Preview Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition by Karen C. Timberlake (2014)

Preview Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition by Karen C. Timberlake (2014) Preview Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition by Karen C. Timberlake (2014) Preview Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition by Karen C. Timberlake (2014) Preview Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition by Karen C. Timberlake (2014) Preview Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition by Karen C. Timberlake (2014)

Periodic Table of Elements Representative elements Halogens Noble gases Alkali Alkaline metals earth metals Period number Group 1A 1 H 1.008 3 Li 13 14 15 16 17 Group Group Group Group Group 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Group 2A Be 6.941 9.012 11 12 22.99 24.31 19 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 20 21 22 Ti 23 V 24 25 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 37 38 39 40 41 Na Mg K B Transition elements Ca Sc 8B 10 26 27 54.94 55.85 42 43 C N O 18 Group 8A He 4.003 10 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 F Ne 13 Al 14 Si 15 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 34 35 36 20.18 11 1B 12 2B 28 29 30 31 32 33 Se Br Kr 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 P Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Sn Sb Te I Xe 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57* 72 Ta 74 W 75 76 Re Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 80 Au Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 85 86 132.9 137.3 138.9 Hf 73 1992 Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 85.47 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 87 88 89† 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 207.2 114 209.0 115 12092 116 12102 117 12222 118 12262 12272 12612 12622 12662 12642 12652 12682 12712 12722 12852 12842 12892 12882 12932 12932 12942 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 140.1 140.9 144.2 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 91 92 11452 150.4 90 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 232.0 231.0 12372 12442 12432 12472 12472 12522 12572 12582 12592 12622 Cs Ba Fr 12232 La Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn — *Lanthanides †Actinides Metals In Ce — Lv — Rn — Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa Metalloids Fl Po At U 238.0 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Nonmetals Cf 12512 Es Fm Md No Lr Atomic Masses of the Elements Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copernicium Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Flerovium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Livermorium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium a Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cn Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm Fl F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lv Lu Mg Mn Mt Atomic Number Atomic Massa 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 83 107 35 48 20 98 58 55 17 24 27 112 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 114 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 67 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 116 71 12 25 109 12272 26.98 12432 121.8 39.95 74.92 12102 137.3 12472 9.012 209.0 12642 10.81 79.90 112.4 40.08 12512 12.01 140.1 132.9 35.45 52.00 58.93 12852 63.55 12472 12712 12622 162.5 12522 167.3 152.0 12572 12892 19.00 12232 157.3 69.72 72.64 197.0 178.5 12652 4.003 164.9 1.008 114.8 126.9 192.2 55.85 83.80 138.9 12622 207.2 6.941 12932 175.0 24.31 54.94 12682 b Name Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium — — — — Values for atomic masses are given to four significant figures Values in parentheses are the mass number of an important radioactive isotope b Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Massa Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr — — — — 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 102 76 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 113 115 117 118 12582 200.6 95.94 144.2 20.18 12372 58.69 92.91 14.01 12592 190.2 16.00 106.4 30.97 195.1 12442 12092 39.10 140.9 11452 231.0 12262 12222 186.2 102.9 12722 85.47 101.1 12612 150.4 44.96 12662 78.96 28.09 107.9 22.99 87.62 32.07 180.9 1992 127.6 158.9 204.4 232.0 168.9 118.7 47.87 183.8 238.0 50.94 131.3 173.0 88.91 65.41 91.22 12842 12882 12932 12942 Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Twelfth Edition Karen C