enjoy, practise, mind, avoid, consider, discuss, finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, discuss, finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, can’t help…etc). can’t help…etc)[r]
(1)Gerunds Gerunds
and and
(2)Gerunds Gerunds
1 Como
1 Como sujeitosujeito da oraỗóo: da oraỗóo: Running
Running is a great sport. is a great sport.
2 Após certos verbos:
2 Após certos verbos:
She
She enjoysenjoys meetingmeeting people. people.
She
She missesmisses goinggoing to parties. to parties. Would you
(3)3 Apús preposiỗừes:
3 Apús preposiỗừes:
Theyre interested
Theyre interested in in dancing
dancing..
Why you insist
Why you insist onon tellingtelling the same old the same old story?
story?
He left the room
He left the room withoutwithout sayingsaying a word. a word. They are good
They are good atat fighting
(4)4 Após o verbo
4 Após o verbo gogo – com atividades – com atividades
recreativas:
recreativas:
Does he always Does he always gogo
surfingsurfing in the summer? in the summer?
They They gogo
(5)5 Após certas expressões idiomáticas:
5 Após certas expressões idiomáticas:
The test has started
The test has started It’s no useIt’s no use
askingasking your doubts now. your doubts now.
There was no point in
There was no point in waitingwaiting, so we left., so we left.
Do you think
Do you think it’s worthit’s worth
(6)6 Em proibiỗừes curtas:
6 Em proibiỗừes curtas:
Dont smoke here = Don’t smoke here =
No
No smokingsmoking here. here.
Don’t drink and drive = Don’t drink and drive =
No
(7)7 Usamos o
7 Usamos o gerund gerund após o após o ‘S‘S e e adjetivo possessivo
adjetivo possessivo (formal), (formal), pronome oblíquo
pronome oblíquo (informal) (informal)
Kátia insisted on
Kátia insisted on Marcelo’sMarcelo’s playingplaying with with us.
us.
Kátia insisted on
Kátia insisted on hishis playingplaying with us. with us. Kátia insisted on
(8)8 Após
8 Após números ordinaisnúmeros ordinais && para indicar para indicar finalidade
finalidade:: He was
He was the firstthe first runner runner
to arriveto arrive.. I came to school
I came to school to learnto learn.. She works
She works in orderin order to be able to travel a lot.to be able to travel a lot.
(9)9 Usamos o simple infinitive / bare infinitive
9 Usamos o simple infinitive / bare infinitive
(infinitivo sem o TO) após os verbos
(infinitivo sem o TO) após os verbos letlet, , make
make e e havehave..
She is
She is makingmaking him him
retype
retype the report. the report. The teacher
The teacher letlet me me leaveleave earlier. earlier. My mother
My mother hadhad me me dodo the dishes. the dishes.
Obs.: O verbo
Obs.: O verbo HELPHELP pode ser seguido de pode ser seguido de infinitivo infinitivo com ou sem o TO
(10)10 Alguns verbos podem ser
10 Alguns verbos podem ser seguidos seguidos de gerund ou infinitive
de gerund ou infinitive, , sem sem alteraỗóo de sentido
alteraỗóo de sentido..
Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa startedstarted to liveto live//livingliving in the in the slums of Calcutta from 1948.
slums of Calcutta from 1948.
Though she faced many problems, Mother
Though she faced many problems, Mother
Teresa
Teresa continuedcontinued to workto work//workingworking for for the poor.
the poor.
(11)11 Alguns verbos podem ser
11 Alguns verbos podem ser seguidos deseguidos de
gerund ou infinitive
gerund ou infinitive, PORẫM, , PORẫM, com diferenỗa com diferenỗa de sentido
de sentido.. She
She stoppedstopped smokingsmoking = (Ela não fuma mais.) = (Ela não fuma mais.) She
She stoppedstopped to smoketo smoke = (Ela parou de fazer = (Ela parou de fazer algo para fumar.)
algo para fumar.)
He
He rememberedremembered to turn offto turn off the TV = (Ele se the TV = (Ele se lembrou de desligar a TV.)
lembrou de desligar a TV.)
He
He rememberedremembered turning offturning off the TV = the TV =
(12)Summary table for
Summary table for
to-infinitive and gerund
to-infinitive and gerund
To infinitive To infinitive 1 Use as subject 1 Use as subject
Eg:
Eg: To smokeTo smoke is bad for you is bad for you
2 To say To say whywhy we things we things
(purpose)
(purpose)
Eg: I got up early
Eg: I got up early to catchto catch the the 7am train
7am train
3 After some verbs
3 After some verbs (eg: expect, (eg: expect, afford, want, need, prepare, refuse, choose, afford, want, need, prepare, refuse, choose, fail, learn, promise, hesitate etc)
fail, learn, promise, hesitate etc)
Eg: I
Eg: I expect toexpect to pass the exams pass the exams
Gerund (-ing forms) Gerund (-ing forms) 1 Use as subject
1 Use as subject (more common)(more common)
Eg:
Eg: SmokingSmoking is bad for you is bad for you
2 After prepositions
2 After prepositions (on, in, (on, in, before, for, without, after…etc.)
before, for, without, after…etc.)
