Chemistry 5.12.4 Major uses 5.13 31 Ga — Gallium 5.13.1 Discovery 5.13.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.13.3 Chemistry 5.13.4 Major uses 5.14 32 Ge — Germanium 5.14.1 Discovery 5.14.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.14.3 Chemistry 5.14.4 Major uses 5.15 33 As — Arsenic 5.15.1 Discovery 5.15.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.15.3 Chemistry 5.15.4 Major uses 5.16 34 Se — Selenium 5.16.1 Discovery 5.16.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.16.3 Chemistry 5.16.4 Major uses 5.17 35 Br — Bromine 5.17.1 Discovery 5.17.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 5.17.3 Chemistry 5.17.4 Major uses References Further reading ix 361 368 369 369 370 373 383 384 384 385 388 405 407 407 409 411 421 424 424 425 425 428 430 430 431 433 435 436 436 438 439 445 446 446 447 449 453 453 453 455 456 458 459 461 x Contents Period 6.1 37 Rb — Rubidium 6.1.1 Discovery 6.1.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.1.3 Chemistry 6.1.4 Major uses 6.2 38 Sr — Strontium 6.2.1 Discovery 6.2.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.2.3 Chemistry 6.2.4 Major uses 6.3 39 Y — Yttrium 6.3.1 Discovery 6.3.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.3.3 Chemistry 6.3.4 Major uses 6.4 40 Zr — Zirconium 6.4.1 Discovery 6.4.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.4.3 Chemistry 6.4.4 Major uses 6.5 41 Nb — Niobium 6.5.1 Discovery 6.5.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.5.3 Chemistry 6.5.4 Major uses 6.6 42 Mo — Molybdenum 6.6.1 Discovery 6.6.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.6.3 Chemistry 6.6.4 Major uses 6.7 44 Ru — Ruthenium 6.7.1 Discovery 6.7.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.7.3 Chemistry 6.7.4 Major uses 6.8 45 Rh — Rhodium 6.8.1 Discovery 6.8.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.8.3 Chemistry 6.8.4 Major uses 6.9 46 Pd — Palladium 6.9.1 Discovery 6.9.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 477 6.9.3 Chemistry 6.9.4 Major uses 6.10 47 Ag — Silver 6.10.1 Discovery 6.10.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.10.3 Chemistry 6.10.4 Major uses 6.11 48 Cd — Cadmium 6.11.1 Discovery 6.11.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.11.3 Chemistry 6.11.4 Major uses 6.12 49 In — Indium 6.12.1 Discovery 6.12.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.12.3 Chemistry 6.12.4 Major uses 6.13 50 Sn — Tin 6.13.1 Discovery 6.13.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.13.3 Chemistry 6.13.4 Major uses 6.14 51 Sb — Antimony 6.14.1 Discovery 6.14.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.14.3 Chemistry 6.14.4 Major uses 6.15 52 Te — Tellurium 6.15.1 Discovery 6.15.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.15.3 Chemistry 6.15.4 Major uses 6.16 53 I — Iodine 6.16.1 Discovery 6.16.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 6.16.3 Chemistry 6.16.4 Major uses References Further reading 477 477 477 479 483 483 483 485 487 490 491 491 492 497 501 502 502 503 505 511 512 512 513 517 522 523 523 524 527 531 532 532 533 534 537 538 538 539 539 542 543 543 544 Periods and (including lanthanides and actinides) 7.1 55 Cs — Cesium 7.1.1 Discovery 7.1.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 545 549 550 550 552 557 561 562 562 563 565 570 571 571 572 574 577 578 578 579 582 588 589 589 591 595 601 602 602 603 606 611 611 611 613 615 618 620 622 633 633 633 634 Contents 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.1.3 Chemistry 7.1.4 Major uses 56 Ba — Barium 7.2.1 Discovery 7.2.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.2.3 Chemistry 7.2.4 Major uses 57 La — Lanthanum 7.3.1 Discovery 7.3.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.3.3 Chemistry 7.3.4 Major uses 58 Ce — Cerium 7.4.1 Discovery 7.4.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.4.3 Chemistry 7.4.4 Major uses 60 Nd — Neodymium 7.5.1 Discovery 7.5.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.5.3 Chemistry 7.5.4 Major uses 62 Sm — Samarium 7.6.1 Discovery 7.6.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.6.3 Chemistry 7.6.4 Major uses 64 Gd — Gadolinium 7.7.1 Discovery 7.7.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.7.3 Chemistry 7.7.4 Major uses 66 Dy — Dysprosium 7.8.1 Discovery 7.8.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.8.3 Chemistry 7.8.4 Major uses 70 Yb — Ytterbium 7.9.1 Discovery 7.9.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.9.3 Chemistry 7.9.4 Major uses 72 Hf — Hafnium 7.10.1 Discovery 7.10.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 635 639 641 641 642 644 648 649 649 650 653 655 656 656 657 661 665 666 666 667 669 672 674 674 676 677 680 683 683 683 684 687 689 689 689 690 693 694 694 695 696 698 700 700 702 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.10.3 Chemistry 7.10.4 Major uses 73 Ta — Tantalum 7.11.1 Discovery 7.11.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.11.3 Chemistry 7.11.4 Major uses 74 W — Tungsten 7.12.1 Discovery 7.12.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.12.3 Chemistry 7.12.4 Major uses 75 Re — Rhenium 7.13.1 Discovery 7.13.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.13.3 Chemistry 7.13.4 Major uses 76 Os — Osmium 7.14.1 Discovery 7.14.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.14.3 Chemistry 7.14.4 Major uses 77 Ir — Iridium 7.15.1 Discovery 7.15.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.15.3 Chemistry 7.15.4 Major uses 78 Pt — Platinum 7.16.1 Discovery 7.16.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.16.3 Chemistry 7.16.4 Major uses 79 Au — Gold 7.17.1 Discovery 7.17.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.17.3 Chemistry 7.17.4 Major uses 80 Hg — Mercury 7.18.1 Discovery 7.18.2 Mining, production, and major minerals 7.18.3 Chemistry 7.18.4 Major uses 81 Tl — Thallium 7.19.1 Discovery 7.19.2 Mining, production, and major minerals xi 703 706 707 707 709 714 717 718 718 719 722 729 732 732 733 734 740 741 741 743 743 748 749 749 751 753 759 760 760 762 764 770 771 771 775 778 783 786 786 787 790 802 803 803 804 .. .The Periodic Table: Nature’s Building Blocks An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins, and Their Uses The Periodic Table: Nature’s Building Blocks An Introduction to. .. laboratories 1.2 Short history and basic properties of the atom It is impossible to see the history of the periodic table and the discovery of the elements separate from the history of the atom and. .. learn and what we need to learn June 17, 2020 J Theo Kloprogge Concepcion P Ponce Tom A Loomis xiii Chapter History of the periodic table and the structure of the atom 1.1 History of the period table