Timberlake Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor in Chief: Adam Jaworski Executive Editor: Jeanne Zalesky Executive Marketing Manager: Jonathan Cottrell Project Editor: Jessica Moro Assistant Editor: Lisa R Pierce Associate Media Producer: Jackie Jakob Supervising Project Manager, Instructor Media: Shannon Kong Editorial Assistant: Lisa Tarabokjia Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston Managing Editor, Chemistry: Gina M Cheselka Project Manager: Wendy A Perez Full Service >Compositor: PreMediaGlobal Full Service Project Manager: Andrea Stefanowicz Illustrations: Imagineering Design Manager: Mark Ong Interior Designer: Jerilyn Bockorick Cover Designer: Richard Leeds Photo Manager: Maya Melenchuk Photo Researcher: Erica Gordon, Q2A >Bill Smith Manager, Rights and Permissions: Timothy Nicholls Associate Project Manager, Rights and Permissions: Michael V Farmer Text Permissions Research: PreMediaGlobal Operations Specialist: Christy Hall Cover Photo Credit: Fer Gregory >Shutterstock Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on p C-1 Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009, 2006, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979, 1976 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission1s2 to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, Lake Street, Department 1G, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Timberlake, Karen C., author  Chemistry: an introduction to general, organic, and biological chemistry.—Twelfth edition >Karen C Timberlake    pages cm   ISBN-13: 978-0-321-90844-5   ISBN-10: 0-321-90844-9   Chemistry—Textbooks I Title   QD31.3.T55 2015  540—dc23 2013026126 10—CRK—18 17 16 15 14 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-10: 0-321-90844-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-321-90844-5 Brief Contents Chemistry in Our Lives 1 Chemistry and Measurements 23 Matter and Energy 57 Atoms and Elements 95 Nuclear Chemistry 134 Ionic and Molecular Compounds 165 Chemical Quantities and Reactions 211 Gases 254 Solutions 281 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium 322 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons 360 12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones 398 13 Carbohydrates 433 14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 472 15 Lipids 511 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 551 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 590 18 Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production 622  iii Contents Chemistry Link to Health  Toxicology and Risk–Benefit Assessment 41 Chemistry in Our Lives 1 Career: Forensic Scientist 1 1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals 2 1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist 4 Chemistry Link to Health  Early Chemist: Paracelsus 4 1.3 Learning Chemistry: A Study Plan 6 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry 9 Guide to Problem Solving  Writing a Number in Scientific Notation 16 2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion 41 Guide to Problem Solving  Using Conversion Factors 42 2.7 Density 45 Explore Your World  Sink or Float 46 Chemistry Link to Health  Bone Density 47 Guide to Problem Solving  Using Density 48 Concept Map  49 Chapter Review  50 Key Terms  50 Core Chemistry Skills  51 Understanding the Concepts  52 Additional Questions and Problems  53 Challenge Questions  54 Answers 55 Concept Map  18 Chapter Review  18 Key Terms  18 Key Math Skills  19 Understanding the Concepts  20 Additional Questions and Problems  20 Challenge Questions  21 Answers 22 Matter and Energy 57 Career: Dietitian 57 3.1 Classification of Matter 58 Chemistry and Measurements 23 Career: Registered Nurse 23 2.1 Units of Measurement 24 Explore Your World  Units Listed on Labels 27 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures 28 Significant Figures in Calculations 30 Prefixes and Equalities 33 Writing Conversion Factors 37 Explore Your World  SI and Metric Equalities on Product Labels 38 iv Chemistry Link to Health  Breathing Mixtures 61 3.2 States and Properties of Matter 62 3.3 Temperature 64 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating Temperature 66 Chemistry Link to Health  Variation in Body Temperature 67 3.4 Energy 68 Chemistry Link to the Environment Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 70 3.5 Energy and Nutrition 70 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating the Energy from a Food 72 Explore Your World  Counting Calories 72 Chemistry Link to Health  