Eg: You can’t live
Eg: You can’t live without eatingwithout eating Eg: Thank you
Eg: Thank you for listeningfor listening
3 After some verbs
3 After some verbs (eg: dislike, (eg: dislike, enjoy, practise, mind, avoid, consider,
enjoy, practise, mind, avoid, consider, discuss, finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, discuss, finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, can’t help…etc)
can’t help…etc)
Eg: I’ll
(13)4 After some adjectives 4 After some adjectives
and nouns
and nouns.(.(adjadj=easy, happy, =easy, happy, glad, nice, excited, ready, difficult,
glad, nice, excited, ready, difficult,
dangerous etc;
dangerous etc; noun noun = = workwork, , moneymoney to spend,
to spend, somethingsomething to drink, different to drink, different ways
ways to protect her.…etc) to protect her.…etc)
Eg: She is
Eg: She is readyready to to leave leave (adj)
(adj)
Eg: I am
Eg: I am gladglad to to see you see you (adj)
(adj)
Eg: I’ve got
Eg: I’ve got workwork to to (n)
(n)
5 Some verbs can be 5 Some verbs can be
followed by either followed by either
gerund or to-infinitive gerund or to-infinitive
Eg: I
Eg: I love goinglove going to school/ to school/
I I love to golove to go to school to school
4 After phrasal verbs 4 After phrasal verbs
Eg: I am not
Eg: I am not good at good at dancing
dancing Eg: I am not
Eg: I am not interested ininterested in singing
singing Eg: John will
Eg: John will give upgive up smoking
smoking
(14)6 Used in
6 Used in general sensegeneral sense (eg: love, like, hate,
(eg: love, like, hate,
prefer etc)
prefer etc)
Eg: I like swimming
Eg: I like swimming
* Some words can use
* Some words can use
both to-infinitive and
both to-infinitive and
gerund with the same
gerund with the same
meaning
meaning (eg: love, like, (eg: love, like,
begin, start, intend, continue etc)
begin, start, intend, continue etc)
* Some words can use both
* Some words can use both
to-infinitive and gerund
to-infinitive and gerund
with different meaning
with different meaning
(Eg: remember, try etc)
(Eg: remember, try etc)
6 Used in
6 Used in particular situationsparticular situations Eg: I don’t like swimming
Eg: I don’t like swimming on on cold days.
cold days.
7 No + gerund
7 No + gerund
Eg: No money, no talking. Eg: No money, no talking.
8 Stop + gerund.
8 Stop + gerund.
Eg: Stop talking, stop Eg: Stop talking, stop
writing, stop walking… writing, stop walking…
(15)Exercises Exercises
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.infing.i.htm http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.infing.i.htm
1
1 There's absolutely no point in it now It's far too There's absolutely no point in it now It's far too late (to do)
late (to do)
DOINGDOING
2
2 Betty refused something more formal (to wear)Betty refused something more formal (to wear)
TO WEARTO WEAR
3
3 Did you remember _ all the lights? (to turn Did you remember _ all the lights? (to turn off)
off)
TO TURN OFFTO TURN OFF
4
4 Do you mind the cat while we're away? (to Do you mind the cat while we're away? (to look after)
look after)
LOOKING AFTERLOOKING AFTER
5
5 She's not used to on Saturdays (to work)She's not used to on Saturdays (to work)
WORKINGWORKING
6
6 Blast! I forgot _ the milk (to buy)Blast! I forgot _ the milk (to buy)
(16)7
7 They offered _ me to the airport.(to take)They offered _ me to the airport.(to take)
TO TAKETO TAKE
8
8 Old cars cost a bomb to maintain It's worth Old cars cost a bomb to maintain It's worth a new one.(to buy)
a new one.(to buy)
BUYINGBUYING
9.
9. We prefer _ on Friday nights.(to stay in) We prefer _ on Friday nights.(to stay in)
TO STAY / STAYING INTO STAY / STAYING IN
10.
10. We used to football every Friday after school We used to football every Friday after school (to play)
(to play)
PLAYPLAY
11
11 I must avoid there for a while (to go)I must avoid there for a while (to go)
GOINGGOING
12
12 She likes _ to the theatre (to go)She likes _ to the theatre (to go)
GOING/TO GOGOING/TO GO
13.
13. Before the house, I always double check Before the house, I always double check everything (to leave)
everything (to leave)
(17)
14
14 After an exam, I normally go a bit crazy.(to After an exam, I normally go a bit crazy.(to take)
take)
TAKINGTAKING
15
15 I can't stand all week-end (to stay in)I can't stand all week-end (to stay in)
STAYING INSTAYING IN
16
16 Look! I'm pretending a dog Woof! (to be)Look! I'm pretending a dog Woof! (to be)
TO BETO BE
17
17 Would you like _ tonight? (to go out)Would you like _ tonight? (to go out)
TO GO OUTTO GO OUT
18.
18. Nobody wanted me the guitar (to play) Nobody wanted me the guitar (to play)
TO PLAYTO PLAY
19
19 It started (to snow)It started (to snow)
TO SNOW/ SNOWINGTO SNOW/ SNOWING
20
20 What time have we arranged _ ? (to meet)What time have we arranged _ ? (to meet)
(18)CONGRATULATIONS!!!