Losing and Gaining Weight 72 3.6 Specific Heat 73 Contents  v Guide to Problem Solving  Calculations Using Specific Heat 75 3.7 Changes of State 75 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculations Using a Heat Conversion Factor 77 Chemistry Link to Health  Steam Burns 80 Concept Map  84 Chapter Review  85 Key Terms  86 Core Chemistry Skills  86 Understanding the Concepts  87 Additional Questions and Problems  89 Challenge Questions  90 Answers 91 Combining Ideas from Chapters to 3 93 Nuclear Chemistry 134 Career: Radiation Technologist 134 5.1 Natural Radioactivity 135 5.2 Nuclear Reactions 139 Guide to Problem Solving  Completing a Nuclear Equation 140 Chemistry Link to the Environment Radon in Our Homes 140 5.3 Radiation Measurement 145 Atoms and Elements 95 Career: Farmer 95 4.1 Elements and Symbols 96 Chemistry Link to the Environment Many Forms of Carbon 98 Chemistry Link to Health  Toxicity of Mercury 99 4.2 The Periodic Table 99 Chemistry Link to Health  Elements Essential to Health 103 4.3 The Atom 105 Explore Your World  Repulsion and Attraction 108 4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 108 4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 111 4.6 Electron Energy Levels 115 Chemistry Link to the Environment EnergySaving Fluorescent Bulbs 117 Chemistry Link to Health  Biological Reactions to UV Light 119 4.7 Trends in Periodic Properties 119 Concept Map  126 Chapter Review  126 Key Terms  127 Core Chemistry Skills  128 Understanding the Concepts  129 Additional Questions and Problems  130 Challenge Questions  131 Answers 132 Chemistry Link to Health  Radiation and Food 146 5.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope 148 Guide to Problem Solving  Using Half-Lives 149 Chemistry Link to the Environment Dating Ancient Objects 150 5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity 152 Chemistry Link to Health Brachytherapy 154 5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion 155 Chemistry Link to the Environment Nuclear Power Plants 158 Concept Map  159 Chapter Review  159 Key Terms  160 Core Chemistry Skills  160 Understanding the Concepts  161 Additional Questions and Problems  161 Challenge Questions  162 Answers 163 Ionic and Molecular Compounds 165 Career: Pharmacy Technician 165 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons 166 Chemistry Link to Health  Some Important Ions in the Body 170 6.2 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds 171 6.3 Naming Ionic Compounds 173 vi Contents Guide to Problem Solving  Naming Ionic Compounds with Metals That Form a Single Ion 174 Guide to Problem Solving  Naming Ionic Compounds with Variable Charge Metals 175 Guide to Problem Solving  Writing Formulas from the Name of an Ionic Compound 176 6.4 Polyatomic Ions 177 Guide to Problem Solving  Writing Formulas with Polyatomic Ions 179 Guide to Problem Solving  Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions 180 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons 182 Guide to Problem Solving  Drawing ElectronDot Formulas 185 Guide to Problem Solving  Naming Molecular Compounds 186 Guide to Problem Solving  Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds 187 6.6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 189 6.7 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules 191 Guide to Problem Solving  Predicting Molecular Shape 1VSEPR Theory2 194 Guide to Problem Solving  Determination of Polarity of a Molecule 196 6.8 Attractive Forces in Compounds 197 Chemistry Link to Health  Attractive Forces in Biological Compounds 198 Concept Map  200 Chapter Review  201 Key Terms  202 Core Chemistry Skills  202 Understanding the Concepts  204 Additional Questions and Problems  205 Challenge Questions  206 Answers 207 7.2 Molar Mass and Calculations 216 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating Molar Mass 217 Explore Your World  Calculating Moles in the Kitchen 218 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating the Moles 1or Grams2 of a Substance from Grams 1or Moles2 219 7.3 Equations for Chemical Reactions 221 Guide to Problem Solving  Balancing a Chemical Equation 224 7.4 Types of Reactions 227 Chemistry Link to Health Incomplete Combustion: Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide 231 7.5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 232 Explore Your World  Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables 234 7.6 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations 235 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating the Quantities of Reactants and Products in a Chemical Reaction 237 7.7 Mass Calculations for Reactions 238 7.8 Energy in Chemical Reactions 240 Chemistry Link to Health  Cold Packs and Hot Packs 241 Concept Map  243 Chapter Review  244 Key Terms  245 Core Chemistry Skills  245 Understanding the Concepts  247 Additional Questions and Problems  249 Challenge Questions  250 Answers 251 Combining Ideas from Chapters to 6 209 Chemical Quantities and Reactions 211 Career: Exercise Physiologist 211 7.1 The Mole 212 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating the Atoms or Molecules of a Substance 214 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating the Moles of an Element in a Compound 215 Gases 254 Career: Respiratory Therapist 254 8.1 Properties of Gases 255 Explore Your World  Forming a Gas 257 Chemistry Link to Health  Measuring Blood Pressure 260 8.2 Pressure and Volume 1Boyle’s Law2 261 Guide to Problem Solving  Using the Gas Laws 262 Chemistry Link to Health Pressure–Volume Relationship in Breathing 262 Contents  8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Temperature and Volume 1Charles’s Law2 264 Temperature and Pressure 1Gay-Lussac’s Law2 266 The Combined Gas Law 267 Volume and Moles 1Avogadro’s Law2 269 Guide to Problem Solving  Using Molar Volume 271 8.7 Partial Pressures 1Dalton’s Law2 272 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating Partial Pressure 273 Chemistry Link to Health  Blood Gases 273 Chemistry Link to Health Hyperbaric Chambers 274 Concept Map  275 Chapter Review  276 Key Terms  277 Core Chemistry Skills  277 Understanding the Concepts  278 Additional Questions and Problems  279 Challenge Questions  279 Answers 280 vii 9.6 Properties of Solutions 305 Chemistry Link to Health  Colloids and Solutions in the Body 306 Explore Your World  Everyday Osmosis 307 Chemistry Link to Health  Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney 310 Concept Map  312 Chapter Review  312 Key Terms  313 Core Chemistry Skills  314 Understanding the Concepts  314 Additional Questions and Problems  315 Challenge Questions  316 Answers 317 Combining Ideas from Chapters to 9 319 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium 322 Solutions 281 Career: Dialysis Nurse 281 9.1 Solutions 282 Chemistry Link to Health  Water in the Body 284 Explore Your World  Like Dissolves Like 285 9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 286 Chemistry Link to Health  Electrolytes in Body Fluids 289 9.3 Solubility 290 Chemistry Link to Health  Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturation in Body Fluids 292 Explore Your World  Preparing Rock Candy 293 Explore Your World  Preparing Solutions 293 9.4 Concentrations of Solutions 295 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating Solution Concentration 296 Guide to Problem Solving  Using Concentration to Calculate Mass or Volume 300 9.5 Dilution of Solutions 302 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating Dilution Quantities 303 Career: Clinical Laboratory Technician 322 10.1 Acids and Bases 323 Guide to Problem Solving  Writing Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs 327 10.2 Strengths of Acids and Bases 328 10.3 Acid–Base Equilibrium 332 Chemistry Link to Health Oxygen– Hemoglobin Equilibrium and Hypoxia 334 10.4 Ionization of Water 336 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating 3H3O + and 3OH - in Aqueous Solutions 337 10.5 The pH Scale 338 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating pH of an Aqueous Solution 341 Explore Your World  Using Vegetables and Flowers as pH Indicators 342 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculating 3H3O + from pH 342 Chemistry Link to Health  Stomach Acid, HCl 344 10.6 Reactions of Acids and Bases 345 Guide to Problem Solving  Balancing an Equation for Neutralization 346 Guide to Problem Solving  Calculations for an Acid–Base Titration 347 Chemistry Link to Health Antacids 348 ... Timberlake In addition to Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, twelfth edition, she is also the author of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Structures... 12842 12882 12932 12942 Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Twelfth Edition Karen C Timberlake Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle... alcohols and ethers and aldehydes and ketones has been deleted • A new table Solubility of Selected Aldehydes and Ketones has been added • A new Chemistry Link to Health, “Hand Sanitizers and Ethanol,”